Algılanan Lider Etkinliğinin Psikolojik Güvenlik ve Örgütle İlişkiler Üzerinde Etkisi

Yıl 2021, , 891 - 910, 31.12.2021

Elif Bilginoğlu , Uğur Yozgat

https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.814659

Öz

Kişilere etkin bir şekilde liderlik etmek, muazzam bir zorluk, büyük bir fırsat ve ciddi bir sorumluluktur. Liderin davranışının ya da sonuçların beklenen bir standarda göre değerlendirilmesi ile ilgili olan liderlik etkinliği, bilimsel literatürde büyük ilgi uyandıran bir konudur. Daha önce liderlik üzerine yapılan çalışmalar, liderlerin nasıl algılandığı konusuna odaklanmış ve liderlerin etkinliğine katkıda bulunan kişisel nitelikleri ve özellikleri belirlemeye çalışmış olmakla birlikte lider etkinliği ve sonuçları arasındaki bağlantı üzerine yapılan araştırmalar sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bir örgüt bağlamında gerçekleşen ve ampirik kanıtlara dayanarak kategoriler, kavramlar ve teoriler geliştirmek amacıyla yönetimsel çalışma ve davranışın gözden geçirilmesinden oluşmakta olan yönetimsel davranış yaklaşımına dayanmakta olan bu çalışmanın amacı, algılanan liderlik etkinliğinin, çalışanların psikolojik güvenlik algıları ve örgüt ile ilişkileri üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Araştırma sonuçları algılanan lider etkinliğinin hem çalışanların örgüt ile ilişkileri hem de çalışanların psikolojik güvenlik algıları üzerinde pozitif etkisi olduğunu, aynı zamanda psikolojik güvenliğin algılanan lider etkinliği ve çalışanların örgüt ile ilişkileri arasındaki ilişkide aracı etkisi olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

liderlik, lider etkinliği, algılanan lider etkinliği, psikolojik güvenlik, örgütle ilişkiler

THE EFFECT OF PERCEIVED LEADER EFFECTIVENESS ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ORGANIZATION

Öz

Leading people effectively is a tremendous challenge, a great opportunity, and a serious responsibility. Previous research on leadership concerns how leaders are perceived and the personal qualities and characteristics that contribute to leader effectiveness but there is limited insight into leadership effectiveness and its outcomes. The aim of this study which is based on the managerial behavior approach that aims to develop categories, concepts and theories on the basis of empirical evidence in an organizational context (Noordegraaf ve Stewart, 2000: 429) is to investigate the effect of perceived leader effectiveness on the employees’ psychological safety and their relationship with the organization. The findings of the study reveal that perceived leader effectiveness has a positive effect on employees’ relationship with the organization and employees’ psychological safety perceptions and furthermore psychological safety has a mediating role on the relationship between perceived leader effectiveness and employees’ relationship with the organization.

Anahtar Kelimeler

leadership, leader effectiveness, perceived leader effectiveness, psychological safety, relationship with the organization

