İlkokul Öğrencilerinin Teknoloji Kullanımına Yönelik Veli Farkındalığı: Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması

Öz

Günümüzün hızla gelişen teknolojisi, insan yaşamının birçok alanında yer almaktadır. İnsanlar bilgisayarlar, akıllı telefonlar, internet ve sosyal medya gibi teknoloji ürünlerinin yoğun ve çeşitli şekillerde kullanıldığı bir ortamda yaşamaktadırlar. Teknolojinin aile hayatındaki sürekli yükselişi de aile bireyleri arasındaki ilişkileri zorlaştırmaktadır. Sağladığı kolaylıklarla birlikte aşırı ve kontrolsüz teknoloji kullanımına bağlı olarak olumsuzluklar gün geçtikçe daha çok konuşulmaya başlanmıştır. Aileler teknolojinin sunduğu fırsatları ve sağladığı avantajları kısıtlamadan riskleri en aza indirecek şekilde bir yaklaşım sergilemelidirler. Aileler teknoloji kullanımı konusunda farkındalık sahibi olmalı ve çocuklarını bu konuda olumlu davranışlara teşvik etmelidirler. Bu araştırmada ilkokul öğrencilerinin teknoloji kullanımına yönelik veli farkındalığını belirlemek için kullanılabilecek bir veri toplama aracının geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Otuz üç maddeden oluşan taslak form 297 öğrenci velisine uygulanmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda dört faktörlü ve toplam yirmi sekiz madde içeren bir veri toplama aracı (ölçek) elde edilmiştir. Dört faktörün açıkladıkları toplam varyans % 47.17’dir. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı ise .88’dir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İlkokul
• teknoloji
• veli farkındalığı

Awareness of Parents about Primary School Students' Technology Use: A Scale Development Study

Öz

Today’s rapidly developing technology takes part in many aspects of human life. People live in an environment where technology products, such as computers, smart phones, internet, and social media are used extensively and in a variety of ways. The ongoing effect and increase of technology in family life makes relationships of family members challenging. Despite the convenience, negativity related to the excessive use and uncontrolled technology has started to be discussed more day by day. Families should adopt an approach that minimizes risks without limiting the opportunities and advantages offered by technology. Families should be aware of the use of technology and encourage their children to have positive behaviors about the use of technology. This research aims to construct a data collection tool that can be used to determine the awareness of parents about the use of technology in primary school students. A draft scale consisting of 33 items was applied to 297 parents. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a data collection tool (scale) consisting of 4 factors and 28 items was obtained. The total variance explained by these 4 factors is 47.17 %. The Cronbach Alpha score for internal reliability of the scale is .88.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Primary school
• technology
• parent awareness

Kaynakça

1. Anastasiades, P. S., Vitalaki, E. and Gertzakis, N. (2008). Collaborative learning activities at a distance via interactive videoconferencing in elementary schools: Parents’ attitudes. Computers & Education, 50(4), 1527-1539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.02.003
2. Balcı, A. (2011). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
3. Berson, I. R., Berson, M. J. and Ferron, J. M. (2002). Emerging risks of violence in the digital age. Journal of School Violence, 1(2), 51-71. https://doi.org/10.1300/J202v01n02_04
4. Billari, F. C., Giuntella, O. and Stella, L. (2018). Broadband internet, digital temptations, and sleep. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 153, 58-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.07.001
5. Blackwell, L., Gardiner, E. and Schoenebeck, S. (2016). Managing expectations: Technology tensions among parents and teens. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM conference on computer-supported cooperative work & social computing, CSCW (pp. 1390-1401). New York, US: ACM Press. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819928 in 03.01.2019.
6. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 470-483.
7. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
8. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.

