OKUL MÜDÜRLERİNİN İŞ YÜKÜNÜN PERFORMANS DÜZEYLERİNE ETKİSİ

Öz

Bu araştırma esasen alanyazında yer alan daha fazla iş yükünün daha fazla performansa yol açabileceği yönündeki bir görüşü deneme amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, okul müdürlerinin iş yüklerinin, performansları üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi araştırmanın amacıdır. Alanyazında bu konu üzerinde yürütülmüş bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma iş yükü ve performans kavramlarına ilişkin yürütülen ilk çalışmadır. Araştırma kapsamında iş yükü ve performans ölçekleri araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Araştırma, İstanbul ilindeki 379 okul müdürü üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Ölçme araçlarıyla elde edilen veriler yapısal eşitlik modeli ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda okul müdürlerinin iş yükünün bireysel ve örgütsel performansları üzerinde pozitif etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur. İş yükündeki artış, bireysel ve örgütsel performansı arttırmaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen sonuçlar önemlidir. Araştırma sonuçlarının alanyazında yeni boşlukları belirginleştirmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İş Yükü,Performans,Bireysel Performans,Örgütsel Performans,Okul Müdürü

THE IMPACTS OF SCHOOL PRINCIPALS’ WORKLOAD ON THE LEVELS OF PERFORMANCE

Öz

This research was conducted primarily to test the hypothesis in the literature, which more workload might lead to more performance. In this context, it is the intention of investigating the effect of the school principals' workloads on their performances. There is no study conducted on this subject in the literature. This study is the first one on the concepts of workload and performance. Workload and performance scales were developed by the researcher within the scope of the research. The research was conducted on 379 school principals in Istanbul province. The data obtained with the measurement tools were analyzed with the structural equation model. As a result of the research, it was found that the school principals workload had a positive effect on the individual and organizational performances. The rise in workload increases individual and organizational performance. The results of the research are significant. It has clarified new gaps in the results of your research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Workload,Performance,Individual Performance,Organizational Performance,School Principal

Kaynakça

1. Adebayo, D. O. (2006). Workload, social support, and work-school conflict among Nigerian nontraditional students. Journal of Career Development, 33(2), 125-141.
2. Akçay, C., & Başar, M. A. (2004). İlköğretim okul müdürlerinin yönetsel görevlere ayırdıkları zaman ve bunları önemli görme dereceleri. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 38(38), 170-197.
3. Aksoy, E., & Işık, H. (2008). İlköğretim okul müdürlerinin öğretim liderliği rolleri. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19, 235-249.
4. Altun, S. A., & Memişoğlu, S. P. (2008). Performans değerlendirmesine ilişkin öğretmen, yönetici ve müfettiş görüşleri. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 14(1), 7-24.
5. Arlitt, M. F., & Williamson, C. L. (1996). Web server workload characterization: The search for invariants. ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, 24(1), 126-137.
6. Arastaman, G., & Balci, A. (2013). Investigation of High School Students' Resiliency Perception in Terms of Some Variables. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 13(2), 922-928.
7. Bacal, R. (2011). Performance Management 2/E. New York: McGraw Hill Professional.
8. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands‐resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human resource management, 43(1), 83-104.

