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Covid-19 Sürecinde Türkiye’de Aşı Tereddüdü ile Google Arama Hacmi Verileri Arasındaki İlişkinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 27.04.2022

Öz

En başarılı halk sağlığı önlemlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmesine rağmen, aşılama, giderek artan sayıda bireyler tarafından güvensiz ve gereksiz olarak algılanmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, illere göre aşılanma yüzdeleri ile arama terimlerinin iller düzeyinde gerçekleştirilen arama hacimleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın bir diğer amacı da Google arama hacimleri ile haftalık vaka ve ölüm sayıları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Haftalık Google arama hacimleri ile haftalık vaka ve ölüm sayıları arasındaki ilişkiyi ölçmeye yönelik korelasyon analizi yapılmıştır. Ardından da arama terimleri ile vaka ve ölüm sayılarının haftalık durumları grafik üzerinde karşılaştırılmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonuçları incelendiğinde; vaka sayısı ile istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı ilişkinin “covid-19” arama terimi arasında olduğu ve bu ilişkinin yüksek derecede ve pozitif yönlü olduğu görülmektedir (p<,01). Haftalık ölüm sayıları ile istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir arama terimi olmadığı ve “covid-19” terimi hariç diğer terimlerin negatif yönlü ve zayıf bir ilişkiye sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Haftalık vaka sayıları ile ölüm sayıları arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde, bu ilişkinin orta düzeyde, pozitif yönlü ve anlamlı olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışmada, vaka sayıları arttıkça ölüm sayılarının da arttığı görülmektedir. Araştırma kapsamındaki arama terimlerinin illere göre ortalama aranma hacimleri incelendiğinde, en fazla “Covid-19” ve “aşı” terimlerinin aratıldığı saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, çevrimiçi verilerin salgınların izlenmesinde ve tahmin edilmesinde büyük bir önem kazandığını göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aygün, E., & Tortop, H. S. (2020). Ebeveynlerin aşı tereddüt düzeylerinin ve karşıtlık nedenlerinin incelenmesi. Güncel Pediatri, 18(3), 300-316.
  • Ayyoubzadeh, S. M., Ayyoubzadeh, S. M., Zahedi, H., Ahmadi, M., & Kalhori, S. R. N. (2020). Predicting COVID-19 incidence through analysis of google trends data in iran: data mining and deep learning pilot study. JMIR public health and surveillance, 6(2), e18828.
  • Barello, S., Nania, T., Dellafiore, F., Graffigna, G., & Caruso, R. (2020). ‘Vaccine hesitancy’among university students in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic. European journal of epidemiology, 35(8), 781-783.
  • Bayın Donar, G. (2021). Türkiye’de kanser insidansı ve farkındalık etkinlikleri ile google çevrimiçi arama hacmi arasındaki ilişki: retrospektif bir araştırma. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2).
  • Beeferman, D., Au, L., Abdul-Khalek, R. A., Desai, A., & Majumder, M. S. (2021). An inductive approach to using google search trends to identify attitudes and areas of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
  • Bozkurt, H. B. (2018). Aşı reddine genel bir bakış ve literatürün gözden geçirilmesi. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(1), 71-76.
  • Butler, R. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: what it means and what we need to know in order to tackle it. Journal of Vaccine. From: https.
  • Camacho, B., Aguiar, R., Tanno, L. K., Ansotegui, I. J., & Morais-Almeida, M. (2021). Anaphylaxis and COVID-19 vaccines: Real-time interest using Google Trends. World Allergy Organization Journal, 14(8), 100570.
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  • Ciaffi, J., Meliconi, R., Landini, M. P., & Ursini, F. (2020). Google trends and COVID-19 in Italy: could we brace for impact? Internal and Emergency Medicine, 15, 1555-1559.
  • Coronavirus Vaccines Strategy. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/publichealth/ coronavirus-vaccines-strategy_en 07.11.2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Çetin, A. O., Şaşmaz, A., Kurtuluş, D., Badur, İ., Balkan, İ., Owiwi, M., ... & Ankaralı, H. (2021). Sağlık öğrencilerinde aşı tereddüdü. Anatolian Clinic the Journal of Medical Sciences, 26(3), 239-248.
  • Diaz, P., Reddy, P., Ramasahayam, R., Kuchakulla, M., & Ramasamy, R. (2021). COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy linked to increased internet search queries for side effects on fertility potential in the initial rollout phase following Emergency Use Authorization. Andrologia, 53(9), e14156.
  • Dinga, J. N., Sinda, L. K., & Titanji, V. P. (2021). Assessment of vaccine hesitancy to a COVID-19 vaccine in Cameroonian adults and its global implication. Vaccines, 9(2), 175.
  • Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., ... & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: The next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European journal of epidemiology, 35(8), 775-779.
  • Dubé, E., Vivion, M., & MacDonald, N. E. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: Influence, impact and implications. Expert review of vaccines, 14(1), 99-117.
  • Eysenbach, G. (2006). Infodemiology: Tracking flu-related searches on the web for syndromic surveillance. In AMIA annual symposium proceedings (Vol. 2006, p. 244-248). American Medical Informatics Association.
  • Eysenbach, G. (2009). Infodemiology and infoveillance: Framework for an emerging set of public health informatics methods to analyze search, communication and publication behavior on the Internet. Journal of medical Internet research, 11(1), e1157.
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Evaluation of the Relationship Between Vaccine Hesitancy and Google Search Volume Data in Turkey in the Covid-19 Process

