JEWISH PROPHETIC MOVEMENTS IN THE FIRST CENTURY CE

Öz

This study analyses the prophetic movements in Judaea during the first century CE. In the first and second centuries CE, Jewish resistance and revolts against Rome had an ideological aspect. This ideology was based on the expectation of political freedom and theological redemption, shaped by Jewish eschatology and messianic expectations. From the middle of the first century CE, many people in the Judaea followed prophets who retreated into the wilderness and promised the people eschatological deliverance. In a way that explains this situation, the ideological attitude of the Jews towards foreign rule, which they saw as a threat to their faith, is clearly expressed in the Jewish literature of this period. In contrast, Iosephus, our main source for first–century CE Jewish history, refrained from explicitly stating the ideology of those who were followed as prophets in Judaea. This study aims to examine the eschatological ideology, prophetic movements, and Iosephus' attitude towards them, which had a significant impact on Jewish society.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Jewish eschatology
• Prophetic movements
• Judaea
• Josephus

İS BİRİNCİ YÜZYILDA YAHUDİ PEYGAMBER HAREKETLERİ

Öz

Bu çalışma İS birinci yüzyılda Yehuda’daki peygamber hareketlerini incelemektedir. İS birinci ve ikinci yüzyıllarda Yahudilerin Roma'ya karşı direniş ve isyanlarının ideolojik bir boyutu vardı. Bu ideoloji, Yahudi eskatolojisi ve mesih beklentileriyle şekillenen siyasi özgürlük ve teolojik kurtuluş beklentisine dayanıyordu. İS birinci yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Yehuda’daki birçok insan, çöllere çekilen ve halka eskatolojik kurtuluş vaat eden peygamberleri takip etti. Bu durumu açıklayacak şekilde Yahudilerin inançlarına tehdit olarak gördükleri yabancı yönetime karşı takındıkları ideolojik tutum, bu dönemin Yahudi literatüründe açıkça ifade edilmektedir. Buna karşılık, İS birinci yüzyıl Yahudi tarihiyle ilgili ana kaynağımız olan Iosephus, Yehuda'da peygamber olarak takip edilenlerin ideolojisini açıkça belirtmekten kaçındı. Bu çalışma, Yahudi toplumunu önemli ölçüde etkileyen eskatolojik ideolojiyi, peygamber hareketlerini ve Iosephus'un bunlara karşı tutumunu incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yahudi eskatolojisi
• peygamber hareketleri
• Yehuda
• Iosephus

Kaynakça

1. Abegg, M. G. (1997). "Who Ascended to Heaven? 4Q491, 4Q427, and the Teacher of Righteousness." Craig A. Evans, and Peter W. Flint (Eds.). Eschatology, Messianism, and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 61–73.
2. Barnett, P. W. (1981). "The Jewish Sign Prophets –A.D. 40–70: Their Intentions and Origin." New Testament Studies, 27(5), 679–697.
3. Baumgarten, A. I. (1997). The Flourishing of Jewish Sects in the Maccabean Era: An Interpretation. Leiden; New York: Brill.
4. Baumgarten, A. I. (1999). "The role of Jerusalem and the temple in 'end of days' speculation in the second temple period." L. I. Levine (Ed.), Jerusalem: Its sanctity and centrality to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. New York: Continuum. 77–89.
5. Baumgarten, A. I. (2007). "Josephus on Ancient Jewish Groups from a Social Scientific Perspective". S. J. D. Cohen & J. J. Schwartz (Eds.). Studies in Josephus and the Varieties of Ancient Judaism: Louis H. Feldman Jubilee Volume. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 1–13.
6. Bermejo–Rubio, F. (2014). "Jesus and the Anti–Roman Resistance." Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus, 12(1–2), 1–105.
7. Bilde, P. (2016). "Josephus and Jewish Apocalypticism." E.–M. Becker, M. H. Jensen, & J. Mortensen (Eds.), Collected Studies on Philo and Josephus. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 151–169.
8. Brandon, S. G. F. (1967). Jesus and the Zealots. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