Kaynakça

• Ayman, R., Frame, M.C. (2004). Leadership Effectiveness. G. R. Goethals, G. J. Soreson ve J. M. Burns (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Leadership içinde (549-559). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
• Babiak, J., Bajcar, B. (2019). From Leader’s Destructive Traits to Employees’ Work Outcomes – A Mediational Role of Leader Effectiveness. Paper presented at 34th IBIMA Conference: 13-14 November 2019.
• Baer, M., Frese, M. (2003). Innovation is Not Enough: Climates for Initiative and Psychological Safety, Process Innovations, and Firm Performance, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(1), 45 – 68.
• Bariso, J. (2020, February 25). After Years of Research, Google Discovered the Secret Weapon to Building a Great Team. It's a Lesson in Emotional Intelligence. https://www.inc.com/justin-bariso/after-years-of-research-google-discovered-secret-weapon-to-building-a-great-team-its-a-lesson-in-emotional-intelligence.html [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• Barnett, J. (2019, June 19). How Managers Can Create An Environment Of Psychological Safety. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimbarnett/2019/06/19/how-managers-can-create-an-environment-of-psychological-safety/#44cc244643bd [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• Baron, R.M., Kenny, D.A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic and Statistical Considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
• Bass, B.M., Bass, R. (2008). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications. New York: Free Press.
• Boyatzis, R., Annie McKee, A. (2005). Resonant Leadership. USA: Summa Health Systems.
• Brendel, D. (2017, August 29). How Leaders Can Promote Psychological Safety in the Workplace. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-leaders-can-promote-psychological-safety-in-the_b_59a55d34e4b03c5da162af6e [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020].
• Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research, Journal of CrossCultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
• Broom, G.M., Sha, B.L. (2013). Cutlip and Center's Effective Public Relations (11th Edition). Boston: Pearson Education Limited.
• Busari, A.H. (2019). Literature Review on Leadership Effectiveness and Followership. Mughal, Y. H., Kamal, S. (Ed.) Servant Leadership Styles and Strategic Decision Making içinde (21-74). USA: IGI Global.
• Carrillo, R.A. (2020). The Relationship Factor in Safety Leadership: Achieving Success through Employee Engagement. New York: Routledge.
• Chemers, M. (2000). Leadership Research and Theory: A Functional Integration, Group Dynamics, Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(1), 27–43.
• Christian, M.S., Garza, A.S., Slaughter, J.E. (2011). Work Engagement: A Quantitative Review and Test of Its Relations with Task and Contextual Performance, Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89-136.
• Conger, J.A., Kanungo, R.N. (1998). Charismatic Leadership in Organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
• Craig, W. (2017). Why a Strong Employee/Employer Relationship Is Important. https://www.forbes.com/sites/williamcraig/2017/09/20/why-a-strong-employeeemployer-relationship-is-important/#6b0049d564d9 [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• De Bussy, N.M., Suprawan, L. (2012). Most Valuable Stakeholders: The Impact of Employee Orientation, Corporate Financial Performance, Public Relations Review, 38, 280-287.
• Demerouti, E., Veldhuis, W., Coombes, C., Hunter, R. (2019). Burnout among Pilots: Psychosocial Factors Related to Happiness and Performance at Simulator Training, Ergonomics, 62(2), 233-245.
• Dhar, U., Mishra, P. (2001). Leadership Effectiveness: A Study of Constituent Factors, Journal of Management Research, 1(4), 254–266.
• Dollard, M.F., Bakker, A.B. (2010). Psychosocial Safety Climate as a Precursor to Conducive Work Environments, Psychological Health Problems, and Employee Engagement, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(3), 579–599.
• Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.
• Edmondson, A.C. (2003). Speaking up in The Operating Room: How Team Leaders Promote Learning in Interdisciplinary Action Teams, Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1419–1452.
• Edmondson, A.C. (2004). Psychological Safety, Trust, and Learning in Organizations: A Group-Level Lens. R.M. Kramer ve K.S. Cook (Ed.) Trust and Distrust in Organizations: Dilemmas and Approaches (239–272) içinde. Russell Sage Foundation.
• Edmonson, A.C. (2013). Teaming to Innovate. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley and Sons.
