An Examination of the Relationship of the Personality Types of Cappadocia’s Local People with Their Perceptions Toward the Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine how the personality types of local people affect their perceptions regarding to the sociocultural impacts of tourism. In the study, were used quantitative research method and questionnaire technique as data collection tool. In this respect, the universe of the research consisted of local people living in the Rocky Cappadocia Region, and 541 usable questionnaire forms were obtained by using the convenience sampling method in sample selection. Correlation and regression analyses were used to test the hypotheses put forward in line with the purpose of the research. According to the results of the research, it was determined that there was a significant relationship between the attitude scores of the local people regarding all dimensions of the five-factor personality traits, namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience and their perceptions regarding to the sociocultural impacts of tourism, and that the attitude scores of different personality traits had a positive effect on their perceptions regarding to the sociocultural impacts of tourism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Local people
• Personality types
• Social impacts of tourism
• Cultural impacts of tourism
• Sociocultural impacts of tourism

Kapadokya Yerel Halkının Kişilik Tiplerinin Turizmin Sosyokültürel Etkilerine Yönelik Algıları ile İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yerel halkın kişilik tiplerinin turizmin sosyokültürel etkilerine ilişkin algıları üzerinde nasıl bir etkisinin olduğunu incelemektir. Çalışmada nicel araştırma yöntemi ve veri toplama aracı olarak da anket tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, araştırmanın evrenini Kayalık Kapadokya Bölgesi’nde yaşayan yerel halk oluşturmuş olup, örneklem seçiminde ise kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile 541 adet kullanılabilir anket formu elde edilmiştir. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda ortaya koyulan hipotezlerin test edilmesinde korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada ortaya çıkan sonuçlara göre yerel halkın beş faktör kişilik özelliklerinden dışa dönüklük, uyumluluk, sorumluluk, duygusal dengelilik ve deneyime açıklık olmak üzere tüm boyutlara ilişkin tutum puanları ile turizmin sosyokültürel etkilerine ilişkin algıları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu ve farklı kişilik özelliklerine ait tutum puanlarının turizmin sosyokültürel etkilerine ilişkin algıları üzerinde pozitif yönlü etkide bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yerel halk
• Kişilik tipleri
• Turizmin sosyal etkileri
• Turizmin kültürel etkileri
• Turizmin sosyokültürel etkileri

Kaynakça

1. Abalos, A. (2025). Socio-cultural magnetism: Investigating the allure of heritage tourism in Pangasinan, Philippines. Asian Research Journal of Education, 2(3), 34-50.
2. Adler, A. (2006). Sosyal roller ve kişilik (Çev. T. Yörükân). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
3. Adler, A. (2013). The practice and theory of individual psychology. Routledge Press.
4. Akgül, A. E. (2020). Turizmin aile yapısına etkilerinin, turizm sektöründe çalışanların bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmesi (Kuşadası örneği). International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences, 4(2), 27-46.
5. Akova, O. & Atsiz, O. (2019). Sociocultural impacts of tourism development on heritage sites. İçinde Gursoy, D. & Nunkoo, R. (Eds.), The routledge handbook of tourism impacts (ss. 252-264). Routledge Press.
6. Aktaş Polat, S. A. & Polat, S. (2016). Turizm perspektifinden yabancılaşmanın sosyo-psikolojik analizi: Günlük yaşamdan turistik yaşama yabancılaşma döngüsü. Sosyoekonomi, 24(28), 235-253.
7. Albalate, D. & Bel, G. (2010). Tourism and urban public transport: Holding demand pressure under supply constraints. Tourism Management, 31(3), 425-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.04.011
8. Albayrak, A. & Özmen, Ö. N. (2018). Turizm gelişimi ile kültürel kimlik olgusu arasındaki ilişki: Alaçatı örneği. İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 129-150.

9. Alkan, N. (2007). Beş faktör kişilik ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Yayımlanmamış Araştırma].
10. Alobiedat, A. A. (2018). Heritage transformation and the sociocultural impact of tourism in Umm Qais. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 16(1), 22-40.
11. Amoiradis, C., Velissariou, E. & Stankova, M. (2021). Tourism as a socio-cultural phenomenon: A critical analysis. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 4(2).
