Sağlık Odaklı Liderlik Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması ve Sağlık Odaklı Liderliğin Duygusal Tükenmeye Etkisi: Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın Aracı Rolü

Öz

Bu araştırma “Sağlık Odaklı Liderlik (SOL)” kavramını ele almayı ve bu liderlik algısı ile ilgili bir ölçeğin uyarlamasını yapmayı amaçlamıştır. Bununla birlikte araştırma sağlık odaklı liderlik algısının doğrudan ve dolaylı olarak (psikolojik dayanıklılık üzerinden) duygusal tükenmeye etkisinin olup olmadığını tespit etmeyi de amaçlamıştır. Bu doğrultuda iki farklı örneklemden veriler toplanmış ve istatistiksel analizler yapılarak amaçlara ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırma için Aksaray Üniversitesi İnsan Araştırmaları Etik Kurulu’ndan (2021/05-53 tarih ve sayılı) gerekli izin alınmıştır. Araştırmada birinci çalışmaya ait örneklemden (üniversite idari personelleri) elde edilen verilerle sağlık odaklı liderlik ölçeğinin güvenilirliği ve yapı geçerliliği için analizler yapılmış ve gerekli kriterler sağlanmıştır. İkinci çalışmaya ait örneklemden elde edilen veriler (öğretmenler) ise ölçek güvenilirliğini ve geçerliliğini doğrulamak ve araştırma hipotezlerini test etmek için kullanılmıştır. Analiz bulguları birinci çalışmadaki faktör yapısını doğrulamış ve güvenilirliğin sağlandığını göstermiştir. Dolayısıyla Sağlık Odaklı Liderlik Ölçeği’nin Türkiye’deki çalışmalarda kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca yapılan analizlerde sağlık odaklı liderliğin hem doğrudan hem de psikolojik dayanıklılık aracılığıyla (yani dolaylı olarak) duygusal tükenmeyi etkilediği görülmüştür. Bir diğer ifadeyle, sağlık odaklı liderlik algısı hem doğrudan hem de dolaylı olarak (psikolojik dayanıklılığı artırarak) duygusal tükenmeyi azaltmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sağlık Odaklı Liderlik
• Psikolojik Dayanıklılık
• Duygusal Tükenme
• Ölçek Uyarlama

Turkish Adaptation of the Health-Oriented Leadership Scale and Effect of Health-Oriented Leadership on Emotional Exhaustion: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience

Abstract

This research aimed to address the concept of “Health-Oriented Leadership (HoL)” and to adapt this leadership scale into Turkish. However, this research also aimed to determine whether the perception of health-oriented leadership directly or indirectly (through psychological resilience) had an effect on emotional exhaustion. Ethical approval was obtained from Aksaray University Human Research Ethics Committee (dated 2021/05-53 and numbered) for the study. For these purposes, data were collected from two different samples. It was tried to reach the goals by making statistical analyzes of the data. The data obtained from the first sample (university administrative staff) were analyzed for the reliability and construct validity of the health-oriented leadership scale. The findings showed that the necessary criteria were met. The data obtained from the second sample (teachers) were used to verify the reliability and validity of the scale and to test the research hypotheses. Analysis findings confirmed the factor structure in the first sample and showed that the scale was reliable. Therefore, it has been determined that the Health-Oriented Leadership Scale can be used in Turkish studies. In addition, analyzes have shown that health-oriented leadership affects emotional exhaustion both directly and via psychological resilience (ie indirectly). In other words, the perception of health-oriented leadership reduces emotional exhaustion both directly and indirectly (by increasing psychological resilience).

Keywords

• Health-Oriented Leadership
• Psychological Resilience
• Emotional Exhaustion
• Scale Adaptation

Kaynakça

1. Anasori, E., Bayighomog, S. W., & Tanova, C. (2020). Workplace bullying, psychological distress, resilience, mindfulness, and emotional exhaustion. The Service Industries Journal, 40(1-2), 65-89. DOI: 10.1080/02642069.2019.1589456
2. Ardıç, K., & Polatcı, S. (2008). Tükenmişlik sendromu akademisyenler üzerinde bir uygulama (GDO Örneği). Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 69-96.
3. Arnold, M., & Rigotti, T. (2020). Is it getting better or worse? Health-oriented leadership and psychological capital as resources for sustained health in newcomers. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 70(2), 1–29.
4. Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Jensen, S. M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 48(5), 677-693.
5. Bitmiş, M.G., Sökmen, A., & Turgut. (2013). Psikolojik dayanıklılığın tükenmişlik üzerine etkisi: Örgütsel özdeşleşmenin aracılık rolü. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 27-40.
6. Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349.
7. Bonde, J. P. (2008). Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression; a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 65(7), 438–445.
8. Bregenzer A., Milfelner, B., Žižek S. Š., & Jiménez P., (2020), Health-promoting leadership and leaders' listening skills have an impact on the employees' job satisfaction and turnover intention. International Journal of Business Communication, 1-20.