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 27.04.2022

Öz

Despite being accepted as one of the most successful public health measures, vaccination is perceived by an increasing number of individuals as unsafe and unnecessary. The aim of the study is to reveal the relationship between the vaccination percentages by provinces and the search volumes of search terms at the provincial level. Another aim of the study is to examine the relationship between Google search volumes and weekly cases and deaths. Correlation analysis was conducted to measure the relationship between weekly Google search volumes and weekly case and death numbers. Then, the weekly status of the search terms and the number of cases and deaths were compared on the chart. When the results of the correlation analysis are examined; it is seen that there is a statistically significant relationship between the number of cases and the search term "covid-19" and this relationship is high and positive (p<.01). It is seen that there is no statistically significant search term with the weekly death numbers, and other terms, except for the term "covid-19", have a negative and weak relationship. When the relationship between the number of weekly cases and the number of deaths was examined, it was found that this relationship was moderate, positive and significant. In the study, it is seen that the number of deaths increases as the number of cases increases. When the average search volumes of the search terms within the scope of the research are examined according to the provinces, it has been determined that the terms "Covid-19" and "vaccine" are mostly searched. These results show that online data has gained great importance in monitoring and predicting epidemics.

Kaynakça

  • Aygün, E., & Tortop, H. S. (2020). Ebeveynlerin aşı tereddüt düzeylerinin ve karşıtlık nedenlerinin incelenmesi. Güncel Pediatri, 18(3), 300-316.
  • Ayyoubzadeh, S. M., Ayyoubzadeh, S. M., Zahedi, H., Ahmadi, M., & Kalhori, S. R. N. (2020). Predicting COVID-19 incidence through analysis of google trends data in iran: data mining and deep learning pilot study. JMIR public health and surveillance, 6(2), e18828.
  • Barello, S., Nania, T., Dellafiore, F., Graffigna, G., & Caruso, R. (2020). ‘Vaccine hesitancy’among university students in Italy during the COVID-19 pandemic. European journal of epidemiology, 35(8), 781-783.
  • Bayın Donar, G. (2021). Türkiye’de kanser insidansı ve farkındalık etkinlikleri ile google çevrimiçi arama hacmi arasındaki ilişki: retrospektif bir araştırma. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2).
  • Beeferman, D., Au, L., Abdul-Khalek, R. A., Desai, A., & Majumder, M. S. (2021). An inductive approach to using google search trends to identify attitudes and areas of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
  • Bozkurt, H. B. (2018). Aşı reddine genel bir bakış ve literatürün gözden geçirilmesi. Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(1), 71-76.
  • Butler, R. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: what it means and what we need to know in order to tackle it. Journal of Vaccine. From: https.
  • Camacho, B., Aguiar, R., Tanno, L. K., Ansotegui, I. J., & Morais-Almeida, M. (2021). Anaphylaxis and COVID-19 vaccines: Real-time interest using Google Trends. World Allergy Organization Journal, 14(8), 100570.
  • Capulong, H. G. M. (2021). Mindfulness as key in easing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Journal of Public Health, 43(2), e338-e339. Chen, E. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy: More than a pandemic. Erişim adresi: https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2021/vaccine-hesitancy-more-than-a-pandemic/ 02.11.2021 tarihinden alınmıştır.
  • Chou, W. Y. S., & Budenz, A. (2020). Considering emotion in COVID-19 vaccine communication: addressing vaccine hesitancy and fostering vaccine confidence. Health communication, 35(14), 1718-1722.
  • Ciaffi, J., Meliconi, R., Landini, M. P., & Ursini, F. (2020). Google trends and COVID-19 in Italy: could we brace for impact? Internal and Emergency Medicine, 15, 1555-1559.
