Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 10/4/23

Year: 2023

The Universal Journal of History and Culture (UJHC) (ISSN 2667-8179)is an internationally refereed academic journal, published twice a year in April and October. The journal aims to provide a national and international academic platform to meet the professional interests of researchers in different disciplines in the field of social sciences. The target audience of the journal consists of academicians, researchers, and related professional and academic institutions and organizations.


The Universal Journal of History and Culture (UJHC) is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes essays, reviews, and translations covering original research in the social sciences. At the same time, various articles such as history, literature, sociology, ethnicity, book, criticism, and review are also included.

The Universal Journal of History and Culture (UJHC) applies at least two peer-review processes. The peer-reviewer and editors in the submitted articles should have the corrections made within 20 days and the final version of the manuscript should be uploaded to the journal system. The content and format of the manuscripts submitted to the journal may be rejected by the editorial board unless deemed appropriate. One article per year of each author is published.

Social Sciences: Sociology, Cultural Studies, Ethnic Studies
Arts and Humanities: History, Philosophy, Literature
Library of Congress/LCC Subject Category: B-BJ, HM-HX, D, E, P



The following points should be considered when submitting articles:
The article must be sent through the Editorial Manager System by logging in with an e-mail address and password. During the review process, you can keep track of the status of your manuscript by accessing the Editorial Manager System. In order for the articles sent for evaluation to be accepted, it is required that they have not been published anywhere before. The articles submitted to the journal are first reviewed by the editorial board members. If the content and format of the articles are not deemed appropriate, the journal may reject them by the editorial board. All articles are reviewed by at least two anonymous reviewers. If necessary, the article may be sent to a third reviewer for further assessment or more. The publication of an article depends upon the approval of these reviewers. Authors must provide the necessary corrections demanded by reviewers.


Title: The title must be compatible with the content, expresses the subject best, and must be written in 12 font sizes and bold letters. Only the first letter of each word in the title must be capitalized. If the article is written in Turkish, it should also have a title in English. Articles written in English may not have Turkish titles and abstracts.

Author name(s) and address: Only the names of the authors should be written under the title of the article. Information about the authors and responsible author information must be given as footnotes. Address information, e-mail address, and ORCID number of the authors must be included in the footnote.

Abstract: The abstract should be written under the title of the language in which it is written. The abstract should state the subject of the paper briefly and concisely. The number of words in the language in which the abstract is written should be written in a maximum of 250 words and 10 points. Research articles written in Turkish should have Turkish and English abstracts (no word count is required in the also English abstract as it is a translation from Turkish). Research articles written in English should have an English abstract (It is recommended to have an abstract in Turkish. Word count is not searched.) The number of words is not required in the translated abstract.

Keywords: Keywords should be written under the abstract written in both languages. The number of keywords should be between 3-7 and should be sorted alphabetically. 

Extended Abstract in Turkish: We will require an extended English abstract of at least 500 and a maximum of 1000 words for all articles accepted for publication immediately after the abstract in our journal by 2023. A minimum of three and no more than five keywords should be written under the extended abstract. The first letter of the first word should be capitalized, and the other words should be written in small letters separated by commas.

Main Text: It should be written in MS Word program with Times New Roman font, 12 points, and 1.5 line spacing. The maximum number of pages of an article is 35. The text should be arranged with a margin of 2 cm from the right-left and 2.25 cm from the bottom-top. In the text of the article, a paragraph should be made in each paragraph. All information in the footnote should be written in 9 font sizes, with single line spacing.
Section Headings: Subheadings and sub-headings can be used in the article to provide a regular information transfer. Chapter I Titles should be centered, bold and the first letters of each word should be capitalized. Section titles should be numbered. Example: 1. Primary Title Layout

II. Subheadings should be left-aligned, bold, and numbered if necessary, and the first letters of each word should be capitalized. (Example: 1. Primary Title Layout, 1.1. Secondary Title; 1.1.1. Third Title Layout)

Tables and Figures: Tables should have numbers and titles. Tables should be where they should be in the text. Figure numbers and names should be centered just below the figure.

Pictures: When naming pictures, the rules in figures and tables should be followed.

The bibliography title is in the same format as the other titles and should not be numbered. Please click for references and references in the text.



➢ 1. Original Article

It should consist of an “Introduction”, “Methods”, “Results” and “Discussion”. The conclusion may be written as a last paragraph of the discussion, there is no need to add a separate section for the conclusion. The whole length of the text should be maximum 5 000 words (except abstract, acknowledgments, and references). The number of references should be maximum 50. Also, scientific names should be spelled in italics throughout the text.

