Üniversitelerde Yapay Zekânın Kullanımı: Dönüşümler, Getiriler ve Geleceğe Hazırlık

Öz

Bu makale, yapay zekânın üniversitelerdeki kullanımına dair kapsamlı bir inceleme sunmaktadır. Yapay zekânın eğitimde kişiselleştirilmiş öğrenme, veriye dayalı karar alma, akademik çalışmalara hız kazandırma ve toplumsal sorunlara çözüm geliştirme konularındaki potansiyeli ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, üniversitelerin yapay zekâ entegrasyonu sırasında karşılaşabilecekleri altyapı eksiklikleri, etik sorunlar ve erişim eşitsizlikleri gibi zorluklara yönelik stratejiler tartışılmaktadır. Bu çalışma betimleyici bir araştırma olup üniversitelerde yapay zekânın kullanımına odaklanmaktadır; öğrenme yöntemleri ve süreçleri üzerindeki olası etkileri, fırsatları ve zorlukları ele alarak üniversitelerin bu süreçte nasıl bir adaptasyon stratejisi geliştirmeleri gerektiğini tartışmaktadır. Çalışma, ayrıca yapay zekânın geleceğin üniversitelerine etkisini anlamak ve bu teknolojinin eğitim süreçlerindeki rolünü optimize etmek için bir rehber olarak düşünülebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yapay Zekâ
• Üniversiteler
• Eğitim Teknolojileri
• Öğrenme
• Araştırma

The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Universities: Transformations, Returns and Preparation for the Future

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive review of using artificial intelligence in universities. The potential of artificial intelligence in education for personalized learning, data-based decision-making, accelerating academic studies, and developing solutions to social problems is discussed. In addition, strategies for the difficulties that universities may encounter when integrating artificial intelligence, such as infrastructural deficiencies, ethical issues, and access inequalities, are discussed. This study is a descriptive research and focuses on the use of artificial intelligence in universities; it outlines how universities should develop an adaptation strategy in this process by addressing the possible effects, opportunities, and challenges on learning methods and processes. The study can also be considered as a guide to understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on universities of the future and to optimize the role of this technology in educational processes.

Keywords

• Artificial Intelligence
• Universities
• Educational technologies

References

1. Al Ka’bi, A. (2023). Proposed artificial intelligence algorithm and deep learning techniques for development of higher education. International Journal of Intelligent Networks, 4, 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijin.2023.03.002
2. Allam, H., Dempere, J., Akre, V., & Flores, P. (2023). Artificial intelligence in education (AIED): Implications and challenges. In Proceedings of the HCT International General Education Conference (HCTIGEC 2023). https://doi.org/10.2991/9789464632866_10
3. Baidoo-Anu, D., & Owusu Ansah, L. (2023). Education in the era of generative artificial intelligence (AI): Understanding the potential benefits of ChatGPT in promoting teaching and learning. Journal of AI, 7(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.61969/jai.1337500
4. Benhamdi, S., Babouri, A., & Chiky, R. (2016). Personalized recommender system for e-learning environment. Education and Information Technologies, 22(4), 1455–1477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-016-9504-y
5. Bozkurt, A., Xiao, J., Farrow, R., Bai, J. Y. H., Nerantzi, C., Moore, S., Dron, J., Stracke, C. M., Singh, L., Crompton, H., Koutropoulos, A., Terentev, E., Pazurek, A., Nichols, M., Sidorkin, A. M., Costello, E., Watson, S., Mulligan, D., Honeychurch, S., ... Asino, T. I. (2024). The manifesto for teaching and learning in a time of generative AI: A critical collective stance to better navigate the future. Open Praxis, 16(4), 487–513. https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.16.4.777
6. Burton, E., Goldsmith, J., Koenig, S., Kuipers, B., Mattei, N., & Walsh, T. (2017). Ethical considerations in artificial intelligence courses. AI Magazine, 38(2), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v38i2.2731
7. Chaudhry, M. A., & Kazim, E. (2021). Artificial intelligence in education (AIEd): A high-level academic and industry note 2021. AI and Ethics, 2(1), 157–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00074-z
8. Chen, X., Xie, H., Zou, D., & Hwang, G.-J. (2020). Application and theory gaps during the rise of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100002

