Okul Terkinin Maliyeti: Kamu Gelirleri Kapsamında Türkiye Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 671 - 691, 31.05.2021

Doğan Bakırtaş Metin Nazlıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.847747

Cited By: 1

Öz

Okul terki; işsizlik, ömür boyu düşük kazanç ve düşük yaşam memnuniyeti gibi bazı bireysel maliyetlere yol açmaktadır. Bu maliyetlerin yanı sıra kamu gelirleri üzerinde de olumsuz bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışma, okul terkinin vergi ve parafiskal gelirler üzerindeki aşındırıcı etkisine odaklanmaktadır. Kamu gelir kaybı; (1) tüm öğrencilerin lise mezunu olmaları ve (2) tüm öğrencilerin meslek lisesi mezunu olmaları şeklinde iki senaryo kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular; lise mezuniyeti ve meslek lisesi mezuniyeti eksikliğinden dolayı öğrenci başına sırasıyla, yıllık 284.8 dolar ve 1,837 dolar kamu gelir kaybını ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Okul terki, Vergi Gelirleri, Kamu Gelir Kaybı

The Cost of School Dropout: Turkey Assessment in the Context of Public Revenues

Öz

School dropout leads to some individual costs, such as unemployment, low lifetime earnings and also low life satisfaction. Besides these costs, it has a negative impact on public revenues. This study focusses on the detrimental effect of school dropout on tax and parafiscal revenues. Public revenue loss is projected under two scenarios: (1) all students graduate from a high-school and (2) all students graduate from a vocational school. The findings indicate an annual public revenue loss of $284.8 and $1,837 per student dropout for the lack of high school graduate and vocational high school graduate, respectively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

