Dijital Gözetimin Kavramsal ve Hukuki Çerçevesi: Yapay Zeka Destekli Gözetim Sistemlerinin Anayasal Sınırları

Öz

Bu çalışma, yapay zeka teknolojilerinin dijital gözetim süreçlerinde artan kullanımı ile bu teknolojilerin bireysel haklar üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmektedir. Özellikle kamu güvenliği ve kamu hizmetlerinin etkin ve hızlı sunulması gibi gerekçelerle meşrulaştırılan dijital gözetim uygulamalarının, mahremiyet, haberleşme özgürlüğü ve kişisel veri güvenliği üzerindeki etki ve sonuçları incelenmektedir. Türkiye’de uygulanan Kent Güvenlik Sistemi (KGYS), sosyal medya denetimi ve biyometrik veri toplanması üzerinden ulusal ve uluslararası mevzuat karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Anayasa Mahkemesi (AYM) ve Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi (AİHM) kararları ışığında “kanunilik”, “meşru amaç” ve “ölçülülük” ilkeleri çerçevesinde dijital gözetimin hukuki sınırları tartışılmıştır. Bu ilkeler temel hak ve özgürlüklere yapılacak müdahalelerin uygulamada hukuki sınırlarını oluşturmaktadır. Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) 2024 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren Yapay Zeka Tüzüğü ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin (ABD) güvenlik odaklı yaklaşımı karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, demokratik hukuk devletiyle uyum için açık yasal çerçeve, bağımsız denetim ve etkili başvuru yollarının güçlendirilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. Bu çalışma, normatif hukuk incelemesi, mahkeme kararları tahlili ve karşılaştırmalı hukuk yöntemi esas alınarak hazırlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• anayasa
• anayasal haklar
• dijital gözetim
• yapay zeka
• siber güvenlik

Conceptual and Legal Framework of Digital Surveillance: Constitutional Boundaries of AI-Powered Surveillance Systems

Öz

This study analyzes the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in digital surveillance processes and their impact on individual rights. It examines how digital surveillance practices—often justified by public safety and the need for efficient service delivery—affect privacy, freedom of communication, and personal data security. This paper compares national and international legal frameworks through practices such as Turkey’s Urban Security System, social media monitoring, and biometric systems. Within the context of rulings by the Turkish Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights, it discusses the legal boundaries of digital surveillance based on the principles of “legality,” “legitimate aim,” and “proportionality.” These principles, in practice, constitute the legal boundaries of interventions in fundamental rights and freedoms. It also compares the European Union’s 2024 AI Regulation with the United States’ security-oriented approach. The study emphasizes the need for a clear legal framework, independent oversight, and effective remedies to ensure that digital surveillance aligns with the principles of democratic rule of law. This research is based on normative legal analysis, court decisions, and comparative legal methods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• artificial intelligence
• constitutional rights
• constitution
• cybersecurity
• digital surveillance

Kaynakça

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