9. Balcı, A. (2000). İkibinli yıllarda Türk milli eğitim sisteminin örgütlenmesi ve yönetimi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 6(4), 495-508.
10. Balcı, A. (2003). Eğitim örgütlerine yeni bakış açıları: Kuram araştırma ilişkisi II. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 33(33), 26-61.
11. Balcı, A. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma: Yöntem, teknik ve ilkeler (12. Baskı). Ankara: PegemA Yayıncılık.
12. Balcı, A., Baltacı, A., Fidan, T., Cereci, C., & Acar, U. (2012). Örgütsel sosyalleşmenin, örgütsel özdeşleşme ve örgütsel vatandaşlıkla ilişkisi: İlköğretim okulu yöneticileri üzerinde bir araştırma. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 47-74.
13. Balcı, A., & Çınkır, Ş. (2002). Türkiye'de eğitim yöneticilerinin yetiştirilmesi. 21. Yüzyıl Eğitim Yöneticilerinin Yetiştirilmesi Sempozyumu, 211-236.
14. Baltaci, A., & Balcı, A. (2017). Complexity Leadership: A Theorical Perspective. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 5(1), 30-58.
15. Balyer, A. (2012). Çağdaş okul müdürlerinin değişen rolleri. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2), 75-93.
16. Batt, R. (1999). Work organization, technology, and performance in customer service and sales. ILR Review, 52(4), 539-564.
17. Becker, B., & Gerhart, B. (1996). The impact of human resource management on organizational performance: Progress and prospects. Academy of management journal, 39(4), 779-801.
18. Blumberg, M., & Pringle, C. D. (1982). The missing opportunity in organizational research: Some implications for a theory of work performance. Academy of management Review, 7(4), 560-569.
19. Bogaert, P., Clarke, S., Willems, R., & Mondelaers, M. (2013). Nurse practice environment, workload, burnout, job outcomes, and quality of care in psychiatric hospitals: a structural equation model approach. Journal of advanced nursing, 69(7), 1515-1524.
20. Bowling, N. A., Alarcon, G. M., Bragg, C. B., & Hartman, M. J. (2015). A meta-analytic examination of the potential correlates and consequences of workload. Work & Stress, 29(2), 95-113.
21. Brockner, J., Greenberg, J., Brockner, A., Bortz, J., Davy, J., & Carter, C. (1986). Layoffs, equity theory, and work performance: Further evidence of the impact of survivor guilt. Academy of Management journal, 29(2), 373-384.
22. Cemaloğlu, N. (2005). Türkiye’de okul yöneticisi yetiştirme ve istihdamı: Varolan durum, gelecekteki olası gelişmeler ve sorunlar. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 249-274.
23. Çelikten, M. (2004). Bir okul müdürünün günlüğü. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 123-135.
24. Çelikten, M. (2006). Okul kültürünün şekillendirilmesinde müdürün rolleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 31(140).
25. Çınkır, S . (2014). İlköğretim Okulu Müdürlerinin Sorunları: Sorun Kaynakları ve Destek Stratejileri. İlköğretim Online, 9 (3), 1027-1036. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/ilkonline/issue/8594/106892
26. Dolan, J. (2008). Feminist performance criticism and the popular: Reviewing Wendy Wasserstein. Theatre Journal, 60(3), 433-457.
27. Dönmez, B. (2001). Okul güvenliği sorunu ve okul yöneticisinin rolü. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 7(1), 63-74.
28. Durso, F. T., & Alexander, A. (2010). Managing workload, performance, and situation awareness in aviation systems. Human factors in aviation, 217-247.
29. Eren, E. (2014). Örgütsel davranış ve yönetim psikolojisi. Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
30. Fidan, T., & Balcı, A. (2016). Principal Proactivity: School Principals’ Proactive. Applied Chaos and Complexity Theory in Education, 29.
31. Fidan, T. & Oztürk, I. (2015a). The relationship of the creativity of public and private school teachers to their intrinsic motivation and the school climate for innovation. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 905-914.
32. Fidan, T. & Öztürk, İ. (2015b). Perspectives and expectations of union member and non-union member teachers on teacher unions. Journal of Educational Sciences Research, 5 (2), 191-220.
33. Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2006). Recovery, well-being, and performance-related outcomes: the role of workload and vacation experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 936.
34. Gummadi, K. P., Dunn, R. J., Saroiu, S., Gribble, S. D., Levy, H. M., & Zahorjan, J. (2003). Measurement, modeling, and analysis of a peer-to-peer file-sharing workload. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review, 37(5), 314-329.
35. Guastello, S. J. (2016). A Nonlinear Paradigm for Resilience, Workload, Performance, and Clinical Phenomena. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9(02), 509-516.
36. Hanson, C., Schaefer, J., Burken, J. J., Larson, D., & Johnson, M. (2014). Complexity and Pilot Workload Metrics for the Evaluation of Adaptive Flight Controls on a Full Scale Piloted Aircraft.
37. Hockey, G. R. J. (1997). Compensatory control in the regulation of human performance under stress and high workload: A cognitive-energetical framework. Biological psychology, 45(1), 73-93.
38. Hogg, M. A. (2016). Group members differ in relative prototypicality: Effects on the individual and the group. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 39.
39. Kaber, D. B., & Endsley, M. R. (2004). The effects of level of automation and adaptive automation on human performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 5(2), 113-153.