9. Charlesworth, J. H. (Ed.). (1983). Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, Volume 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments. New York: Doubleday.
10. Collins, J. J. (1994). "The Works of the Messiah." Dead Sea Discoveries, 1(1), 98–112.
11. Collins, J. J. (1998). The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Je wish Apocalyptic Literature (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids; Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
12. Collins, J. J. (2003). "Prophecy, Apocalypse and Eschatology: Reflections on the Proposals of Lester Grabbe." L. L. Grabbe & R. D. Haak (Eds.), Knowing the End from the Beginning: The Prophetic, the Apocalyptic and Their Relationships. London: T&T Clark. 44–52.
13. Collins, J. J. (2010). The Scepter and the Star: The Messiahs of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Ancient Literature (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids; Cambridge, U.K.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
14. Dabrowa, E. (2011). "The Hasmoneans in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls." A. Lange, E. Tov, & M. Weigold (Eds.), The Dead Sea Scrolls in Context: Integrating the Dead Sea Scrolls in the Study of Ancient Texts, Languages, and Cultures. Leiden: Brill. Vol. 2, 501–510.
15. Dunn, J. D. G. (2003). Christianity in the Making, Volume 1: Jesus Remembered. Grand Rapids (Mich.); Cambridge (UK): W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
16. Eisler, R. (1931). The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist. Çev., A. H. Krappe. (Abridged ed.). London: Methuen & Co.
17. Enslin, M. (1975). "John and Jesus." Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, 66(1–2), 18.
18. Eshel, H. (2008). The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State. Grand Rapids; Jerusalem: Ben–Zvi Institute. Evans, C. A. (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies. Boston; Leiden: Brill.
19. Evans, C. A. (2005). Ancient Texts for New Testament Studies: A Guide to the Background Literature. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc.
20. Evans, C. A. (2007). "Josephus on John the Baptist and Other Jewish Prophets of Deliverance." A. Levine, D. Allison & J. Crossan (Eds.), The Historical Jesus in Context. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 55–63.
21. Feldman, L. H. (1990). "Prophets and Prophecy in Josephus." Journal of Theological Studies, 41(2), 386–422.
22. Gager, J. G. (1998). "Messiahs and Their Followers." P. Schäfer & M. R. Cohen (Eds.), Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco. Leiden: Brill. 37–46.
23. García Martínez, F. (1992). Qumran and Apocalyptic: Studies on the Aramaic Texts from Qumran. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
24. García Martínez, F. (1994). The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English. Translated by F. García Martínez. Çev., W. G. E. Watson. (2nd ed.). Leiden; New York; Cologne; Grand Rapids: E.J. Brill; William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
25. Grabbe, L. L. (2000). "Eschatology in Philo and Josephus." A. Avery–Peck & J. Neusner (Eds.), Judaism in Late Antiquity. Volume 4: Death, Life–After–Death, Resurrection and the World–to–Come in the Judaisms of Antiquity. Leiden: Brill. 163–185.
26. Gray, R. (1993). Prophetic Figures in Late Second Temple Jewish Palestine: The Evidence from Josephus. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
27. Hengel, M. (1971). Was Jesus a Revolutionist? Çev., W. Klassen. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
28. Hengel, M. (1973). Victory over Violence: Jesus and the Revolutionists. Çev., D. E. Green. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
29. Hengel, M. (1989). The Zealots: Investigations into the Jewish Freedom Movement in the Period from Herod I until 70 A.D. Çev., D. Smith. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.
30. Hengel, M. (1995). Studies in Early Christology. Çev., R. Kearns. Edinburgh: T & T Clark.
31. Hengel, M. (2005). The Charismatic Leader and His Followers. Çev., J. Greig. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
32. Hogeterp, A. L. A. (2009). Expectations of the End: A Comparative Traditio–Historical Study of Eschatological, Apocalyptic and Messianic Ideas in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament. Leiden: Brill.
33. Horsley, R. A. (1985). "'Like One of the Prophets of Old': Two Types of Popular Prophets at the Time of Jesus." The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 47(3), 435–463.
34. Horsley, R. A. (1986). "Popular Prophetic Movements at the Time of Jesus: Their Principal Features and Social Origins." Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 8(26), 3–27.
35. Horsley, R. A. (1992). "'Messianic' Figures and Movements in First–Century Palestine." J. H. Charlesworth (Ed.), The Messiah: Developments in Earliest Judaism and Christianity. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. 276–295.
36. Horsley, R. A., & Hanson, J. S. (1985). Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs: Popular Movements in the Time of Jesus. Minneapolis; Chicago; New York: Winston Press.
37. Iosephus, Antiquitates Iudaicae. Josephus. (1930–1965). Jewish Antiquities, I–IX. Translated by H. St. J. Thackeray, R. Marcus, A. Wikgren, & L. H. Feldman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