12. Amuquandoh, F. E. (2010). Residents' perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism in the Lake Bosomtwe Basin, Ghana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(2), 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580903298531
13. Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C. & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of tourism research, 32(4), 1056-1076.
14. Aref, F. & Redzuan, M. (2010). Community leaders' perceptions towards socio-cultural ımpacts of tourism on local communities. Journal of Human Ecology, 29(2), 87-91.
15. Archer, B., Cooper, C. & Ruhanen, L. (2012). The positive and negative impacts of tourism. İçinde Theobald, W. F. (Ed.), In global tourism (ss. 79-102). Routledge Press.
16. Arslan, E. (2023). Turist anlatıları perspektifinden varoş destinasyonları deneyimi. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 34(2), 19-31.
17. Ayaz, N. & Parlak, U. (2019). Kırsal alanlarda yaşayan yerel halkın kişilik tipleri ve turizm algısı. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 8(3), 480-494.
18. Baykan, E. (2007). Turizmin yerel kültür üzerindeki etkilerinin yöre halkı tarafından algılanması (Ürgüp yöresine yönelik bir uygulama) [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
19. Bello, F. G., Carr, N. Lovelock, B. & Xu, F. (2017). Local residents’ perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of tourism in Mangochi, Malawi. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 5(1), 1-22.
20. Boğan, E. & Sarıışık, M. (2016). Yerel halkın turizm faaliyetlerine yönelik görüş ve algılamalarının belirlenmesi üzerine Alanya'da bir araştırma. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 325-342.
21. Buchecker, M. (2009). Withdrawal from the local public place: Understanding the process of spatial alienation. Landscape Research, 34(3), 279-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426390902867968
22. Bulut, Y. (2024). Yabancılaşma ve postmodern gezginin otantiklik arayışı. Paradigma Akademi Yayınevi.
23. Bulut, Y. (2025). Yerel halkın kişilik tiplerine göre turizmin sosyokültürel etkilerine ilişkin algıları: Kapadokya örneği [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
24. Burger, J. M. (2016). Kişilik-psikoloji biliminin insan doğasına dair söyledikleri (Çev. İ. D. Erguvan Sarıoğlu). Kaknüs Yayınları.
25. Butler, R. W. (1974). The social implications of tourist developments. Annals of Tourism Research, 2(2), 100-111.
26. Byrd, E. T., Bosley, H. E. & Dronberger, M. G. (2009). Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern. Tourism Management, 30(5), 693-703.
27. Chen, C. & Chen, P. (2010). Resident attitudes toward heritage tourism development. Tourism Geographies, 12(4), 525-545.
28. Coşkun, R., Altunışık, R. & Yıldırım, E. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri SPSS uygulamalı. Sakarya Yayıncılık.
29. Croes, R., Lee, S. H. & Olson , E. D. (2013). Authenticity in tourism in small island destinations: a local perspective. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 11(1-2), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2012.759584
30. Çalışkan, U. & Tütüncü, Ö. (2008). Turizmin yerel halk üzerindeki etkileri ve Kuşadası İlçesi uygulaması. IV. Lisansüstü Turizm Öğrencileri Araştırma Kongresi.
31. Dağdeviren, A. (2015). Yerel halkın turizmin sosyo-kültürel etkilerini algılamalarının yaşam tarzı boyutuyla incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Gazi Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
32. Da Costa, R. A., Almeida, L. F., Chim-Miki, A. F. & Brandao, F. (2025). Identifying social value in tourism: The role of sociocultural indicators. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 62, 148-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2025.01.006
33. Demircan, Ş. (2010). Turizmin sosyo kültürel etkileri: Antalya/Muratpaşa İlçesi örneği. [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
34. Demirkaya, H. & Çetin, T. (2010). Residents‘ perceptions on the social and cultural impact of tourism in Alanya (Antalya-Turkey). Erzurum Kültür ve Eğitim Vakfı (EKEV) Akademi Dergisi, 14(42), 383-392.
35. Doğan, H. Z. (2004). Turizmin sosyo-kültürel temelleri. Detay Yayıncılık.
36. Doğan, H., Üngüren, E. & Yelgen, E. (2010). Alanya turist profiline yönelik bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(3), 79-100.
37. Dordevic, N. & Milicevic, S. (2020). Residents perceptions of socio-cultural ımpacts of tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences, (ss. 407-417).
