Mikroplastikler ve Gıda Güvenliği

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4, 433 - 441, 30.12.2021

Orhan Atakan Muhammed Yüceer Cengiz Caner

https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1050778

Öz

Mikroplastik (MP) birikimi çevre ve insan sağlığı bakımından önemini korumaktadır. Plastiklerin küçük parçacıklara (<5 mm çap) ayrılmasıyla insan ve hayvan sağlığı ile ekosistem üzerinde yol açtığı sonuçların araştırılması gerekmektedir. Çevreye verdiği zararın yanı sıra hem insan hem de hayvan sağlığı açısından potansiyel bir risk unsuru olan mikroplastiklerin gıda maddelerinde ne kadar bulunduğu konusunda detaylı veriler bulunmamaktadır. Gerek üretim aşamalarında kullanılan katkı maddeleri gerekse de bozunma ürünlerinin toksisitesi sebebiyle mikroplastikler sağlık açısından önemli bir risk oluşturmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, tüm tüketicileri yakından ilgilendiren gıda maddelerindeki mikroplastik miktarını belirlemek için son yıllarda yapılan MP’ler ile ilgili araştırmalar derlenmiştir. Gıda ekosistemi açısından özellikle deniz ürünlerinde (özellikle midye ve karides) ve deniz tuzunda MP birikimi tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum yaygın olarak bildirilmiş bir çevresel konu olmakla birlikte gıda endüstrisindeki etkisi üzerine yapılan çalışmalar henüz yeterli sayıda değildir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plastik, Mikroplastik, Gıda güvenliği, Risk değerlendirmesi

Microplastics and Food Safety

Öz

Microplastic (MP) accumulation maintains its importance in terms of environmental and human health. As plastics breakdown into tiny particles (<5 mm diameter), the consequences on human and animal health and ecosystem need to be further studied. In addition to its damage to environment, we do not have much data on how much MPs are present in food stuffs, which is a potential risk for both animal and human health. Microplastics pose a significant health risk due to both the additives used in the production stages and the toxicity of decomposition products. In this article, studies on MPs have been compiled in recent years to determine the amount of microplastics in food stuffs that are closely related to all consumers. In terms of the food ecosystem, MP accumulation has been detected especially in seafood (especially mussels and shrimp) and sea salt. It is a widely reported environmental issue, but its impact on food industry has been somewhat under-reported.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plastic, Microplastics, Food safety, Risk assessment