38. Iosephus, Bellum Iudaicum. Josephus. (1927–1928). The Jewish War, I–III. Translated by H. St. J. Thackeray. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39. Iosephus, Contra Apionem. Vita. Josephus. (1926). The Life. Against Apion. Translated by H. St. J. Thackeray. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40. Jassen, A. P. (2007). Mediating the Divine: Prophecy and Revelation in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Second Temple Judaism. Leiden: Brill.
41. Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi. (2002). Kutsal Kitap: Eski ve Yeni Antlaşma (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil). İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi.
42. Mason, S. (2019). “Prophecy in Roman Judaea: Did Josephus Report the Failure of an ‘Exact Succession of the Prophets’ (Against Apion 1.41)?” Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, 50(4/5), 524–556.
43. Millar, F. (1990). "Reflections on the Trial of Jesus." P. R. Davies & R. T. White (Eds.), A Tribute to Geza Vermes: Essays on Jewish and Christian Literature and History. Sheffield: JSOT Press. 355–381. Montefiore, H. (1962). "Revolt in the Desert?" New Testament Studies, 8(2), 135–141.
44. Nickel, J. P. (2021). The Things That Make for Peace: Jesus and Eschatological Violence. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter.
45. Nickel, J. P. (2022). "Eschatological Expectation and Revolutionary Violence: Israel's Past as Indicative of Its Future in 1QM and Josephus' Jewish War." C. A. Evans, B. LePort, & P. T. Sloan (Eds.), Visions and Violence in the Pseudepigrapha. London: T&T Clark. 123–140.
46. Oegema, G. S. (1998). The Anointed and His People: Messianic Expectations from the Maccabees to Bar Kochba. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
47. Oegema, G. S. (2011). Early Judaism and modern culture: literature and theology. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
48. O'Neill, J. C. (1969). "The Silence of Jesus." New Testament Studies, 15(2), 153–167.
49. Parente, F. (1984). "Flavius Josephus' Account of the Anti–Roman Riots Preceding the 66–70 War, and Its Relevance for the Reconstruction of Jewish Eschatology during the First Century A.D." Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society, 16(1), 183–205.
50. Rajak, T. (2002). "Jewish Millenarian Expectations." A. M. Berlin & J. A. Overman (Eds.), The First Jewish Revolt: Archaeology, History, and Ideology. London; New York: Routledge. 164–188.
51. Rhoads, D. M. (1976). Israel in Revolution, 6–74 CE: A Political History Based on the Writings of Josephus. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
52. Sacchi, P. (1990). Jewish Apocalyptic and Its History. Çev., W. J. Short. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. Sanders, E. P. (1985). Jesus and Judaism. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
53. Sanders, E. P. (1992a). "The Life of Jesus." H. Shanks (Ed.), Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of Their Origins and Early Development. Washington, D.C.: Biblical Archaeology Society. 41–84.
54. Sanders, E. P. (1992b). Judaism: Practice and Belief, 63 BCE–66 CE. London; Philadelphia: SCM Press; Trinity Press International.
55. Sanders, E. P. (1993). The Historical Figure of Jesus. New York: Penguin Books.
56. Schiffman, L. H. (2010). "Community without Temple: The Qumran Community's Withdrawal from the Jerusalem Temple." Qumran and Jerusalem: Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the History of Judaism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 81–97.
57. Schwartz, D. R. (1992). "Temple and Desert: On Religion and State in Second Temple Period Judaea." Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).
58. Schwartz, S. (2001). Imperialism and Jewish Society, 200 B.C.E. to 640 C.E. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
59. Smith, M. (1999). "The Troublemakers." J. Sturdy, W. D. Davies, & W. Horbury (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Judaism. Volume 3: The Early Roman Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 501–568.
60. Sommer, B. D. (1996). "Did Prophecy Cease? Evaluating a Reevaluation." Journal of Biblical Literature, 115(1), 31–47.
61. Stanton, G. (1994). "Jesus of Nazareth: A Magician and a False Prophet Who Deceived God's People?" J. B. Green & M. Turner (Eds.), Jesus of Nazareth: Lord and Christ: Essays on the Historical Jesus and New Testament Christology. Grand Rapids; Carlisle: Eerdmans; Paternoster Press. 164–180.
62. Tabor, J. D. (2003). "Are You the One? The Textual Dynamics of Messianic Self–Identity." L. L. Grabbe & R. D. Haak (Eds.), Knowing the End from the Beginning: The Prophetic, the Apocalyptic, and Their Relationships. London; New York: T & T Clark International. 180–191.
63. Vermès, G. (2004). The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. Translated by G. Vermès. London: Penguin Books.
64. Webb, R. L. (1991). John the Baptizer and Prophet: A Socio–Historical Study. Sheffield: JSOT Press.
65. Webb, R. L. (1994). "John the Baptist and His Relationship to Jesus." B. D. Chilton & C. A. Evans (Eds.), Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research. Leiden: Brill. 179–229.
66. Wise, M. O., M. G. Abegg, & E. M. Cook. (1996). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. London: Harper Collins.