9. Chiu, T. K. F., Xia, Q., Zhou, X., Chai, C. S., & Cheng, M. (2023). Systematic literature review on opportunities, challenges, and future research recommendations of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100118
10. Christensen, C. M. (1997). The innovator’s dilemma: When new technologies cause great firms to fail. Harvard Business School Press.
11. Chu, H.-C., Hwang, G.-H., Tu, Y.-F., & Yang, K.-H. (2022). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in higher education: A systematic review of the top 50 most-cited articles. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 38(3), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.7526
12. Crompton, H., & Burke, D. (2023). Artificial intelligence in higher education: The state of the field. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00392-8
13. Edu, T., Negricea, C., Zaharia, R., & Zaharia, R. M. (2021). Factors influencing student transition to online education in the COVID 19 pandemic lockdown: Evidence from Romania. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 3291–3304. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2021.1990782
14. Farrelly, T., & Baker, N. (2023). Generative artificial intelligence: Implications and considerations for higher education practice. Education Sciences, 13(11), 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13111109
15. Gartner. (2023). Invest implications: Forecast analysis: Artificial intelligence software, 2023-2027, worldwide. Erişim adresi: https://www.gartner.com/en/documents/4925331
16. George, B., & Wooden, O. (2023). Managing the strategic transformation of higher education through artificial intelligence. Administrative Sciences, 13(9), 196. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13090196
17. George, G., & Lal, A. M. (2019). Review of ontology-based recommender systems in e-learning. Computers & Education, 142, 103642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103642
18. Hmoud, M., Swaity, H., Hamad, N., Karram, O., & Daher, W. (2024). Higher education students’ task motivation in the generative artificial intelligence context: The case of ChatGPT. Information, 15(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15010033
19. Ilić, M. P., Păun, D., Popović Šević, N., Hadžić, A., & Jianu, A. (2021). Needs and performance analysis for changes in higher education and implementation of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and extended reality. Education Sciences, 11(10), 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11100568
20. Ivanov, S. (2023). The dark side of artificial intelligence in higher education. The Service Industries Journal, 43(15–16), 1055–1082. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2023.2258799
21. Johnston, H., Wells, R. F., Shanks, E. M., Boey, T., & Parsons, B. N. (2024). Student perspectives on the use of generative artificial intelligence technologies in higher education. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-024-00149-4
22. Kaur, K. (2021). Role of artificial intelligence in education: Peninsula college central Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(2), 890–898. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v10i2/10573
23. Kohnke, L., Moorhouse, B. L., & Zou, D. (2023). Exploring generative artificial intelligence preparedness among university language instructors: A case study. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5, 100156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100156
24. KPMG. (2023). ChatGPT ve üretken yapay zekâ. Erişim adresi: https://kpmg.com/tr/tr/home/insights/2023/07/chatgpt-ve-uretken-yapay-zeka.html
25. Kuleto, V., Ilić, M., Dumangiu, M., Ranković, M., Martins, O. M. D., Păun, D., & Mihoreanu, L. (2021). Exploring opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence and machine learning in higher education institutions. Sustainability, 13(18), 10424. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810424
26. Luckin, R., & Cukurova, M. (2019). Designing educational technologies in the age of AI: A learning sciences‐driven approach. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(6), 2824–2838. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12861
27. Malik, A. R., Pratiwi, Y., Andajani, K., Numertayasa, I. W., Suharti, S., Darwis, A., & Marzuki. (2023). Exploring artificial intelligence in academic essay: Higher education student’s perspective. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 5, 100296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100296
28. Maphosa, V., & Maphosa, M. (2023). Artificial intelligence in higher education: A bibliometric analysis and topic modeling approach. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2023.2261730
29. McGrath, C., Cerratto Pargman, T., Juth, N., & Palmgren, P. J. (2023). University teachers’ perceptions of responsibility and artificial intelligence in higher education - An experimental philosophical study. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100139
30. Michel-Villarreal, R., Vilalta-Perdomo, E., Salinas-Navarro, D. E., Thierry-Aguilera, R., & Gerardou, F. S. (2023). Challenges and opportunities of generative AI for higher education as explained by ChatGPT. Education Sciences, 13(9), 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13090856