School Dropout, Tax Revenues, Public Revenue Loss

Kaynakça

• ANDERSON, D. M. (2014). “In School and Out Of Trouble?The Minimum Dropout Age and Juvenile Crime”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 96(2), 318-331.
• ARMAND, A., BISSON-VAIVRE, C. ve LHERMET, P. (2013). “Agir contre le décrochage scolaire: alliance éducative et approche pédagogique repensée”, Rapport à Monsieur le, file:///C:/Users/dqn/Downloads/agir-contre-le-d-crochage-scolaire-alliance-ducative-et-approche-p-dagogique-repens-e-44216.pdf (15.09.2020)
• ASLUND, O., GRÖNQVIST, H., HALL, C. ve VLACHOS, J. (2018). “Education and Criminal Behavior: Insights from An Expansion”, Labour Economics, 52, 178-192.
• BATSCHE, C. (1985). The High School Drop Out: Vocational Education Can Help. Illinois State Board of Education.
• BELFIELD, C. (2008). “The Cost of Early School-leaving and School Failure”, New York: World Bank.
• BRIDGELAND, J. M., DILUHIO Jr, J. J. ve MORISON, K.B. (2006). “The Silent Epidemic: Perspectives of High School Dropouts”, Washington: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
• BRUNELLO, G. ve DE PAOLO, M. (2014). “The Costs of Early School Leaving in Europe”. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 3-22.
• CARBONARO, W. ve WORKMAN, J. (2013). “Dropping Out of High School: Effects of Close and Distant Friendships”, Social Science Research, 42(5), 1254-1268.
• CATTERALL, J. S. (1985). “On the social costs of dropping out of school (CERAS Report No:86-SEPI-3)”, Stanford: Stanford University, School of Education.
• CHAPLİN, D. ve LERMAN, R. (1997). “Dropping out: Public and private costs”, Eastern Economics Association Meeting. Washington, DC.
• CHEESEMAN DAY, J. ve NEWBURGER, E.C. (2002). “The big payoff: Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings”, Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.
• COLES, B., GODFREY, C., KEUNG, A., PARROTT, S. ve BRADSHAW, J. (2010). “Estimating the life-time cost of NEET: 16–18 year olds not in Education, Employment or Training”, York: University of York.
• CREATE (2009). “Dropping Out From School: Policy Brief Number 8. Consortium for Research on Education, Access, Transitions and Equity”, http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/Policy_Brief_8.pdf (19.08.2020).
• CUTLER, D. M. ve LLERAS-MUNEY, A. (2006). “Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and Evidence”, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER Working Paper No. 12352).
• DAHL, G. B. (2005). “Early Teen Marriage and Future Poverty”, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER Working Paper No. 11328).
• DEKKERS, H. ve CLAASSEN, A. (2001). “Dropouts-Disadvantaged By Definition? A Study of The Perspective of Very Early School Leavers”, Studies in Educational Evaluation, 27, 341-354.
• EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2011). “Data Collection on and Monitoring of Early School Leaving (ESL)”, European Commission.
• EUROSTAT (2020), ”Early Leavers From Education and Training”, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Early_leavers_from_education_and_trainig (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2020).
• KAUFMANN, J. J. ve LEWIS, M. V. (1968). “The School Environment and Its Influence on Educational Programs for High School Dropouts”, U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, Office of Education Bureau of Research.
• KÜÇÜKER, E. (2018). “Kırsal Kesimde Yaşayan Kız Çocukların Örgün Ortaöğretimi Terk Etme Nedenleri”. Eğitim ve Bilim, 43(195), 97-117.
• KORLU, Ö. (2019). “Bir Bakışta Eğitim 2019’a Göre Türkiye’de Eğitimin Durumu”, https://www.egitimreformugirisimi.org/yayin/bir-bakista-egitim-2019a-gore-turkiyede-egitimin-durumu/ (06.09.2020).
• LEVIN, H., BELFIELD, C., MUENNIG, P. ve ROUSE, C. (2007). “The Costs of Benefits of An Excellent Education for All of America's Children”, Lilo and Gerry Leeds to Teachers College, Columbia University.
• MASCHERINI, M., SALVATORE, L., MEIERKORD, A. ve JUNGBLUT, J. M. (2012). “NEETs: Young people not in employment, education or training: Characteristics, costs and policy responses in Europe”, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
• MCNEAL Jr, RALPH B. (1997). “High School Dropouts: A Closer Examination of School Effects”, Social Science Quarterly, 78(1), 209-222.
• MERTENS, D. M., SEITZ, P. ve COX, S. (1982). “Vocational Education and The High School Dropout”, Columbus: The National Center for Research in Vocational Education The Ohio State University.
• MİLLİ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI (MEB) (2013). “Ortaöğretimde Sınıf Tekrarı, Okul Terk Sebepleri ve Örgün Eğitim Dışında Kalan Çocuklar Politika Önerileri Raporu”, https://www.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2014_07/07035316_politikaraporu_baski_final.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2020).
• MİLLİ EĞİTİM BAKANLIĞI (MEB) (2020). “Milli Eğitim İstatistikleri (2018-2019)”, http://sgb.meb.gov.tr/www/icerik_goruntule.php?KNO=361 (19.07.2020).
• MORETTİ, E. (2005). “Does Education Reduce Participation in Criminal Activities?”, Social Costs of Inadequate Education Symposium, http://www.equitycampaign.org/events-page/equity-symposia/2005-the-social-costs-of-inadequate-education/papers/74_Moretti_Symp.pdf (19.07.2020).
• NATSEM (1999). “The Cost to Australia of Early School-Leaving/Technical Paper”, Canberra: University of Canberra. OECD (2010), “Overcoming School Failure: Policies That Work”, OECD.
• ÖZER, A., Gençtanırım, D. ve Ergene, T. (2011). “Türk Lise Öğrencilerinde Okul Terkinin Yordanması: Aracı ve Etkileşim Değişkenleri ile Bir Model Testi”, Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(161), 302-317.
• PSACHAROPOULOS, G. (2007). “The Costs of School Failure-A Feasibility Study (EENEE Analytical Report No. 2)”, European Expert Network on Economics of Education (EENEE).
• RESMİ GAZETE (2020). “Gelir Vergisi Genel Tebliği”, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/12/20181231M3-12.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2020).
• RESTA, M. ve TEMPLE, J. (1978). “Dropout Rates Among Students Enrolled in New Mexico Secondary Vocational Education Programs”, Albuquerque: Institute for Applied Research Services, University of New Mexico.
• RİCHARD, A. (2005). “Researchers Tally Costs of Education Failings”, Education Week, 25(10), 6-7.
• ROTERMUND, S. (2007). “Why students drop out of high school: Comparisons from three national (Statistical Brief Number 2)”, University of California Linguistic Minority Research Institute.
• ROUSE, C. (2005). “Labour Market Consequences of an Inadequate Education”, Social Costs of Inadequate Education. Teachers College Columbia University.
• RUMBERGER, R. W. (1987). “High School Dropouts: A Review of Issues and Evidence”, Review of Educational Research, 57(2), 101-121.
• RUMBERGER, R. W. (1995). “Dropping out of Middle School: A Multilevel Analysis of Students and Schools”, American Education Research Journal, 32(3), 583-625.
• RUMBERGER, R. W. (2001). “Why Students Drop Out of School and What Can be Done”, Dropouts in America: How Severe is the Problem? WhatDo We Know about Intervention and Prevention? Harvard University.
• RUMBERGER, R. W. ve Lim, S. A. (2008). “Why Students Drop Out of School: A Review of 25 Years of Research (California Dropout Research Project Report #15)”, Santa Barbara: University of California Linguistic Minority Research Institute.
• RUMBERGER, R. W., Ghatak, R., Poulos, G., Ritter, P. ve Dornbusch, S. M. (1990). “Family Influences on Dropout Behavior in One California High School”, Sociology of Education, 63, 283-299.
• SMİTH, D. L. ve AMENT, P. A. (1990). “At Risk Secondary Students and Impact of Occupational Education”, Carson City: Nevada State Dept. of Education.
• SNYDER, H. N. ve SİCKMUND, M. (1999), “Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report”, US Department of Justice.
• T.C. AİLE, ÇALIŞMA VE SOSYAL HİZMETLER BAKANLIĞI (2020). “Asgari Ücretin Net Hesabı ve İşverene Maliyeti”, https://www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/media/35788/asgari-ucretin-net-hesabi-ve-isverene-maliyeti-2020-01012020-31122020.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2020).
• T.C. CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI STRATEJİ VE BÜTÇE BAŞKANLIĞI (2020). “On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023)”, http://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp content/uploads/2019/07/OnbirinciKalkinmaPlani.pdf (19.07.2020).
• TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYET MERKEZ BANKASI, (2020), “Kurlar”, https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php?/evds/serieMarket (19.07.2020). TÜRKİYE İSTATİSTİK KURUMU (TÜİK) (2020). “Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt İstatistikleri”, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1059 (16.09.2020).
• VARNER, S. E. (1967), “School Dropouts”, Washington, D.C.: National Education Association.
• WEİS, L., FARRAR, E. ve PETRİE, H. G. (1989). “Dropouts From School: Issues, Dilemmas and Solutions”, New York: State University of New York Press.
• ZORBAZ, O. ve ÖZER, A. (2020). “Okul Terk Riskini Etkileyen Öğrenci Özellikleri, Bir Okuldan Diğerine Farklı Mıdır?”, Eğitim ve Bilim, 45(202), 191-210.