9. Brislin, R. W., Lonner, W. J., & Thorndike, R. M. (1973). Cross cultural research methods. New York: John Willey & Sons Pub.
10. Burns, M. G. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper-Row.
11. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamalarda Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 470-483.
12. Chen, Y. S., & Chang, C. H. (2012). The determinants of green product development performance: Green dynamic capabilities, green transformational leadership and green creativity. Journal of Business Ethics, 116, 107-119.
13. Chi, P., Li, X., Du, H., Tam, C. C., Zhao, J., & Zhao, G. (2016). Does stigmatization wear down resilience? A longitudinal study among children affected by parental HIV. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 159–163.
14. Chou, M., Lee, H., & Wu, H. (2016). Emotion, psychological resilience and work stress: a study among preschool teachers. European Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 8-15.
15. Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 621-656.
16. Çetin, F., & Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel psikolojik sermaye: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121-137.
17. Çetin, F., Şeşen, H., & Basım, H. N. (2013). Örgütsel psikolojik sermayenin tükenmişlik sürecine etkileri: Kamu sektöründe bir araştırma. Anadolu University Journal of Social Sciences, 13(3), 95-108.
18. Efimov, I., Harth, V., & Mache, S. (2020). Health-oriented self- and employee leadership in virtual teams: A qualitative study with virtual leaders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6519.
19. Ergin, C. (1992). Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve maslach tükenmişlik ölçeğinin uyarlanması. 7. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmalarında sunulan bildiri, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
20. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. 3. Baskı. London: SAGE Publications.
21. Franke, F., & Felfe, J. (2011). Diagnose gesundheitsforderlicher Fiihrung — Das Instrument Health oriented leadership. İçinde B. Badura, A. Ducki, H. Schroder, J. Klose, & K. Macco (Hrsg.), Fehlzeiten-Report 2011 (ss. 3-13). Heidelberg: Springer.
22. Franke, F., Felfe, J. & Pundt, A. (2014). The impact of health-oriented leadership on follower health: Development and test of a new instrument measuring health-promoting leadership, German Journal of Research in Human Resource Management, 28(1-2), 139-161.
23. Freudenberger, A., & Fındıklı, M. A. (2013). Psikolojik sermayenin iş tatmini, iş performansı ve işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisine yönelik bir araştırma. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(2), 302-318.
24. Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues, 30, 159–165.
25. Freudenberger, H. J. (1986). The issues of staff burnout in therapeutic communities. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 18(3), 247-251.
26. Gaines, J., & Jermier, J. M. (1983). Emotional exhaustion in a high stress organization. Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 567-586.
27. Garcia, G. M., & Calvo, J.C.A. (2012), Emotional exhaustion of nursing staff: influence of emotional annoyance and resilience, International Nursing Review, 59(1), 101-107.
28. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
29. Gurt, J., & Elke, G. (2009). Health promoting leadership: The mediating role of an organizational health culture. İçinde B.-T. Karsh (Ed.), Ergonomics and health aspects of work with computers (ss. 29–38). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
30. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate data analysis with readings. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Hansen, J. R., & Villadsen, A. R. (2010). Comparing public and private managers’ leadership styles: Understanding the role of job context. International Public Management Journal, 13(3), 247-274.
31. Hao, S., Hong, W., Xu, H., Zhou, L., & Xie, Z. (2015). Relationship between resilience, stress and burnout among civil servants in Beijing, China: mediating and moderating effect analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 83, 65-71.
32. Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nest-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 337-421.
33. Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resources theory: Its implications for stress, health, and resilience. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (ss. 127–147). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34. Jiang, H., Jiang, X., Sun, P., & Li, X. (2020). Coping with workplace ostracism: the roles of emotional exhaustion and resilience in deviant behavior. Management Decision, 59(2), 358-371.
35. Jiménez, P., Bregenzer, A., Kallus, K.W., Fruhwirth, B., & Wagner-Hartl, V. (2017). Enhancing resources at the workplace with health-promoting leadership. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 1264.
36. Kaluza, A.J., Weber, F., van Dick, R., & Junker, N.M. (2021). When and how health-oriented leadership relates to employee well-being- The role of expectations, self-care, and LMX. Journal of Appliked Social Psychology, 51, 404-424.
37. Kelloway, E. K., & Barling, J. (2010). Leadership development as an intervention in occupational health psychology. Work Stress, 24, 260-279.
38. Kerse, G. (2017). İş becerikliliği (job crafting) ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlama ve duygusal tükenme ile ilişkisini belirleme. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(4), 283-304.
39. Kerse, G., Kocak, D., & Ozdemir, S. (2018). Does the perception of job insecurity bring emotional exhaustion? The relationship between job insecurity, affective commitment and emotional exhaustion. Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(3), 651-663.
40. Klebe, L., Felfe, J., & Klug, K. (2021). Mission impossible? Effects of crisis, leader and follower strain on health-oriented leadership. European Management Journal, In Press, 1-9.
41. Klug, K., Felfe, J., & Krick, A. (2019). Caring for oneself or for others? How consistent and ınconsistent profiles of health-oriented leadership are related to follower strain and health. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-15.
42. Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: an inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 1-11.
43. Korkmazer, F., Ekingen, E., & Yıldız, A. (2016). Psikolojik sermayenin çalışan performansına etkisi: Sağlık çalışanları üzerinde bir araştırma. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 19(3), 271-281.
44. Kumlu, T., & Nergiz, H. G. (2018). Otel işletmesi çalışanlarının pozitif psikolojik sermaye düzeyleri ile örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışları arasındaki ilişki. Çatalhöyük Uluslararası Turizm ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, (3), 1-13.
45. Kuntz, J. R. C., Näswall, K., & Malinen S. (2016). Resilient employees in resilient organizations: Flourishing beyond adversity. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9(2), 456-462.
46. Larrabee, J. H., Wu, Y., Persily, C. A., Simoni, P. S., Johnston, P. A., Marcischak, T. L., Mott, C. L., & Gladden, S. D. (2010). Influence of stress resiliency on RN job satisfaction and intent to stay. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 32(1), 81-102.
47. Ledesma, J. (2014). Conceptual frameworks and research models on resilience in leadership. SAGE Open, 4(3), 1-8.
48. Lee, R. T. & Ashforth, B. E. (1999). On the meaning of Maslach’s three dimensions of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(6),743-747.
49. Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G.A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
50. Linnan, L. A., Cluff, L., Lang, J. E., Penne, M., & Leff, M. S. (2019). Results of the workplace health in America survey. American Journal of Health Promotion, 33(5), 652–665.
51. Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(6), 695-706.
52. Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541-572.
53. Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa F. O., & Li, W. (2005). The psychological capital of Chinese workers: Exploring the relationship with performance. Management and Organization Review, 1, 2, 249-271.
54. Maria, A. S. Wolter, C., Gusy, B., Kleiber D., & Renneberg B., (2018). The impact of health-oriented leadership on police officers’physical health, burnout, depression and well-being. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 13(2), 186-200.
55. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.
56. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review Of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422.
57. Montano, D., Reeske, A., Franke, F., & Hüffmeier, J. (2017). Leadership, followers’ mental health and job performance in organizations: A comprehensive meta-analysis from an occupational health perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38, 327–350.
58. Naktiyok, A., & Karabey, C. N. (2005). İşkoliklik ve tükenmişlik sendromu. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 179-198.
59. O’Dowd, E., O’Connor, P., Lydon, S., Mongan, O., Connolly, F., Diskin, C., & Byrne, D. (2018). Stress, coping, and psychological resilience among physicians. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 1-11.
60. Owens, B. P., & Hekman, D. R. (2012). Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes, Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 787-818.
61. Proper, K. I., & van Oostrom, S. H. (2019). The effectiveness of workplace health promotion interventions on physical and mental health outcomes - A systematic review of reviews. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 45(6), 546–559.
62. Pundt, F., & Felfe, J. (2017). HoL - Health oriented leadership. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
63. Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307-321.
64. Richardson, J., Millage, P., Millage, J., & Lane, S. (2014). The effects of culture on leadership styles in China, Germany and Russia. Journal of Technology Management in China, 9(3), 263-273.
65. Rushton, C. H., Batcheller, J., Schroeder, K., & Donohue, P. (2015). Burnout and resilience among nurses practicing in high-intensity settings. American Journal of Critical Care, 24(5), 412-420.
66. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive Psychology. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14.
67. Shoss, M. K., Jiang, L., & Probst, T. M. (2018). Bending without breaking: A two-study examination of employee resilience in the face of job insecurity. Journal of occupational health psychology, 23(1), 112.
68. Stuber F., Seifried-Dübon T., Rieger M. A., Gündel H., Ruhle S., Zipfel S., & Junne F. (2021). The effectiveness of health-oriented leadership interventions for the improvement of mental health of employees in the health care sector: a systematic review. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 94(2), 203-220.
69. Tümlü, G. Ü., & Recepoğlu, E. (2013). Üniversite akademik personelinin psikolojik dayanıklılık ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişki. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, (3), 205-213.
70. Vonderlin, R., Schmidt, B., Müller, G., Biermann, M., Kleindienst, N., Bohus, M., & Lyssenko, L. (2021). Health-oriented leadership and mental health from supervisor and employee perspectives: A multilevel and multisource approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-13.
71. Wang, Z., Lu, H., & Wang, X. (2019). Psychological resilience and work alienation affect perceived overqualification and job crafting. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 47(2), 1-10.
72. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (2001). Journeys from childhood to midlife: Risk, resilience, and recovery. Cornell University Press.
73. Yang, T., Shen, Y.-M., Zhu, M., Liu, Y., Deng, J., Chen, Q. & See L.-C. (2015). Effects of co-worker and supervisor support on job stress and presenteeism in an aging workforce: a structural equation modelling approach. International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(1), 1-16.
74. Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. Istanbul University Journal of the School of Business, 46, (Special Issue), 74-85.
75. Yürür, S., & Ünlü, O. (2011). Duygusal emek, duygusal tükenme ve işten ayrılma niyeti ilişkisi. İş Güç, Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 13(2), 81-104.