31. Mortensen, O. (2024). How many users does ChatGPT have? Statistics & facts (2025). SEO. AI. Erişim adresi: https://seo.ai/blog/how-many-users-does-chatgpt-have
32. Mustafa, M. Y., Tlili, A., Lampropoulos, G., Huang, R., Jandrić, P., Zhao, J., Salha, S., Xu, L., Panda, S., Kinshuk, López-Pernas, S., & Saqr, M. (2024). A systematic review of literature reviews on artificial intelligence in education (AIED): A roadmap to a future research agenda. Smart Learning Environments, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-024-00350-5
33. Okunlaya, R. O., Syed Abdullah, N., & Alias, R. A. (2022). Artificial intelligence (AI) library services innovative conceptual framework for the digital transformation of university education. Library Hi Tech, 40(6), 1869–1892. https://doi.org/10.1108/lht-07-2021-0242
34. Ouyang, F., Zheng, L., & Jiao, P. (2022). Artificial intelligence in online higher education: A systematic review of empirical research from 2011 to 2020. Education and Information Technologies, 27(6), 7893–7925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10925-9
35. Pisica, A. I., Edu, T., Zaharia, R. M., & Zaharia, R. (2023). Implementing artificial intelligence in higher education: Pros and cons from the perspectives of academics. Societies, 13(5), 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13050118
36. Popenici, S. A. D., & Kerr, S. (2017). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and learning in higher education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-017-0062-8
37. Rahiman, H. U., & Kodikal, R. (2023). Revolutionizing education: Artificial intelligence empowered learning in higher education. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2023.2293431
38. Ranković, M., Dedić, V., Jovanović, M., Petrović, D., & Ilić, M. P. (2020). Escape rooms in virtual reality, the concept and application in electronic business doing. Independent Journal of Management & Production, 11(4), 1247–1261. https://doi.org/10.14807/ijmp.v11i4.1117
39. Rolnick vd. (2022). Tackling climate change with machine learning. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 55(2), 1–96. https://doi.org/10.1145/3485128
40. Salas-Pilco, S. Z., & Yang, Y. (2022). Artificial intelligence applications in Latin American higher education: A systematic review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00326-w
41. Saúde, S., Barros, J. P., & Almeida, I. (2024). Impacts of generative artificial intelligence in higher education: Research trends and students’ perceptions. Social Sciences, 13(8), 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13080410
42. Seo, K., Tang, J., Roll, I., Fels, S., & Yoon, D. (2021). The impact of artificial intelligence on learner–instructor interaction in online learning. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00292-9
43. Slimi, Z., & Villarejo Carballido, B. (2023). Navigating the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence in higher education: An analysis of seven global AI ethics policies. TEM Journal, 590–602. https://doi.org/10.18421/tem122-02
44. Telli, S. G., & Altun, D. (2020). Coronavirüs ve çevrimiçi (online) eğitimin önlenemeyen yükselişi. Journal of University Research, 3(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.711110
45. Telli, S. G., & Aydın, S. (2024). Üniversitelerde ekolojik zihniyet dönüşümü ve sürdürülebilir üniversiteler. Journal of University Research, 7(2), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.1474062
46. Turkaya, A., & Benli Özdemir, E. (2024). Yapay zekâ teknolojileri kullanımının ön lisans öğrencilerinin dijital okuryazarlık düzeylerine etkisi. Journal of University Research, 7(4), 459-472. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.1486583
47. Wang, S., Sun, Z., & Chen, Y. (2022). Effects of higher education institutes’ artificial intelligence capability on students’ self-efficacy, creativity and learning performance. Education and Information Technologies, 28(5), 4919–4939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11338-4
48. Wang, T., Lund, B. D., Marengo, A., Pagano, A., Mannuru, N. R., Teel, Z. A., & Pange, J. (2023). Exploring the potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on international students in higher education: Generative AI, chatbots, analytics, and international student success. Applied Sciences, 13(11), 6716. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116716
49. Wong, W. K. O. (2024). The sudden disruptive rise of generative artificial intelligence? An evaluation of their impact on higher education and the global workplace. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(2), 100278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100278
50. Yazar, S., Demiralay, T., & Demirhan, T. (2024). Yazılım geliştirme öğreniminde beceri derinliği ve dil yeterliliğinin yapay zekâ ile entegrasyonu. Journal of University Research, 7(4), 382-399. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.1519587
51. YÖK. (2024). Yükseköğretim kurumları bilimsel araştırma ve yayın faaliyetlerinde üretken yapay zekâ kullanımına dair etik rehber. Erişim adresi: https://www.yok.gov.tr/Documents/2024/yapay-zeka-kullanimina-dair-etik-rehber.pdf
52. Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0