• Edmondson, A. (2018, December 04). The Importance of Psychological Safety. https://www.hrmagazine.co.uk/article-details/the-importance-of-psychological-safety [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• Edmondson, A.C., Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological Safety: The History, Renaissance, and Future of an Interpersonal Construct, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 23–43.
• Eggers, J.T. (2011). Psychological Safety Influences Relationship Behavior, Corrections Today, 73(1), 60-61.
• Fall, L.T. (2005). Consumer / Customer Relations R.L. Heath (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Public Relations içinde (186-189). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
• Frazier, M.L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R.L., Pezeshkan, A., Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological Safety: A Meta‐Analytic Review and Extension, Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113-165.
• Gillis, T.L. (2017). Employee–Organization Relationship. C.R. Scott ve L. Lewis (Ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication içinde (789-797). UK: John Wiley ve Sons.
• Good, D.J., Lyddy, C.J., Glomb, T.M., Bono, J.E., Brown, K.W., Duffy, M.K., Baer, R.A., Brewer, J.A., Lazar, S.W. (2016). Contemplating Mindfulness at Work: An Integrative Review, J. Manag. 42(1), 114–142.
• Gordon, T. (2001). Leader Effectiveness Training, L.E.T. : The Proven People Skills for Today’s Leaders. New York: A Perigee Book.
• Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., Kuppelwieser V.G. (2014). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM): An Emerging Tool in Business Research, European Business Review, 26(2), 106–121.
• Harper, C. (2019, December 09). Psychological Safety is the Most Important Element of any Successful Team. This Quick Assessment will Tell You if Your Team Has it. https://www.businessinsider.com/psychological-safety-assessment-no-hard-feelings-book [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• Heath, N. (2019, March 27). Effective Leadership: 6 Tips to Harness the Intel and Expertise of Your Team. https://www.intheblack.com/articles/2019/03/27/effective-leadership-6-tips-harness-team [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• Herbst, T.H.H., Conradie, P.D.P. (2011). Leadership Effectiveness in Higher Education: Managerial Self-Perceptions Versus Perceptions of Others, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/SA Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde, 57(1), Art. #867.
• Herriot, P., Pemberton, C. (1995). New Deals. The Revolution in Managerial Careers. Chichester: Wiley.
• Holt, L. (2013). Leadership. B. Dolan ve L. Holt (Ed.) Accident ve Emergency: Theory into Practice içinde (527-536). Edinburgh: Elsevier.
• Hooijberg, R., Choi, J. (2000), Which Leadership Roles Matter to Whom? An Examination of Rater Effects on Perceptions of Effectiveness, Leadership Quarterly, 11(3), 341-364.
• İşiaçık, S. (2019). The Impacts of Perceived Corporate Social Responsibility and Workplace Spirituality on Innovative Work Behaviors: The Role of Psychological Safety Perception. T.C. Marmara Üniversitesi, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work, Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692-724.
• Kaiser, R. B., Hogan, R., Craig, S. B. (2008). Leadership and The Fate of Organizations. American Psychologist, 63, 96–110.
• Kaloudis, H. (2019, March 18). Psychological Safety At Work: What do Psychologically Safe Work Teams Look Like? https://medium.com/@Harri_Kaloudis/psychological-safety-at-work-what-do-psychologically-safe-work-teams-look-like-5585ab0f2df4 [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• Kanungo, R.N., Mendonca, M. (1996). Ethical Dimensions of Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
• Kessel, M., Kratzer, J., Schultz, C. (2012). Psychological Safety, Knowledge Sharing, and Creative Performance in Healthcare Teams, Creativity ve Innovation Management, 21(2), 147-157.
• Kim, J., Rhee, Y. (2011). Strategic Thinking about Employee Communication Behavior (ECB) in Public Relations: Testing the Models of Megaphoning and Scouting Effects in Korea, Journal of Public Relations Research, 23(3), 243-268.
• Kirk-Brown, A., Van Dijk, P. (2016). An Examination of The Role of Psychological Safety in The Relationship between Job Resources, Affective Commitment and Turnover Intentions of Australian Employees with Chronic Illness, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(14), 1626–1641.
