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THE IMPACT OF MUSIC ON BATTLEFIELDS IN ANTIQUITY

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 46 - 58
https://doi.org/10.51576/ymd.1579860

Abstract

ABSTRACT
The term "music" originates from the Ancient Greek word mousikē, denoting the arts guided by the Muses. The Ancient Greeks viewed mousikē as a comprehensive art form, encompassing performance arts such as song, dance, poetry, epic narrative, and instrumental accompaniment with or without a chorus. Music was a part of various aspects of Ancient Greek life, including religious rituals, leisure activities, entertaining guests at special gatherings, and daily routines. However, one of the most inspiring uses of music was on the battlefield, where it was used to motivate soldiers. The power of music to inspire and uplift is evident in its use to boost the morale of soldiers and intimidate enemies before a battle begins. Music, a tool of both strategy and communication, played a significant role on the ancient battlefields. It ensured the synchronized movement of the army and was used to convey crucial commands such as ‘attack,’ ‘retreat,’ and ‘manoeuvre.’ The post-battle stage was not exempt from its influence. If victory was achieved, hymns were sung to thank the gods, and victory songs were performed to celebrate the triumph. This study delves into the various purposes for which the Hellenes used music on battlefields in ancient times, substantiated by examples from the ancient writers’ works and archaeological findings.

References

  • Aristoteles. (1932). Aristotle’s Politics. (Çev. H. Rackham). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Athenaios. (2008). The Deipnosophists Vol IV. (Çev. E. D. Olson). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Athenaios. (2011). The Deipnosophists Vol VII. (Çev. C. B. Gulick). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Bayliss, A. (2017). Tyrtaios and other entries. Birmingham: Brill.
  • Ceccarelli, P. (2004). Dancing the Pyrrhichē in Athens. P. Murray ve P. Wilson (Eds.), Music and the Muses içinde. (91-117 ss.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cerqueira, F. V. (2010). Guerras, sons e imagens.Iconografia da música no contexto militar na Grécia Antiga. Limes, 23, 10-27.
  • Chrissanthos, S. G. (2008). Warfare in the Ancient World: From to Bronz Age to Fall of Rome. Oxford: Preager.
  • Compton, M. T. (2006). Victim of the Muses: Poet as Scapegoat, Warrior and Hero in Greco-Roman and Indo-European Myth and History. Washington DC: Center of Hellenic Studies.
  • Çelgin, G. (1990). Eski Yunan Edebiyatı. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Dionysios Halicarnassus. (1943). Roman Antiquities Vol.IV. (Çev. E. Cary). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Herodotos. (2011). Herodot Tarihi. (Çev. M. Ökmen – A. Erhat). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Hesiodos. (2018). Theogony. Works and Days. Testimonia. (Çev. G. W. Most). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Homeros. (1993). İlyada. (Çev. A. Erhat – A. Kadir). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Ksenophon. (1921). Hellenica. Vol. II. (Çev. C. L. Brownson). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Ksenophon. (1998). Anabasis. (Çev. L. Brownson). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Liddell, H. G. ve Scott, R. (1996). Greek-English Lexicon, with a Revised Supplement (9th ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lynch, T. A.C. (2022). Rhythms “in armour” and rhythms “by the finger”: Socratic humour and rhythmic sophistry in Aristophanes’ Clouds (636–53). A. Gostoli ve B. Zimmermann (Eds.) Nuove volute di versi. Poesia e musica nella commedia greca di V e IV sec. a.C. içinde (245–66. Fig. 1). Göttingen: Verlag Antike.
  • Mathiesen, T. J. (1999). Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Nooter, S. (2019). The War-Trumpet and the Sound of Domination in Ancient Greek Thought. Greek and Roman Musical Studies, 7, 235-249.
  • Pausanias. (1926). Description of Greece Vol. II. (Çev. W. H. S. Jones). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Platon. (1926). Laws, Volume I: Books 1-6. (Çev. R. G. Bury). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Platon. (1927). Charmides, Alcibiades I and II, Hipparchus, The Lovers, Theages, Minos, Epinomis. (Çev. W. R. M. Lamb). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Plutarkhos, M. (1914). Lives, Volume I: Lycurgus and Numa. (Çev. B. Perrin). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Plutarkhos, M. (1916). Lives, Volume IV: Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (Çev. B. Perrin). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Pollux. (1967). Pollucis Onomasticon. E. Bethe. (Ed.). Wiesbaden: Teubner.
  • Polybios. (1992). The Histories. Vol. II Book 4. (Çev. W. R. Paton). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Quintilianus, A. (1963). Aristidis Quintiliani De Musica Libri Tres. R. P. Winnington-Ingram (Ed.). Wiesbaden: Teubner.
  • Shear, J. L. (2001). Polis and Panathenaia: The History and Development of Athena’s Festival. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Pennsylvania, Ann Arbor.
  • Strabon. (1927). The Geography of Strabo Vol.IV. (Çev. H. L. Jones). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Strabon. (1961). The Geography of Strabo Vol.V. (Çev. H. L. Jones). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Taşlıklıoğlu, Z. (1966). Arkaik Çağ Yunan Şiiri. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Thukydides. (1919). History of the Peloponnesian War Vol.I. (Çev. C. F. Smith). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • West, M. L. (1992). Ancient Greek Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

ANTİKÇAĞDA SAVAŞ MEYDANLARINDA MÜZİĞİN ETKİSİ

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 46 - 58
https://doi.org/10.51576/ymd.1579860