➢ 2. Systematic Review

It is included in the research article. It is formed by scanning the studies published in the related field in a systematic and comprehensive manner, determining which studies will be included in the review within the framework of various objective acceptance and rejection criteria, and synthesizing the information in the relevant subject. In order for a review article to be defined systematically, the processes to be included in the review should be determined, selected, and the processes of synthesizing the study data should be followed. Systematic compilation studies; It should consist of "Abstract", "Keywords", "Introduction", "Subtitles" and "Resources" sections.

➢ 3. Metanalysis

A type of statistical literature developed by combining the findings of at least two studies to show the effect of a particular situation with a single estimator. By combining the findings of multiple studies, the validity and reliability of the results will be strengthened. Meta-analysis can be done for both experimental and quantitative research. Meta-analysis articles; It consists of "Abstract", "Keywords", "Introduction", "Methods", "Results", "Conclusion/Discussion" and "Resources" sections.

➢ 4. Book Review

Book Reviews is an article in which the contents of the books published in the last 5 years are evaluated and introduced.

Additional information (drawings, charts, film datasets) may be published at the discretion of the editors and reviewers.

It should consist of the 'Introduction' and 'Subtitles' sections, respectively. The "Sources" section is included if deemed necessary by the author.

➢ 5. Case Report

It should be a maximum of 10 pages (excluding references). Case reports should include an introduction, case report, and discussion sections, respectively.

➢ 6. Letter to Editor

It should be a maximum of 5 pages (excluding abstracts and references). May not contain essence. It should not contain more than 4 authors. It can contain at most one drawing or chart. If it is written as a dedication to an article, it should be stated by giving the number and date, and the name, institution, and address of the author should be found at the end of the text.


➢7. Book Reviews
It should be a maximum of 5 pages (excluding abstract and references). May not contain essence. It should not contain more than 4 authors. Conversation articles are articles that contain interviews made by experts who have rich experience and cited studies in their field.


The publication policy of the Universal Journal of History and Culture (UJHC) is based on the improvement and dissemination of information in an impartial and respectful manner. The processes applied in line with this policy directly affect the quality of the studies submitted by authors and affiliated institutions. Peer-reviewed studies support and materialize the scientific method. Therefore, all the parties taking part in the process (authors, readers, researchers, publishers, reviewers, editors) should comply with the ethical principles.

UJHC, adheres to national and international standards in research and publication ethics. It complies with the Press Law, the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, and the Higher Education Institutions Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Directive. UJHC has adopted the International Ethical Publishing Principles published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA). It also undertakes to comply with the Decisions of the Turkey Editors' Workshop.

The ethical duties and responsibilities listed below are based on the guidelines and policies published as open access by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). 

The publication of an article in a peer-reviewed journal is essential for the development of a coherent and respected knowledge network. Peer-reviewed articles support and develop scientific methods. Therefore, it is important for all relevant parties involved in the publishing process, including authors, journal editors, reviewers and publishing agencies, to agree on the expected ethical behaviors and standards.

1. Ethical Principles
1. Authorship of the Paper
Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be acknowledged or listed as contributors. The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.

2. Conflicts of Interest
Authors: All authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or interpretation of their manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.

Reviewers: Referees should inform the journal editor about the evaluation process if they suspect any conflict of interest in the article they are evaluating and refuse article evaluation if necessary. In order to prevent conflict of interest, people in the institutions where the article authors are working cannot referee the article.

Editors: Editors should not have personal or financial conflicts of interest with articles.

3. Data Access and Retention
Authors are asked to provide the raw data in connection with a paper for editorial review and should be prepared to provide public access to such data, if practicable, and should, in any event, be prepared to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication.

4. Data Fabrication and Falsification
Fabrication and/or falsified experimental results, including the manipulation of images.

5. Journal Policies on Data Sharing and Reproducibility
The Universal Journal of History and Culture (UJHC) strongly recommend author(s) submit supplementary material and data sets that illustrate the results shown in their papers. If any restrictions exist on the side of the author(s), these concerns should be shared with the editorial teams during the submission of scientific papers.

UJHC encourages author(s) to share data and make them publicly available if they do not violate human rights or other privacy issues. Authors are recommended to cite any data referenced in their studies. Cited data sets, apart from whether they are created by the author(s) or not, should be written in the reference lists of papers. Authors are also recommended to include a data availability statement.