9. Cranor, L. F., Durity, A. L., Marsh, A. and Ur, B. (2014). Parents’ and teens’ perspectives on privacy in a technology-filled world. Paper presented at the Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS), Menlo Park, CA. Retrieved from https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/soups2014/soups14-paper-cranor.pdf in 23.01.2019.
10. Delen, E., Kaya, F., Ritter, N. L. and Sahin, A. (2015). Understanding parents’ perceptions of communication technology use. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 7(4), 22-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2015.04.003
11. Good, B., & Fang, L. (2015). Promoting smart and safe internet use among children with neurodevelopmental disorders and their parents. Clinical Social Work Journal, 43(2), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-015-0519-4
12. Griffiths, L. J., Dowda, M., Dezateux, C. and Pate, R. (2010). Associations between sport and screen-entertainment with mental health problems in 5-year-old children. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(30), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-30
13. Internet World Stats. (2018). Usage and population statistics. Retrieved from https://www.internetworldstats.com/europa2.htm#tr in 23.01.2019.
14. Jiang, J. (2018). How teens and parents navigate screen time and device distractions. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2018/08/22/how-teens-and-parents-navigate-screen-time-and-device-distractions/ in 05.02.2019.
15. Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukophadhyay, T. and Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, 53(9), 1017-1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.9.1017
16. Lenhart, A. (2010). Is the age at which kids get cell phones getting younger? Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2010/12/01/is-the-age-at-which-kids-get-cell-phones-getting-younger/ in 05.02.2019.
17. Lenhart, A. (2015). Teens, social media & Technology overview 2015. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015/ in 23.01.2019.
18. Liau, A. K., Khoo, A. and Ang, P. H. (2005). Factors influencing adolescent engagement in risky internet behavior. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8(6), 513-520. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.513
19. Liau, A. K., Khoo, A. and Ang, P. H. (2008). Parental awareness and monitoring of adolescent Internet use. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 27(4), 217-233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-008-9038-6
20. Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A. and Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children: Full findings and policy implications from the EU Kids Online survey of 9-16 year olds and their parents in 25 countries. (EU Kids Online, Deliverable D4). London, UK: EU Kids Online Network. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33731/1/Risks%20and%20safety%20on%20the%20internet%28lsero%29.pdf in 27.01.2019.
21. Livingstone, S., Stoilova, M. and Kelly, A. (2016). Cyberbullying: Incidents, trends and consequences. In Ending the torment: Tackling bullying from the schoolyard to cyberspace (pp.115-120). New York, USA: United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/68079/1/Livingstone_Cyberbullying%20incidence%20trends_2016.pd in 27.01.2019.
22. Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Cortesi, S., Gasser, U., Duggan, M., Smith, A. and Beaton, M. (2013). Teens, social media, and privacy. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/ in 07.02.2019.
23. Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Duggan, M., Cortesi, S. and Gasser, U. (2013). Teens and technology 2013. Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from https://www.pewinternet.org/2013/03/13/teens-and-technology-2013/ in 03.01.2019.
24. McCrae, N., Gettings, S. and Purssell, E. (2017). Social media and depressive symptoms in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review. Adolescent Research Review, 2(4), 315-330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-017-0053-4
25. Nakayama, M. (2011). Parenting style and parental monitoring with information communication technology: A study on Japanese junior high school students and their parents. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1800-1805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.03.007
26. OECD. (2012). Sick on the job? Myths and realities about mental health and work. Mental Health and Work, OECD Publishing. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264124523-en in23.01.2019.
27. OECD. (2017). PISA 2015 results (Volume III): Students’ well-being. PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264273856-en in 07.02.2019.
28. Paine, C., Reips, U., Stieger, S., Joinson, A. and Buchanan, T. (2007). Internet users’ perceptions of ‘privacy concerns’ and ‘privacy actions’. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65(6), 526-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.12.001
29. Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G. and Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8- to 18-year-olds. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED527859.pdf in 27.01.2019.
30. Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
31. Valcke, M., Bonte, S., De Wever, B., & Rots, I. (2010). Internet parenting styles and the impact on Internet use of primary school children. Computers & Education, 55(2), 454-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.02.009
32. Valcke, M., De Wever, B., Van Keer, H., & Schellens, T. (2011). Long-term study of safe Internet use of young children. Computers & Education, 57(1), 1292-1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.01.010
33. Vannucci, A., Flannery K. M. and Ohannessian, C. M. (2017). Social media use and anxiety in emerging adults. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 163-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.040
34. Wisniewski, P., Xu, H., Rosson, M. B. and Carroll, J. M. (2014). Adolescent online safety: The “moral” of the story. Paper presented at the CSCW 2014, February 15-19, Baltimore, MD, USA. Retrieved from http://stirlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/2014_Wisnieski_AdolescentOnlineSafety.pdf in 07.02.2019.
35. Woods, H. C. and Scott, H. (2016). #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence 51, 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008