38. Dyer, P., Gursoy, D., Sharmaa, B. & Carter, J. (2007). Structural modeling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Tourism Management (28), 409-427.
39. Ejikeme, J. N. U. (2025). Impact of tourism development on the quality of life of host communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 1809.
40. Eyisi, A., Lee, D. & Trees, K. (2023). Local perceptions of tourism development and socio-cultural impacts in Nigeria. Tourism Planning & Development, 20(4), 499-521. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2021.1939134
41. Eysenck, S. B., Eysenck, H. J. & Barrett, P. (1985). A revised version of the psychoticism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 6(1), 21-29.
42. Eysenck, H. J. (2017). The structure of personality. İçinde S. B. G. Eysenck & H. J. Eysenck (Eds.), The biological basis of personality (ss. 34-74). Routledge Press.
43. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using spss. SAGE Publications Ltd.
44. Flavienne, F. C., Paschal, K. A., Annie, M. K. M., Pascal, O. F., Zapsi, T., Dimitri, B. & Reine, K. O. S. (2025). Socio-cultural impacts of tourism on host communities in the fako division. East African Scholars J Edu Humanit Lit, 8(9), 513-528. https://doi.org/10.36349/easjehl.2025.v08i09.010
45. Freud, S. (1964). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Çev. J. Strachey). Hogart Press.
46. Freud, S. (1989). The ego and the id (1923). Tacd Journal, 17(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1046171X.1989.12034344
47. Friedman, M. & Rosenman, R. H. (1974). Type A behavior and your heart. Alfred A. Knopf.
48. Fromm, E. (2013). Man for himself: An inquiry into the psychology of ethics. Routledge Press.
49. Fromm, E. (2014). Sağlıklı toplum (Çev. Y. Salman & Z. Tanrısever). Payel Yayınevi.
50. Gursoy, D. & Rutherford, D. G. (2004). Host attitudes toward tourism: An improved structural model. Annals of tourism Research, 31(3), 495-516.
51. Gu, M. & Wong, P. P. (2006). Residents' perception of tourism impacts: A case study of homestay operators in Dachangshan Dao, North-East China. An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 8(3), 253-273.
52. Günlü Küçükaltan, E. & Dilek, S. E. (2017). Metalaşan turizm-metalaştırılan hayvanlar. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
53. Güzel, F. Ö. (2013). Sosyo-kültürel açıdan paradoks yaratıcı bir sektör olarak turizm: Dalyan destinasyonunda sosyolojik bir çözümleme. International Journal of Human Sciences, 10(1), 780-794.
54. Haddad, R., Harahsheh, S. & Boluk, K. (2019). The negative sociocultural impacts of tourism on Bedouin communities of Petra, Jordan. e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), 16(5), 489-510.
55. Hall, C. M. & Page, S. J. (2016). Developing tourism in South and Central Asia: introduction. İçinde Hall, C. M. & Page, S. J. (Eds.), The routledge handbook of tourism in Asia (ss. 243-260). Routledge Press.
56. Hall, C. S., Lindzey, G., Loehlin, J. C. & Manosevitz, M. (1985). Introduction to theories of personality. John Wiley & Sons.
57. Hasanoglu, A., Akova, O., Yuksel, T. G. & Ogretmenoglu, M. (2025). Social-cultural and economic impact of tourism on social inclusion and quality of life of the Romani community. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2025.2509078
58. Hashimoto, A. (2014). Tourism and sociocultural development issues. İçinde R. Sharpley, & D. J. Telfer, Tourism and Development (ss. 205-236). Channel View Publications.
59. Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Baer, B. A., Ureño, G. & Villaseñor, V. S. (1988). Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 885-892.
60. Huttasin, N. (2008). Perceived social impacts of tourism by residents in the OTOP tourism village, Thailand. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 13(2), 175-191.
61. İnanır, A. & Uçar, Ö. (2021). Yerel halkın kişilik özelliklerinin turizm etkilerini algılama düzeylerine etkisi: Antalya örneği. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(38), 5161-5185. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.837754
62. İşçi, M. (2007). Davranış bilimleri. Der Yayınları.
63. Jaafar, M., Rasoolimanesh, S. M. & İsmail, S. (2017). Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(2), 123-134.