UJHC encourages all authors to make their data available to share publicly.

6. Duplicate / Multiple Submission(s)
Manuscripts that are either found to have been submitted elsewhere or published elsewhere. If authors have used their own work, either previously submitted or published, as the basis for a submitted manuscript, they are required to cite the previous work. They also need to indicate how novel contributions are offered in their submitted manuscript, over and above those of the previous work.

7. Intellectual Property
• Authors certify that their submitted manuscript (and any supporting items) are their own intellectual property, and the copyright has not been transferred to others.
• Authors certify that the manuscript contains no plagiarism, no fabrication, no falsification, no manipulated citations and that the manuscript conforms to JSS authorship policies.
• All manuscripts, revisions, drafts, and galleys remain the intellectual property of the author(s). Except as stated in the agreed license, the author(s) retain the copyright to their work.
• All review comments and reports remain the intellectual property of the reviewer or editor. Except as stated in the agreed license, the author(s) retain the copyright to their work.
• Authors, reviewers, and editors agree to keep all communications, comments, or reports from reviewers or editors confidential.
• Reviewers and editors agree to keep all manuscripts, revisions, and drafts confidential, with the exception of the final published galley(s).

8. Correction, Retraction, Expression of Concern
• Editors may make corrections if they detect minor errors in the published article that do not affect the findings, interpretations, or results.
• Editors may retract the article in case of major errors/violations that invalidate the findings and results.
• Editors may issue a statement of concern if there is a possibility of abusive research or publication by the authors, if there is evidence that the findings are unreliable and the authors' institutions have not investigated the incident, or if the potential investigation seems unfair or inconclusive. COPE and ICJME guidelines are taken into account with regard to the correction, retraction, and expression of concern.

9. Publication of Studies Based on Surveys and Interviews
Aiming to establish ethical assurance in scientific periodicals, UJHC journal adopts the principles of the "Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors" and the "Code of Conduct for Journal Publishers" published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). In this scope, the following aspects should have adhered in the studies submitted to the journal:
• Ethics committee approval should be obtained for research conducted in all the disciplines that require ethics committee approval, and this approval should be stated and documented in the article.
• In studies that require ethics committee approval, information about the approval (committee name, date, and issue number) may be included in the method section of the study. However, in the case of reports, information about the informed consent and the signed consent form should be included in the Article Information Form at the end of the article.
The studies that require ethics committee approval are as follows:
• All kinds of research conducted with qualitative or quantitative approaches that require data collection from participants through surveys, interviews, focus group works, observations, experiments, and other interview techniques.
• Use of humans and animals (including material/data) for experimental or other scientific purposes,
• Clinical studies conducted on humans,
• Studies conducted on animals,
• Retrospective studies in accordance with the law on the protection of personal data,
Also;
• A statement confirming that an "informed consent form" has been received in case reports,
• Obtaining permission from the owners for the use of scales, surveys or photographs belonging to others,
• A statement confirming that copyright regulations are met for the intellectual and artistic works used.

10. Policy of Publishing Additional or Special Issues
A special issue can be published in our journal once a year upon the request of the Editorial Board. The publication processes of the articles sent to be included in the special issue are the same as the standard processes.

1. Additional or Special issue: An issue published in addition to the regular issues of a periodically published journal. It may consist of conference papers or a series of articles focusing on a specific topic.
2. Page numbering in the additional or special issue is different from the regular issues.
3. The print run of the additional or special issue cannot be more than one-third of the regular issue. The special issues containing conference paper abstracts are not included in this scope.
4. Ratios of case reports, compilations, and research articles (excluding conference paper abstracts) published in the additional or special issue will be included in the ratios of articles published in other issues.
5. The issues published as a tribute are not accepted as additional or special issues. Their page numbering and organization are the same as the regular issues.