  • Coronavirus Vaccines Strategy. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/publichealth/ coronavirus-vaccines-strategy_en 07.11.2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Çetin, A. O., Şaşmaz, A., Kurtuluş, D., Badur, İ., Balkan, İ., Owiwi, M., ... & Ankaralı, H. (2021). Sağlık öğrencilerinde aşı tereddüdü. Anatolian Clinic the Journal of Medical Sciences, 26(3), 239-248.
  • Diaz, P., Reddy, P., Ramasahayam, R., Kuchakulla, M., & Ramasamy, R. (2021). COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy linked to increased internet search queries for side effects on fertility potential in the initial rollout phase following Emergency Use Authorization. Andrologia, 53(9), e14156.
  • Dinga, J. N., Sinda, L. K., & Titanji, V. P. (2021). Assessment of vaccine hesitancy to a COVID-19 vaccine in Cameroonian adults and its global implication. Vaccines, 9(2), 175.
  • Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., ... & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: The next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European journal of epidemiology, 35(8), 775-779.
  • Dubé, E., Vivion, M., & MacDonald, N. E. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy, vaccine refusal and the anti-vaccine movement: Influence, impact and implications. Expert review of vaccines, 14(1), 99-117.
  • Eysenbach, G. (2006). Infodemiology: Tracking flu-related searches on the web for syndromic surveillance. In AMIA annual symposium proceedings (Vol. 2006, p. 244-248). American Medical Informatics Association.
  • Eysenbach, G. (2009). Infodemiology and infoveillance: Framework for an emerging set of public health informatics methods to analyze search, communication and publication behavior on the Internet. Journal of medical Internet research, 11(1), e1157.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). (2021). Vaccine Hesitancy. Erişim adresi: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/immunisation-vaccines/vaccine-hesitancy 07.11.2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). (2016). Let’s Talk about Hesitancy: Enhancing Confidence in Vaccination and Uptake. Practical Guide for Public Health Programme Managers and Communicators, 1-22.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). (2017). Technical report. Catalogue of interventions addressing vaccine hesitancy, Stockholm, 1-65.
  • Feleszko, W., Lewulis, P., Czarnecki, A., & Waszkiewicz, P. (2021). Flattening the curve of covid-19 vaccine rejection—An international overview. Vaccines, 9(1), 44.
  • Ginsberg, J., Mohebbi, M. H., Patel, R. S., Brammer, L., Smolinski, M. S., & Brilliant, L. (2009). Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data. Nature, 457(7232), 1012-1014.
  • Google (2021). Google Trends. Erişim adresi: https://trends.google.com.tr/trends/?geo=TR 30.08.2021 tarihinde alınmıştır. Gowda, C., & Dempsey, A. F. (2013). The rise (and fall?) of parental vaccine hesitancy. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 9(8), 1755-1762.
  • Hu, D., Lou, X., Xu, Z., Meng, N., Xie, Q., Zhang, M., ... & Wang, F. (2020). More effective strategies are required to strengthen public awareness of COVID-19: Evidence from Google Trends. Journal of global health, 10(1).
  • Jarrett, C., Wilson, R., O’Leary, M., Eckersberger, E., & Larson, H. J. (2015). Strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy–A systematic review. Vaccine, 33(34), 4180-4190.
  • Kadambari, S., & Vanderslott, S. (2021). Lessons about COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among minority ethnic people in the UK. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(9), 1204-1206.
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  • Kale, B., & Büyükçavuş, M. H. (2020). Evaluation of worldwide internet data on dental and orthodontic treatments in the COVID-19 pandemic process: a Google trends analysis.
  • Karafillakis, E., & Larson, H. J. (2017). The benefit of the doubt or doubts over benefits? A systematic literature review of perceived risks of vaccines in European populations. Vaccine, 35(37), 4840-4850.
  • Kelekar, A., Afonso, N., Lucia, V., & Mascarenhas, A. K. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical and dental students. Journal of General Internal Medicine, S104-S105.