• Landry, L. (2018, October 04). 6 Characteristics of an Effective Leader. https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/characteristics-of-an-effective-leader [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• Lee, Y. (2012). Global Leadership in Multicultural Teams. J. Canals (Ed.) Leadership Development in a Global World: The Role of Companies and Business Schools içinde (188-213). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Liden, R.C., Bauer, T.N., Erdogan, B. (2004). The Role of Leader–Member Exchange in the Dynamic Relationship between Employer and Employee: Implications for Employee Socialization, Leaders and Organizations. J.A.M. Coyle-Shapiro, L.M. Shore, S.M. Taylor ve L.E. Tetrick (Ed.), The Employment Relationship, Examining Psychological and Contextual Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Lindebaum, D., Fielden, S. (2010). ‘It’s Good to be Angry’: Enacting Anger in Construction Project Management to Achieve Perceived Leader Effectiveness, Human Relations, 64(3), 437–458.
• Lord, R.G., Maher, K.J. (1993). Leadership and Information Processing: Linking Perceptions and Performance. Routledge, London.
• Luthans, F., Doh, J.P. (2014). International Management: Culture, Strategy, and Behavior, (8th Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
• Mackinnon, D.P., Lockwood, C.M., Hoffman, J.M., West, S.G., Sheets, V. (2002). A Comparison of Methods to Test Mediation and other Intervening Variable Effects, Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83-104.
• Mao, J.Y., Chiang, J.T.J., Chen, L., Wu, Y., Wang, J. (2019). Feeling Safe? A Conservation of Resources Perspective Examining the Interactive Effect of Leader Competence and Leader Self-Serving Behaviour on Team Performance, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 92(1), 52-73.
• Melder, B. (2018, November 13). Top 5 Ways to Build a Psychologically Safe Workplace. https://www.ishn.com/articles/109760-top-5-ways-to-build-a-psychologically-safe-workplace [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• Menon, E. (2014). The Relationship between Transformational Leadership, Perceived Leader Effectiveness and Teachers’ Job Satisfaction, Journal of Educational Administration, 52(4), 509-528.
• Meyer, J.P., Allen, N.J. (1991). A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment, Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89.
• Monarth, H. (2019, November 06). 7 Ways Leaders Can Foster A Psychological Safe Company Culture. https://thriveglobal.com/stories/7-ways-leaders-can-foster-a-psychological-safe-company-culture/ [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• Moneke, N.I. (2017). Critical-Care Nurses’ Perceived Leadership Practices, Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction. USA: Xlibris.
• Nahavandi, A. (2015). The Art and Science of Leadership. Boston: Pearson Education Limited.
• Nembhard, I.M., Edmondson, A.C. (2006). Making It Safe: The Effects of Leader Inclusiveness and Professional Status on Psychological Safety and Improvement Efforts in Health Care Teams, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(7), 941–966.
• Newman, A., Donohue, R., Eva, N. (2017). Psychological Safety: A Systematic Review of The Literature, Human Resource Management Review, 27(3), 521-535.
• Nink, M., Robison, J. (2016, December 20). The Damage Inflicted by Poor Managers https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/200108/damage-inflicted-poor-managers.aspx [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• Nirenberg, J. (2004). Leadership Effectiveness. G. R. Goethals, G. J. Soreson ve J. M. Burns (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Leadership içinde (844-853). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
• Noordegraaf, M., Stewart, R. (2000). Managerial Behaviour Research in Private and Public Sectors: Distinctiveness, Disputes and Directions, Journal of Management Studies, 37(3), 427-443.
• Northouse, P. (2004). Leadership Theory and Practice. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
• O’Brien, P. (2014, May 09). Why Strong Employee/Employer Relationship is Important and How to Achieve This? https://www.business2community.com/strategy/strong-employeeemployer-relationship-important-achieve-0876781 Erişim Tarihi [05.03.2020].
• Okafor, E. (2013). Leadership and Productivity in Nigeria: Implications for Work Organisations and National development. Jorind, 11(1), 284-295.
• Ortega, A., Van den Bossche, P., Sánchez-Manzanares, M., Rico, R., Gil, F. (2014). The Influence of Change-Oriented Leadership and Psychological Safety on Team Learning in Healthcare Teams, Journal of Business and Psychology, 29(2), 311–321.
• Park, S., Kim, J.-N., Krishna, A. (2014). Bottom-Up Rebuilding of an Innovative Organization: Motivating Employee Intrapreneurship and Scouting and Its Strategic Values. Management Communication Quarterly, 28, 531-560.
• Prati, L.M., Douglas, C., Ferris, G.R., Ammeter, A.P., Buckley, M.R. (2003). Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Effectiveness, and Team Outcomes, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(1), 21-40.
• Ricketts, C., Ricketts, J. (2011). Leadership: Personal Development and Career Success. USA: Cengage Learning.