Actions that violate scientific research and publication ethics are as follows:
Plagiarism: Showing others' original ideas, methods, data, or works as their own work, partially or completely, without reference to scientific rules,
Forgery: Using data that does not actually exist or has been falsified in scientific research,
Distortion: Falsifying the research records or data obtained, displaying the equipment or materials not used in the research as if used, distorting or shaping the results of the research in the interests of the people and organizations that provide support,
Republishing: Presenting repetitive publications as separate publications in academic appointments and promotions,
Slicing: Dividing the results of research into pieces in an improper way or in a way that disrupts the integrity of the research and publishing each one separately to increase the total publication count for academic appointments and promotions,
Unfair Authorship: Including non-contributors in the author list or not including those who have contributed, changing the author's order in an unjustified and inappropriate manner, removing the names of contributors from work in subsequent editions, using influence to include names among the authors despite not being contributors,

Other ethical violations include:
a) Not specifying the supporting individuals, institutions or organizations and their contributions in the publications made as a result of research conducted with support.
b) Using theses or studies that have not yet been submitted or have not been accepted as a source without the permission of the owner,
c) Not complying with ethical rules in research on humans and animals, not respecting patients' rights in publications,
ç) Violating the provisions of the relevant legislation in biomedical research and other clinical research related to humans,
d) Sharing the information in a work that has been assigned for review with others before it is published without the explicit consent of the author,
e) Misusing resources, spaces, facilities, and equipment provided or allocated for scientific research,
f) Deliberately making a false and ungrounded allegation about the ethical violation,
g) Publishing the data obtained from surveys conducted as part of a scientific study without the explicit consent of the participants or without the permission of the relevant institution if the study is conducted in an institution,
h) Harming animal health and ecological balance in research and experiments,
ı) Failing to obtain written permissions from authorities that are required for starting research activities or experiments,
i) Conducting research activities or experiments in violation of the related legislation or the provisions on research and experiments in the international conventions to which Turkey is a party,
j) Disregarding the obligation to inform and warn the relevant authorities about possible harmful practices related to the scientific research.
k) Not using the data and information obtained from other individuals or institutions in scientific studies to the extent and as permitted, not respecting the confidentiality of this information and not ensuring its protection,
l) Making false or misleading statements regarding scientific research and publications in academic appointments and promotions.

Ethical Guidelines for Authors
• Studies must be original and based on research.
• It must be ensured that all the persons mentioned as authors/co-authors have contributed to the article. It is against scientific ethics to show persons who have not made any academic contribution as additional authors or to rank the authors by non-scientific criteria such as title, age, and gender, regardless of the order of contribution.
• In the articles with multiple authors, it should be clearly stated to what extent the authors have contributed to which stage of the article.
• The article should not be sent to different journals at the same time and should not have been sent to another journal before. If it is found to have been sent to another journal, the publication process will be canceled.
• It is assumed that the authors who submit articles to the journal have read and accepted the publication and writing principles of the journal, and the authors are deemed to have committed to these principles.
• The citations and bibliography should be complete.
• Plagiarism and fake data should be avoided.
• The similarity rate obtained as a result of the similarity checks should not exceed 20% in order to initiate the peer review process.
• An article may be included in a maximum of 2 PRE-REVIEW processes. The article will be rejected if the feedback conveyed to the author is not revised.
• The corresponding author must inform the journal editor in case of any conflict of interest.

Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers
• Peer reviewers should be aware that they play a critical role in the academic quality of the article to be published in the journal, and they should engage in the peer review process with the responsibility of improving academic quality.
• Peer reviewers should only accept to review articles for which they have the expertise to make an appropriate assessment. They should also respect the confidentiality of the blind peer review process and keep the details of the article confidential at all costs.
• After the review process, any information about the reviewed article should not be shared with others under any circumstances.
• Peer reviewers should only evaluate the accuracy of the content of the articles and their compliance with academic criteria. Any difference of opinions between the article's argument and the peer reviewer should not affect the review process.
• Peer review reports should be objective and measurable. Libelous, derogatory, or accusatory expressions should definitely be avoided.
• Peer reviewers should avoid superficial or inaccurate statements in their peer review reports. In reviews with negative results, a complete justification should be presented on the aspects that led to the negative result.
• Peer reviewers should review the articles within the time period allotted to them. If they are not going to review the article, they should notify the journal within a reasonable time.

Ethical Guidelines for Editors
UJHC, its editors, and field editors adhere to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors published by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). It maintains its publication policy based on the principles of COPE Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors and Publication Ethics Flowcharts developed by COPE.

• Editors should accept articles that will contribute to the relevant areas specified in the journal policy.
• Editors should not have any conflict of interest with accepted or rejected articles.
• Editors have full responsibility and authority to accept or reject an article.
• It is the editors' responsibility to keep the names of peer reviewers and authors mutually confidential.
• Only the articles that will contribute to the relevant field should be accepted.
• If an error is detected, editors should support the correction or retraction of the error.
• It is the duty of editors to complete the pre-review, peer review, editing, and publishing processes of the articles submitted to the journal in a timely and appropriate manner.
• Editors should not assign people who do not contribute to the journal as editorial board members or associate editors.