  • Khan, Y. H., Mallhi, T. H., Alotaibi, N. H., Alzarea, A. I., Alanazi, A. S., Tanveer, N., & Hashmi, F. K. (2020). Threat of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan: the need for measures to neutralize misleading narratives. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 103(2), 603-604.
  • Kumar, D., Chandra, R., Mathur, M., Samdariya, S., & Kapoor, N. (2016). Vaccine hesitancy: Understanding better to address better. Israel journal of health policy research, 5(1), 1-8.
  • Kutlu, H. H., & Altındiş, M. (2018). Aşı karşıtlığı. Flora Dergisi, 23(2), 47-58.
  • Lane, S., MacDonald, N. E., Marti, M., & Dumolard, L. (2018). Vaccine hesitancy around the globe: Analysis of three years of WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form data-2015–2017. Vaccine, 36(26), 3861-3867.
  • Lucia, V. C., Kelekar, A., & Afonso, N. M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students. Journal of Public Health, 43(3), 445-449.
  • Machingaidze, S., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2021). Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Nature Medicine, 27(8), 1338-1339.
  • Mavragani, A., & Gkillas, K. (2020). COVID-19 predictability in the United States using Google Trends time series. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-12.
  • Olson, D. R., Konty, K. J., Paladini, M., Viboud, C., & Simonsen, L. (2013). Reassessing Google Flu Trends data for detection of seasonal and pandemic influenza: A comparative epidemiological study at three geographic scales. PLoS computational biology, 9(10), e1003256.
  • Ortiz-Martínez, Y., Garcia-Robledo, J. E., Vásquez-Castañeda, D. L., Bonilla-Aldana, D. K., & Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2020). Can Google® trends predict COVID-19 incidence and help preparedness? The situation in Colombia. Travel medicine and infectious disease, 37, 101703.
  • Pascual-Ferrá, P., Alperstein, N., & Barnett, D. J. (2021). A multi-platform approach to monitoring negative dominance for COVID-19 vaccine-related information online. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 1-24.
  • Palm, R., Bolsen, T., & Kingsland, J. T. (2021). The effect of frames on COVID-19 vaccine resistance. Frontiers in Political Science, 3, 41.
  • Phadke, V. K., Bednarczyk, R. A., Salmon, D. A., & Omer, S. B. (2016). Association between vaccine refusal and vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States: A review of measles and pertussis. Jama, 315(11), 1149-1158.
  • Phillips, C. A., Leahy, A. B., Li, Y., Schapira, M. M., Bailey, L. C., & Merchant, R. M. (2018). Relationship between state-level Google online search volume and cancer incidence in the United States: Retrospective study. Journal of medical Internet research, 20(1), e6.
  • Pullan, S., & Dey, M. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccination in the time of COVID-19: A Google Trends analysis. Vaccine, 39(14), 1877-1881.
  • Puri, N., Coomes, E. A., Haghbayan, H., & Gunaratne, K. (2020). Social media and vaccine hesitancy: New updates for the era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 16(11), 2586-2593.
  • Reno, C., Maietti, E., Fantini, M. P., Savoia, E., Manzoli, L., Montalti, M., & Gori, D. (2021). Enhancing COVID-19 vaccines acceptance: Results from a survey on vaccine hesitancy in Northern Italy. Vaccines, 9(4), 378.
  • Rhodes, M. E., Sundstrom, B., Ritter, E., McKeever, B. W., & McKeever, R. (2020). Preparing for A COVID-19 vaccine: A mixed methods study of vaccine hesitant parents. Journal of Health Communication, 25(10), 831-837.
  • Rovetta, A., & Castaldo, L. (2021). Influence of mass media on Italian web users during the COVID-19 pandemic: Infodemiological analysis. JMIRx Med, 2(4), e32233.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı (2021). Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu. Erişim. Adresi: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ 30.08.2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı (2021). Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 Aşısı Bilgilendirme Platformu. Erişim adresi: https://covid19asi.saglik.gov.tr/TR-77708/covid-19-asisi-cesitleri.html 07.11.2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