Abstract

ÖZ
Müzik kelimesi Eski Hellence’deki mousikē teriminden türemiştir ve Mousaların (ilham perilerinin) başkanlık ettiği sanatlar anlamına gelmektedir. Hellenlere göre mousikē kavramı, şarkı, dans, şiir, destan anlatımı, solo-koro ya da enstrümantal eşliği kapsayan performans sanatlarını ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır. Hellenler bu sanatı, dini ritüelleri yerine getirmek, boş zamanlarını değerlendirmek, özel davetlerinde misafirlerini eğlendirmek için ya da günlük rutinlerini yerine getirirken icra etmişlerdir. Antikçağda Hellenler tarafından müziğin icra edildiği alanlardan biri de savaş meydanları olmuştur. Hellenler savaş meydanlarında birçok amaçla müzik icra etmişlerdir. Savaş başlamadan önce askerleri cesaretlendirmek ve düşmanları korkutmak için kullanılan müzik, savaş esnasında ordunun senkronize hareket etmesini sağlamak ve askerlere saldırı, geri çekilme ve manevra gibi komutları vermek amacıyla icra edilmiştir. Müziğin savaş meydanlarında icra edildiği safhalardan biri de savaş sonu olmuştur. Eğer galip gelindiyse tanrılara şükretmek için ilahiler ve galibiyeti kutlamak için zafer şarkıları söylenmiştir. Bu çalışmada antik yazarların eserleri ve arkeolojik buluntular ışığında, Antikçağda Hellenlerin savaş meydanlarında müziği kullanma amaçları tespit edilecek ve örneklerle açıklanacaktır.

References

  • Aristoteles. (1932). Aristotle’s Politics. (Çev. H. Rackham). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Athenaios. (2008). The Deipnosophists Vol IV. (Çev. E. D. Olson). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Athenaios. (2011). The Deipnosophists Vol VII. (Çev. C. B. Gulick). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Bayliss, A. (2017). Tyrtaios and other entries. Birmingham: Brill.
  • Ceccarelli, P. (2004). Dancing the Pyrrhichē in Athens. P. Murray ve P. Wilson (Eds.), Music and the Muses içinde. (91-117 ss.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Cerqueira, F. V. (2010). Guerras, sons e imagens.Iconografia da música no contexto militar na Grécia Antiga. Limes, 23, 10-27.
  • Chrissanthos, S. G. (2008). Warfare in the Ancient World: From to Bronz Age to Fall of Rome. Oxford: Preager.
  • Compton, M. T. (2006). Victim of the Muses: Poet as Scapegoat, Warrior and Hero in Greco-Roman and Indo-European Myth and History. Washington DC: Center of Hellenic Studies.
  • Çelgin, G. (1990). Eski Yunan Edebiyatı. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Dionysios Halicarnassus. (1943). Roman Antiquities Vol.IV. (Çev. E. Cary). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Herodotos. (2011). Herodot Tarihi. (Çev. M. Ökmen – A. Erhat). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Hesiodos. (2018). Theogony. Works and Days. Testimonia. (Çev. G. W. Most). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Homeros. (1993). İlyada. (Çev. A. Erhat – A. Kadir). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Ksenophon. (1921). Hellenica. Vol. II. (Çev. C. L. Brownson). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Ksenophon. (1998). Anabasis. (Çev. L. Brownson). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Liddell, H. G. ve Scott, R. (1996). Greek-English Lexicon, with a Revised Supplement (9th ed). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lynch, T. A.C. (2022). Rhythms “in armour” and rhythms “by the finger”: Socratic humour and rhythmic sophistry in Aristophanes’ Clouds (636–53). A. Gostoli ve B. Zimmermann (Eds.) Nuove volute di versi. Poesia e musica nella commedia greca di V e IV sec. a.C. içinde (245–66. Fig. 1). Göttingen: Verlag Antike.
  • Mathiesen, T. J. (1999). Apollo’s Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
  • Nooter, S. (2019). The War-Trumpet and the Sound of Domination in Ancient Greek Thought. Greek and Roman Musical Studies, 7, 235-249.
  • Pausanias. (1926). Description of Greece Vol. II. (Çev. W. H. S. Jones). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Platon. (1926). Laws, Volume I: Books 1-6. (Çev. R. G. Bury). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Platon. (1927). Charmides, Alcibiades I and II, Hipparchus, The Lovers, Theages, Minos, Epinomis. (Çev. W. R. M. Lamb). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Plutarkhos, M. (1914). Lives, Volume I: Lycurgus and Numa. (Çev. B. Perrin). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Plutarkhos, M. (1916). Lives, Volume IV: Alcibiades and Coriolanus. (Çev. B. Perrin). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Pollux. (1967). Pollucis Onomasticon. E. Bethe. (Ed.). Wiesbaden: Teubner.
  • Polybios. (1992). The Histories. Vol. II Book 4. (Çev. W. R. Paton). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Quintilianus, A. (1963). Aristidis Quintiliani De Musica Libri Tres. R. P. Winnington-Ingram (Ed.). Wiesbaden: Teubner.
  • Shear, J. L. (2001). Polis and Panathenaia: The History and Development of Athena’s Festival. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Pennsylvania, Ann Arbor.
  • Strabon. (1927). The Geography of Strabo Vol.IV. (Çev. H. L. Jones). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Strabon. (1961). The Geography of Strabo Vol.V. (Çev. H. L. Jones). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Taşlıklıoğlu, Z. (1966). Arkaik Çağ Yunan Şiiri. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Thukydides. (1919). History of the Peloponnesian War Vol.I. (Çev. C. F. Smith). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • West, M. L. (1992). Ancient Greek Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Music Performance, Music (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mesut Kınacı 0000-0003-4700-4415

Early Pub Date January 28, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date November 5, 2024
Acceptance Date January 27, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kınacı, M. (2025). ANTİKÇAĞDA SAVAŞ MEYDANLARINDA MÜZİĞİN ETKİSİ. Yegah Müzikoloji Dergisi, 8(1), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.51576/ymd.1579860