2. Publication Policy

Any manuscript that is considered to be published in UJHC must meet the following criteria:
• Originality
• Not containing ethical violations
• Having clear messages for the scientific community
• Expressing the extent of the article's contributions to researchers in the field and its relevance to social sciences
• Current fields and topics drawing the interest of researchers in the field of social sciences
• Having structural and logical integrity
• Research results that are based on scientific evidence
• Coherence of the scientific method

Click here for the Article Evaluation Process.

Language
UJHC publishes articles written in Turkish and English. Turkish language articles should also include English abstracts. Turkish abstracts are not required in English language articles. If the article is written in a language other than English, an extended English summary should be added after the bibliography. The extended summary should be in line with the rules of writing applied in the article and should not be more than 750 words.

Change of Authorship
UJHC accepts article authors according to the statement on the Title Page of the article. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the authors to submit the final version of the full author list. Requests for any change of authorship after the submission of the article (e.g removal/addition of authors, change of order, etc.) are subject to editorial approval. The Editorial Board will investigate such cases and act according to the COPE flowcharts.

Requests for a change of authorship should be conveyed to the Editor with an official letter stating the reasons for the change. The letter should be signed by all the authors and include their confirmation of the change of authorship. If the request is approved by the Editorial Board, the authors are required to submit a new Copyright Agreement Form according to the final author list.

Disclaimer
The opinions expressed in the articles published in the journal are those of the author(s). They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of the UJHC and its Editor-In-Chief, Editors, Editorial Board, or Publisher. The Editor-in-Chief, Editors, Editorial Board, and Publisher assume no responsibility or liability for such cases. The sole responsibility for the published content lies with the authors.

Complaints and Appeals
UJHC handles complaints and appeals by following the below procedure. Complaints including but not limited to the long delays in handling studies and publication ethics initially are handled by the Editor-in-Chief of UJHC. The Editor-in-Chief examines complaints and appeals together with Area Editors and Editorial Board if applicable. If anything occurs about complaints and appeals please contact hakyigit@sakarya.edu.tr.

Complaints about the Content of a Paper
The Editor-in-Chief examines the complaints of the author(s), and the reports of reviewers and make a decision:
- The confirmation of the rejection of the paper,
- The appeal of the author should be considered,
- A fresh opinion from an independent reviewer is needed.

The final decision of the Editor-in-Chief is notified to the author(s). The explanation of the consequences of the appeal is shared with the author(s) if necessary. This is the final decision of UJHC.

Complaints about Processes
The complaints about processes are handled by the Editor-in-Chief. Long delays in handling studies are examined by editors of UJHC and any necessary issues are shared with the Editor-in-Chief. The Editor-in-Chief evaluates the complaints, and when necessary, information is shared with the authors.

Complaints about Ethics
The Editor-in-Chief considers complaints about publication ethics of the author’s or reviewer’s conduct. The Editor-in-Chief follows the publication ethics which are published on the UJHC website. The editorial board of UJHC examines the concern of complainants or reviewers. The details and progress of the examination are shared with the complainant(s) clearly. The Editor-in-Chief provides feedback to the complainant(s) on the manner of action and the final decision.

The average time during which the preliminary assessment of manuscripts is conducted: 3 days

The average time during which the reviews of manuscripts are conducted: 60 days

The average time in which the article is published: 90 days

Date of update: November 28, 2022

• UJHC does not request any fees for article submission, reviewing and editing processes, page-layout, and publication (page or color fees).
• UJHC does not pay any fees to authors, reviewers, editors, and editorial board members.
• All papers on UJHC are free to read and download.
• UJHC signed on to the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI), which promotes free access to research literature and has adopted the Open Access Principles that are clarified in this initiative.
• All papers on JMSM are archived with the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) system through TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM DergiPark.
• UJHC does not accept announcements, advertisements, sponsorships, etc. due to its publication policy.
• UJHC is an open-access journal that does not request any subscription fees.
• We do not offer a reprint service for those requiring professional-quality reproductions of papers.
• All expenses of the UJHC journal are covered by the publisher.

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Creative Commons License
The published articles in UJHC are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.