64. Jin, Q., Hu, H. & Kavan, P. (2016). Factors influencing perceived crowding of tourists and sustainable tourism destination management. Sustainability, 8(10), 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8100976
65. John, O. P., Donahue, E. M. & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The big five inventory--versions 4a and 54. Berkeley Institute of Personality and Social Research, University of California.
66. Jung, C. (2016). Psychological types. Routledge Press.
67. Jung, C. G. (2018). Kişiliğin gelişimi (Çev. D. Olgaç). Pinhan Yayıncılık.
68. Karaman, S. & Avcıkurt, C. (2011). Turizmin halk üzerine etkileri (Samsun örneği). Samsun Sempozyumu.
69. Keskin, E. & Çontu, M. (2011). Mustafapaşa (Sinasos) kasabasında yaşayan yerel halkın turizme bakış açısını belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 37-55.
70. Khan, A., Bibi, S., Lorenzo, A., Lyu, J. & Babar, Z. U. (2020). Tourism and development in developing economies: A policy implication perspective. Sustainability, 12(4), 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041618
71. Koens, K., Postma, A. & Papp, B. (2018). Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability, 10(12), 4384. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124384
72. Kokkinos, M. & Kapardis, A. (2014). The wongimpact of tourism on crime in Cyprus. Journal of Tourism Research, 8, 97-111.
73. Kozak, M. (2021). Bilimsel araştırma: Tasarım, yazım ve yayım teknikleri. Detay Yayıncılık.
74. Kretschmer, E. (1929). Körperbau und Charakter: Untersuchungen zum Konstitutionsproblem und zur Lehre von den Temperamenten. Springer Publishing.
75. Kuvan, Y. & Akan, P. (2005). Residents' attitudes toward general and forest-related impacts of tourism: The case of Belek, Antalya. Tourism Management, 26(5), 691-706.
76. Kowalczyk-Aniol, J. (2023). Rethinking tourism-driven urban transformation and social tourism impact: A scenario from a CEE city. Cities, 134, 104178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104178
77. Latkova, P. & Vogt, C. A. (2011). Residents' attitudes toward existing and future tourism development in rural communities. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 1-18.
78. Li, Y., Liu, Y., Wan, L. C. & Lin, Y. (2024). Human psychology as a driver of tourism development: The effect of regional personality traits. Annals of Tourism Research (109), 1-16.
79. Lonardi, S. (2022). Minority languages and tourism: a literature review. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 17(3), 342-356.
80. Lopes, R. & Hiray, A. (2024). Impacts Of Cultural Events And Festivals On Cultural Tourism. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 45, 174-179.
81. Luthans, F. (1995). Organizational behavior. McGraw Hill Publishing.
82. Marshall, G. (1999). Sosyoloji sözlüğü (Çev. O. Akınhay & D. Kömürcü). Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
83. Marsanic, R., Mrnjavac, E., Pupavac, D. & Krpan, L. (2021). Stationary traffic as a factor of tourist destination quality and sustainability. Sustainability, 13(7), 3965. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073965
84. Mathieson, A. & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, physical and social impacts. Longman Publishing.
85. Mbaiwa, J. E. (2004). The socio-cultural impacts of tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 2(3), 163-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820508668662
86. McGehee, N. G. & Andereck, K. L. (2004). Factors predicting rural residents‘ support of tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 43(2), 131-140.
87. Meimand, S. E., Khalifah, Z., Zavadskas, E. K., Mardani, A. Najafipour, A. A., & Ahmad, U. N. U. (2017). Residents’ attitude toward tourism development: A sociocultural perspective. Sustainability, 9(7), 1170. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9071170
88. Milman, A. (2004). Residents' support for tourism growth in a mature destination. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 5(4), 67-83.
89. Moghavvemi, S., Woosnam, K. M., Hamzah, A. & Hassani, A. (2021). Considering residents’ personality and community factors in explaining satisfaction with tourism and support for tourism development. Tourism Planning & Development, 18(3), 267-293.
90. Nazirullah, Som, A. P. M., Shariffuddin, N. S. M., Zain, W. M. A. W. M. & Qassem, A. A. (2023). The influence of socio-cultural and economic impact on tourism support: A mediating role of community value. Journal of The Malaysian Institute of Planners, 21(1), 146-162.
91. Neuman, W. L. (2022). Toplumsal araştırma yöntemleri - nicel ve nitel yaklaşımlar (Çev. Ö. Akkaya). Siyasal Kitabevi.