40. Klassen, R., Wilson, E., Siu, A. F., Hannok, W., Wong, M. W., Wongsri, N., ... & Jansem, A. (2013). Preservice teachers’ work stress, self-efficacy, and occupational commitment in four countries. European journal of psychology of education, 28(4), 1289-1309.
41. Korkmaz, M. (2005). Duyguların ve liderlik stillerinin öğretmenlerin performansı üzerinde etkisi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 11(3), 401-422.
42. Kramer, R., Johnson, A., & Zeilstra, M. P. (2016). The Integrated Workload Scale–Translation and validation of a subjective workload scale. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, 0954409716683857.
43. Kuntz, L., Mennicken, R., & Scholtes, S. (2011). Stress on the ward–An empirical study of the nonlinear relationship between organizational workload and service quality (No. 277). Ruhr Economic Papers.
44. Laring, J., Forsman, M., Kadefors, R., & Örtengren, R. (2002). MTM-based ergonomic workload analysis. International journal of Industrial ergonomics, 30(3), 135-148.
45. Levchuk, G. M., Levchuk, Y. N., Luo, J., Pattipati, K. R., & Kleinman, D. L. (2002). Normative design of organizations. II. Organizational structure. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans, 32(3), 360-375.
46. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Liao, C., & Meuser, J. D. (2014). Servant leadership and serving culture: Influence on individual and unit performance. Academy of Management Journal, 57(5), 1434-1452.
47. Lin, S. Y., Lin, C. H., Yeh, M. C., Lin, S. Y., & Hwang, Y. J. (2011). A psychometric evaluation of the Taiwan version of the Individual Workload Perception Scale. Journal of clinical nursing, 20(3‐4), 494-503.
48. Litwin, A. S., & Eaton, A. E. (2016). Complementary or conflictual? Formal participation, informal participation, and organizational performance. Human Resource Management, 9 (2), 145-168.
49. Marks, H. M., & Printy, S. M. (2003). Principal leadership and school performance: An integration of transformational and instructional leadership. Educational administration quarterly, 39(3), 370-397.
50. Mazur, L. M., Mosaly, P. R., Moore, C., Comitz, E., Yu, F., Falchook, A. D., ... & Marks, L. B. (2016). Toward a better understanding of task demands, workload, and performance during physician-computer interactions. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 23(6), 1113-1120.
51. Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology. Volume, 2.
52. Miller, B. A. (2016). Assessing organizational performance in higher education. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
53. Ogbu, J. U. (1987). Variability in minority school performance: A problem in search of an explanation. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 18(4), 312-334.
54. Oron-Gilad, T., Szalma, J. L., Stafford, S. C., & Hancock, P. A. (2008). The workload and performance relationship in the real world: A study of police officers in a field shooting exercise. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 14(2), 119-131.
55. Reid, G. B., Shingledecker, C. A., & Eggemeier, F. T. (1981). Application of conjoint measurement to workload scale development. In Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 522-526). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
56. Reid, G. B., & Nygren, T. E. (1988). The subjective workload assessment technique: A scaling procedure for measuring mental workload. Advances in psychology, 52, 185-218.
57. Rhoads, D. (2006). Performance criticism: an emerging methodology in second testament studies--Part I. Biblical Theology Bulletin, 36(3), 118-134.
58. Roscoe, A. H. (1984). Assessing pilot workload in flight. Bedford:Royal Aircrak Establishment.
59. Roseman, C., & Booker, J. M. (1995). Workload and environmental factors in hospital medication errors. Nursing research, 44(4), 226-230.
60. Rummler, G. A., & Brache, A. P. (1995). Improving Performance: How To Manage the White Space on the Organization Chart. The Jossey-Bass Management Series. Jossey-Bass, Inc., 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104.
61. Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2002). Performance concepts and performance theory. Psychological management of individual performance, 23(1), 3-25.
62. Şişman, M. (2009). Öğretmen yeterlilikleri: Modern bir söylem ve retorik. İnönü üniversitesi eğitim fakültesi dergisi, 10(3).
63. Timms, C., Graham, D., & Cottrell, D. (2007). “I just want to teach” Queensland independent school teachers and their workload. Journal of Educational Administration, 45(5), 569-586.
64. Torres, A. C. (2016). Is this work sustainable? Teacher turnover and perceptions of workload in charter management organizations. Urban Education, 51(8), 891-914.
65. Turgut, T. (2011). Çalişmaya Tutkunluk: İş Yükü, Esnek Çalişma Saatleri, Yönetici Desteği ve İş-Aile Çatişmasi İle İlişkileri. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3-4).
66. Xiaoming, Y., Ma, B. J., Chang, C. L., & Shieh, C. J. (2014). Effects of workload on burnout and turnover intention of medical staff: a study. Ethno Med, 8, 229-237.
67. Waldman, D. A. (1994). The contributions of total quality management to a theory of work performance. Academy of Management review, 19(3), 510-536.
68. Wong, C. A., & Laschinger, H. K. (2013). Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment. Journal of advanced nursing, 69(4), 947-959.
69. Wiggins, G. P. (1993). Assessing student performance: Exploring the purpose and limits of testing. Jossey-Bass.