• Ruiz, C., Wang, J., Hamlin, R. (2013). What Makes Managers Effective in Mexico? Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 34(2), 130-146.
• Saks, A.M. (2006). Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Engagement, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600– 619.
• Salancik, G. R., Calder, B. J., Rowland, K. M., Leblebici, H., Conway, M. (1975). Leadership as an Outcome of Social Structure and Process: A Multidimensional Analysis. J. G. Hunt ve E. E. Larson (Ed.), Leadership Frontiers içinde (81–101). Columbus, OH: Kent University Press.
• Schein, E. (2017). Organizational Culture and Leadership. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley ve Sons.
• Schreiner, E. (2019, March). What is an Employer-Employee Relationship? https://smallbusiness.chron.com/employeremployee-relationship-16737.html [Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2020]
• Searle, R., Weibel, A., Den Hartog, D.N. (2011). Employee Trust in Organizational Contexts. G. P. Hodgkinson ve J. K. Ford (Ed.) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (143-191) içinde. UK: Wiley ve Blackwell.
• Shao, B. (2019). Trust in the Leader Alleviates the Negative Effect of Leader Anger Expressions on Leader Effectiveness, Personnel Review, 48(5), 1120-1134.
• Sharbrough, W. C. (1998, November). Using Motivating Language: The Impact on Perceived Effectiveness of Cadet Leaders in a Military College, Paper presented at the International Meeting of the Association for Business Communication, San Antonio, TX.
• Shore, L.M., Tetrick, L.E. (1994). The Psychological Contract as an Explanatory Framework in the Employment Relationship. C. Cooper ve D. Rousseau (Ed.) Trends in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 1 içinde (91–109). New York: Wiley.
• Shore, L.M., Tetrick, L.E., Taylor, M.S., Coyle-Shapiro, J.A.M., Liden, R. C., McLean Parks, J., Wolfe Morrison, E., Robinson, S.L., Roehling, M.V., Rousseau, D.M., Schalk, R., Tsui, A.S., Van Dyne, L. (2004). The Employee–Organization Relationship: A Timely Concept in a Period of Transition. J. Martocchio (Ed.) Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management (Vol. 23) içinde (291-370). Oxford, UK: Elsevier Group Publishing Limited.
• Simonton, D. K. (1994). Greatness: Who Makes History and Why. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
• Sinek, S. (2009). Start with Why. How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone To Take Action. New York, NY: Portfolio.
• Sinek, S. (2017). Leaders Eat Last: Why Some Teams Pull Together and Others Don’t. New York: Penguin.
• Singh, B., Shaffer, M.A., Selvarajan, T.T. (2018). Antecedents of Organizational and Community Embeddedness: The Roles of Support, Psychological Safety, and Need to Belong, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39, 339–354.
• Smidts, A., Pruyn, A.T.,Van Riel, C.B. (2001). The Impact of Employee Communication and Perceived External Prestige on Organizational Identification, Academy of Management Journal, 49(5), 1051-1062.
• Stedham, Y., Skaar, T.B. (2019). Mindfulness, Trust, and Leader Effectiveness: A Conceptual Framework, Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1588.
• Stoldt, G.C., Dittmore, S.W., Branvold, S.E. (2012). Sport Public Relations: Managing Stakeholder Communication. USA: Human Kinetics.
• Theaker, A. (2004). The Public Relations Handbook (2nd Edition). Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.
• Ulusoy, N., Mölders, C., Fischer, S., Bayur, H., Deveci, S., Demiral, Y., Rössler, W. (2016). A Matter of Psychological Safety: Commitment and Mental Health in Turkish Immigrant Employees in Germany, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(4), 626-645.
• van Dijk, M.S. (2004). Understanding the Employee-Organization Relationship A Study Measuring Organizational Commitment, Psychological Contracts, and Captivation and Identification in Three Government Organizations. The University of Minnesota, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Waldman, D.A., Ramirez, G.G., House, R.J., Puranam, P. (2001). Does Leadership Matter? CEO Leadership Attributes and Profitability under Conditions of Perceived Environmental Uncertainty, Academy of Management Journal, 44, 134-143.
• Walumbwa, F. O., Schaubroeck, J. (2009). Leader Personality Traits and Employee Voice Behavior: Mediating Roles of Ethical Leadership and Work Group Psychological Safety, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1275–1286. Wolf, J. (2015). Seven Disciplines of A Leader: How to Help Your People, Team and Organization Achieve Maximum Effectiveness. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley ve Sons.
• Yukl, G. (1998). Leadership in Organizations. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.