92. Nguyen, Q. H. (2021). Impact of investment in tourism infrastructure development on attracting international visitors: A nonlinear panel ARDL approach using Vietnam’s data.Economies, 9(3), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030131
93. Nomnian, S., Trupp, A., Niyomthong, W., Tangcharoensathaporn, P. & Charoenkongka, A. (2020). Language and community-based tourism in Thailand: Use, needs, dependency, and limitations. ASEAS-Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 13(1), 57-79. https://doi.org/10.14764/10.ASEAS-0029
94. Nunkoo, R. & Ramkissoon, H. (2010). Small island urban tourism: a residents' perspective. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(1), 37-60.
95. Nzama, A. T. (2008). Socio-cultural impacts of tourism on the rural areas within the World Heritage Sites–The case of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 1(1), 1-8.
96. Okech, R. N. (2010). Socio-cultural impacts of tourism on World Heritage sites: communities' perspective of Lamu (Kenya) and Zanzibar Islands. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 15(3), 339-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2010.503624
97. Özdamar, K. (2003). Modern bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Kaan Kitabevi.
98. Özmen, M. (2007). Turizmin sosyo-kültürel etkileri: Akçakoca örneği [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
99. Pappas, N. V. (2008). City of Rhodes: residents' attitudes toward tourism impacts and development. Anatolia, 19(1), 51-70.
100. Pati, A. & Husain, M. (2023). People’s perspectives on heritage conservation and tourism development: a case study of Varanasi. Built heritage, 7(17). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43238-023-00098-w
101. Pekol, B. (2010). Türkiye’de kültür ürününün metalaşması ışığında mimari miras. 1. Uluslararası Lisansüstü Araştırmaları Sempozyumu Yapılı Çevre (ss. 1-11). Orta Doğu Teknik üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi.
102. Pizam, A. & Milman, A. (1986). The social impacts of tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 11(1), s. 29-33.
103. Pradeep, C. (2020). Political impacts of tourism: A critical analysis of literature. Atna Journal of Tourism Studies, 15(1), 55-69. https://doi.org/10.12727/ajts.23.5
104. Ritchie, B. W. & Inkari, M. (2006). Host community attitudes toward tourism and cultural tourism development: the case of the Lewes District, southern England. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(1), 27-44.
105. Recher, V. & Rubil, I. (2020). More tourism, more crime: Evidence from Croatia. Social Indicators Research, 147(2), 651-675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02160-6
106. Sampaio, S., Simoni, V. & Isnart, C. (2014). Tourism and transformation: Negotiating metaphors, experiencing change. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 12(2), 93-101.
107. Sandeep, K. & Vinod, K. (2014). Perception of socio-culture impacts of tourism: A sociological review. International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 40-43.
108. Sharpley, R. (2014). Host perceptions of tourism: A review of the research. Tourism Management, 42, 37-49.
109. Sharpley, R. (2018). Tourism, tourists and society. Routledge Press.
110. Shaffer, H. J. (2005). Commentaries: From disabling to enabling the public interest: Natural transitions from gambling exposure to adaptation and self-regulation. Addiction, 100(9), 1227–1229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01200.x
111. Simkhada, P. P., Sharma, A., van Teijlingen, E. R. & Beanland, R. L. (2016). Factors influencing sexual behaviour between tourists and tourism employees: A systematic review. Nepal Journal of Epidemiology, 6(1), 530. https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v6i1.14735
112. Soontayatron, S. (2014). Thais' coping with sociocultural impacts of tourism development. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(10), 1228-1238.
113. Spanou, E. (2007). The impact of tourism on the sociocultural structure of Cyprus. Tourismos, 2(1), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.26215/tourismos.v2i1.39
114. Stylidis, D. (2012). Tourism and community life: Building a conceptual framework [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. University of Surrey School of Hospitality and Tourism.
115. Sullivan, H. S. (2013). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. Routledge Press.
116. Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling methods in research methodology; how to choose a sampling technique for research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5(2), 18-27.
117. Tayfun, A. & Kılıçlar, A. (2004). Turizmin sosyal etkileri ve yerli halkın turiste bakışı. Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (1), 1-17.
118. Tekin, O. & Rahimi, R. (2019). Sociocultural impacts of tourism. İçinde Gursoy, D. & Nunkoo, R. (Eds.), The routledge handbook of tourism impacts (ss. 219-228). Routledge Press.