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  • Sağlık Bakanlığı (2021). Haberler. Erişim Adresi: https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,84149/koronavirus-bilim-kurulu-toplantisina-iliskin-aciklama-16062021.html 08.11.2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Sajjadi, N. B., Nowlin, W., Nowlin, R., Wenger, D., Beal, J. M., Vassar, M., & Hartwell, M. (2021). United States internet searches for “infertility” following COVID-19 vaccine misinformation. Journal of osteopathic medicine, 121(6), 583-587.
  • Sallam, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: A concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines, 9(2), 160.
  • Soares, P., Rocha, J. V., Moniz, M., Gama, A., Laires, P. A., Pedro, A. R., ... & Nunes, C. (2021). Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Vaccines, 9(3), 300.
  • Sonawane, K., Troisi, C. L., & Deshmukh, A. A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccination in the UK: Addressing vaccine hesitancy. The Lancet Regional Health-Europe, 1.
  • Shen, S. C., & Dubey, V. (2019). Addressing vaccine hesitancy: Clinical guidance for primary care physicians working with parents. Canadian Family Physician, 65(3), 175-181.
  • Sousa-Pinto, B., Anto, A., Czarlewski, W., Anto, J. M., Fonseca, J. A., & Bousquet, J. (2020). Assessment of the impact of media coverage on COVID-19–related google trends data: Infodemiology Study. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(8), e19611.
  • Strzelecki, A. (2020). The second worldwide wave of interest in coronavirus since the COVID-19 outbreaks in South Korea, Italy and Iran: A Google Trends study. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 88, 950.
  • Tanrıkulu, Y., & Tanrıkulu, G. (2021). Aşı tereddüdü ve ebeveynlerin tutumları. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(2), 199-204. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health (2019). Vaccine hesitancy: A generation at risk. Lancet Child Adolescent Health, 3, 281.
  • Valleron, A. J., Bouvet, E., Garnerin, P., Ménares, J., Heard, I., Letrait, S. Y., & Lefaucheux, J. (1986). A computer network for the surveillance of communicable diseases: The French experiment. American journal of public health, 76(11), 1289-1292.
  • Yaqub, O., Castle-Clarke, S., Sevdalis, N., & Chataway, J. (2014). Attitudes to vaccination: A critical review. Social science & medicine, 112, 1-11.
  • Yüksel, G. H., & Topuzoğlu, A. (2019). Aşı redlerinin artması ve aşı karşıtlığını etkileyen faktörler. Estüdam Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 4(2), 244-258.
  • Walker, A., Hopkins, C., & Surda, P. (2020, July). Use of Google Trends to investigate loss‐of‐smell‒related searches during the COVID‐19 outbreak. In International forum of allergy & rhinology (Vol. 10, No. 7, pp. 839-847).
  • Wang, K., Wong, E. L. Y., Ho, K. F., Cheung, A. W. L., Yau, P. S. Y., Dong, D., ... & Yeoh, E. K. (2021). Change of willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine and reasons of vaccine hesitancy of working people at different waves of local epidemic in Hong Kong, China: Repeated cross-sectional surveys. Vaccines, 9(1), 62.
  • WHO (2019). Ten threats to global health in 2019, Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019, 30.09. 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • WHO (2021). Covid-19 Vaccines Advice. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines/advice 07.11.2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • WHO (2021). WHO Coronavirus (Covid-19) Dashboard. Erişim adresi: https://covid19.who.int/ 29.12.2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Wong, L. P., Wong, P. F., & AbuBakar, S. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy and the resurgence of vaccine preventable diseases: The way forward for Malaysia, a Southeast Asian country. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 16(7), 1511-1520.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Ana Bölüm
Yazarlar

Gülsün Erigüç 0000-0001-5186-9345

Nazan Kartal 0000-0002-5416-7952

Gamze Arıkan 0000-0003-2911-2412

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Erigüç, G., Kartal, N., & Arıkan, G. (2022). Covid-19 Sürecinde Türkiye’de Aşı Tereddüdü ile Google Arama Hacmi Verileri Arasındaki İlişkinin Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 1-22.