Kaynakça

• [1] Sunday, N.F. (2020). Microplastics: Holistic overview of source, identification, interaction, health and environmental implications and strategies of abatement. Acta Chemica Malaysia, 5(1), 18-23.
• [2] Lusher, A., Hollman, P., Mendozal, J. (2017). Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture: status of knowledge on their occurrence and implications for aquatic organisms and food safety. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 615, Rome, Italy.
• [3] Ginneken, V. Van., (2019). Plastic in the food chain and the expected pandemic of cancer? Novel Approaches in Cancer Study, 3(3), 277-279.
• [4] Nara, R. (2019). Microplastic Contamination of the food supply chain. Food Safety Magazine (December 2018), 1-12.
• [5] Rainieri, S., Barranco, A. (2019). Microplastics, a food safety issue? Trends in Food Science and Technology, 84, 55-57.
• [6] Hidalgo-Ruz, V., Gutow, L., Thompson, R.C., Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(6), 3060-3075.
• [7] A. Glaser, J. (2019). Biological Degradation of Polymers in the Environment. Plastics in the Environment, IntechOpen.
• [8] Liu, Y., Huang, J., Jin, J., Lou, S., Shen, C., Zang, Wang, H., Wang, L. 2020. The Classification of micro-plastics and biodegradation of plastics / Micro-plastics. Academic Journal of Engineering and Technology Science, 3(6), 181-190.
• [9] Myszograj, M. (2020). Microplastic in food and drinking water - environmental monitoring data. Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports, 30(4), 201-209.
• [10] Boucher, J., Friot, D. (2017). Primary microplastics in the oceans: A global evaluation of sources. IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature.
• [11] Karbalaei, S., Hanachi, P., Walker, T.R., Cole, M. (2018). Occurrence, sources, human health impacts and mitigation of microplastic pollution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(36), 36046-36063.
• [12] Wetherbee, G.A., Baldwin, A.K., Ranville, J.F. (2019). It is raining plastic. Reston, VA.
• [13] Gasperi, J., Wright, S.L., Dris, R., Collard, F., Mandin, C., Guerrouache, M., Langlois, V., Kelly, F.J., Tassin, B. (2018). Microplastics in air: Are we breathing it in? Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 1, 1–5.
• [14] Verla, A.W., Enyoh, C.E., Verla, E.N., Nwarnorh, K.O. (2019). Microplastic–toxic chemical interaction: a review study on quantified levels, mechanism and implication. SN Applied Sciences, 1(11), 1-30, Doi: 10.1007/s42452-019-1352-0.
• [15] Rochman, C.M., Parnis, J.M., Browne, M.A., Serrato, S., Reiner, E.J., Robson, M., Young, T., Diamond, M.L., Teh, S.J. (2017). Direct and indirect effects of different types of microplastics on freshwater prey (Corbicula fluminea) and their predator (Acipenser transmontanus). PLOS ONE 12(11): e0187664.
• [16] Wright, S.L., Kelly, F.J. (2017). Plastic and human health: A micro issue? Environmental Science and Technology, 51(12), 6634-6347.
• [17] Lusher, A.L., Welden, N.A., Sobral, P., Cole, M. (2017). Sampling, isolating and identifying microplastics ingested by fish and invertebrates. Analytical Methods, 9(9), 1346-1360.
• [18] De-la-Torre, G.E. (2020). Microplastics: an emerging threat to food security and human health. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(5), 1601-8, Doi: 10.1007/s13197-019-04138-1.
• [19] Revel, M., Châtel, A., Mouneyrac, C. (2018). Micro(nano)plastics: A threat to human health? Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 1, 17-23.
• [20] Lim, X. (2021). Microplastics are everywhere-but are they harmful? Nature, 593(7857), 22-25.
• [21] Cox, K.D., Covernton, G.A., Davies, H.L., Dower, J.F., Juanes, F., Dudas, S.E. (2019). Human consumption of microplastics. Environmental Science and Technology, 53(12), 7068-7074.
• [22] Prata, J.C. (2018). Airborne microplastics: Consequences to human health? Environmental Pollution, 234, 115-126.
• [23] Mohamed Nor, N.H., Kooi, M., Diepens, N.J., Koelmans, A.A. (2021). Lifetime Accumulation of Microplastic in Children and Adults. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(8), 5084-5096.
• [24] Armstrong, M. (2019). How We Eat, Drink and Breathe Microplastics. https://www.statista.com/chart/18299/how-we-eat-drink-and-breathe-microplastics/. [Erişim tarihi 16 Temmuz 2020].
• [25] Picó, Y., Barceló, D. (2019). Analysis and prevention of microplastics pollution in water: Current perspectives and future directions. ACS Omega, 4(4), 6709-6719.
• [26] Schymanski, D., Goldbeck, C., Humpf, H.U., Fürst, P. (2018). Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy: Release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water. Water Research, 129, 154-162.
• [27] Oßmann, B.E., Sarau, G., Holtmannspötter, H., Pischetsrieder, M., Christiansen, S.H., Dicke, W. (2018). Small-sized microplastics and pigmented particles in bottled mineral water. Water Research 141, 307-316.
• [28] Koelmans, A.A., Nor, N.H.M., Hermsen, E., Kooi, M., Mintening, S.M., France, J.D. (2019). Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: critical review and assessment of data quality. Water Research, 155, 410-422.
• [29] Winkler, A., Santo, N., Ortenzi, M.A., Bolzoni, E., Bacchetta, R., Tremolada, P. (2019). Does mechanical stress cause microplastic release from plastic water bottles? Water Research, 166, 115082.
• [30] Peixoto, D., Pinheiro, C., Amorim, J., Oliva-Teles, L., Guilhermino, L., Vieira, M.N. (2019). Microplastic pollution in commercial salt for human consumption: A review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 219, 161-168.
• [31] Gündoğdu, S. (2018). Contamination of table salts from Turkey with microplastics. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 35(5), 1006-1014.
• [32] Kim, J.S., Lee, H.J., Kim, S.K., Kim, H.J. (2018). Global Pattern of Microplastics (MPs) in Commercial Food-Grade Salts: Sea Salt as an Indicator of Seawater MP Pollution. Environmental Science and Technology, 52(21), 12819-12828.
• [33] Fadare, O.O., Okoffo, E.D., Olasehinde, E.F. (2021). Microparticles and microplastics contamination in African table salts. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 164.
• [34] Wang, W., Gao, H., Jin, S., Li, R., Na, G. (2019). The ecotoxicological effects of microplastics on aquatic food web, from primary producer to human: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 173, 110-117.
• [35] EFSA Publication (2016). Statement on the presence of microplastics and nanoplastics in food, with particular focus on seafood. Europen Food Safety Authority. the EFSA Journal, No. 4501, Vol. 14(6) https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4501
• [36] Gedik, K., Eryaşar, A.R. (2020). Microplastic Pollution Profile of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected along the Turkish Coasts. Chemosphere: 127570.
• [37] Liebezeit, G., Liebezeit, E. (2013). Non-pollen particulates in honey and sugar. Food Additives and Contaminants -Part A Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment, 30(12), 2136-2140.
• [38] Hernandez, L.M., Xu, E.G., Larsson, H.C.E., Tahara, R., Maisuria, V.B., Tufenkji, N. (2019). Plastic Teabags Release Billions of Microparticles and Nanoparticles into Tea. Environmental Science and Technology, 53(21), 12300–12310.
• [39] Kedzierski, M., Lechat, B., Sire, O., Le Maguer, G., Le Tilly, V., Bruzaud, S. (2020). Microplastic contamination of packaged meat: Occurrence and associated risks. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 24, 100489.
• [40] Fadare, O.O., Wan, B., Guo, L.-H., Zhao, L. (2020). Microplastics from consumer plastic food containers: Are we consuming it? Chemosphere, 253, 126787.