119. Terkenlı, T., Bellas, M. L. & Jenkıns, L. D. (2007). Tourism impacts on local life: Socio-cultural continuity and change in Crete. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 16(1-2), 37-52.
120. Terzidou, M., Stylidis, D. & Szivas, E. (2008). Residents' perceptions of religious tourism and its socio-economic ımpacts on the Island of Tinos. Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development, 5(2), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790530802252784
121. Tosun, C. (2002). Host perceptions of impacts: A comparative tourism study. Annals of tourism research, 29(1), 231-253.
122. Tovar, C. & Lockwood, M. (2008). Social impacts of tourism: An Australian regional case study. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(4), 365-378. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.667
123. Türker, N. & Öztürk, S. (2013). Perceptions of residents towards the impacts of tourism in the Küre Mountains National Park, Turkey. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(2), 45-56.
124. Uçar, N. (2012). Kırsal alanda turizmle modernleşen kadın. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 2(2), 111-115.
125. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2004). The effects of tourism on culture and the environment in Asia and the Pacific: Tourism and heritage site management in Luang Prabang. Office Of Regional Advisor, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
126. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2006). Tourism, culture and sustainable development. UNESCO Culture and Development Section Publication.
127. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2024). UNESCO Türkiye Milli Komisyonu web sayfası. 12 Şubat 2025 tarihinde https://www.unesco.org.tr/Pages/125/122/UNESCO-D%C3%BCnya-Miras%C4%B1-Listesi adresinden erişildi.
128. Uslu, A., Alagöz, G. & Güneş, E. (2020). Socio-cultural, economic, and environmental effects of tourism from the point of view of the local community. Journal of Tourism and Services, 11(21), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.29036/jots.v11i21.147
129. Vargas-Sanchez, A., Porras-Bueno, N. & Plaza-Mejia, M. A. (2009). Residents‘ attitudes towards tourism development in the Spanish Province of Huelva. Narodnostopanski Arhiv (International Edition)(5), 31-62.
130. Voumik, L. C., Nafi, S. M., Majumder, S. C. & Islam, M. A. (2023). The impact of tourism on the women employment in South American and Caribbean countries. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(9), 3095-3112. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-04-2022-0449
131. Zaidan, E. (2016). The impact of cultural distance on local residents perception of tourism development: The case of Dubai in UAE. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 64(1), 109-126.
132. Zamani-Farahani, H. & Musa, G. (2012). The relationship between Islamic religiosity and residents’ perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of tourism in Iran: Case studies of Sare’in and Masooleh. Tourism Management (33), 802-814.
133. Zhang, J. (2023). Tourism, urbanization, and urban income inequality in China. Tourism. Economics, 29(6), 1423-1441. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548166221108121
134. Zhang, T., Hua, N., Heo, J., Wang, Y. & Pizam, A. (2024). Experience design of lifestyle communities: the future of hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(12), 4258-4277. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2023-0780
135. Zhou, Y. & Ap, J. (2009). Residents' Perceptions towards the Impacts of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. Journal of Travel Research, 48(1), 78-91.
136. Zhou, Y., Lu, T. & Yoo, J. J. (2014). Residents' perceived impacts of gaming development in Macau: Social representation perspectives. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(5), 579-599.
137. Zhuang, X., Yao, Y. & Li, J. (2019). Sociocultural impacts of tourism on residents of world cultural heritage sites in China. Sustainability, 11(3), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030840
138. Wall, G. & Mathieson, A. (2006). Tourism: Change, impacts and opportunities. Pearson Prentice Hall Publishing.
139. Walker, D. M. & Sobel, R. S. (2016). Social and economic impacts of gambling. Current Addiction Reports, 3(3), 293-298.
140. Werczynski, D. & Widawski, K. (2025). Sustainable archaeological tourism—a framework of an assessment method for potential tourism use of hillforts (gords) in the Lower Silesia Region, Poland. Sustainability, 17(16), 7536. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167536
141. World Tourism Organization (WTO). (2012). Study on tourism and intangible cultural heritage web sayfası. 20 Kasım 2024 tarihinde https://webunwto.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/2019-08/summaryview_UNWTO-Study-on-Tourism-and-Intangible-Cultural-Heritage.pdf adresinden erişildi.