Doğal Enfekte Köpek Testislerinde Leptospiral Antijenlerinin İmmunohistokimyasal Olarak Araştırılması

Öz

Leptospirozis dünyada ve ülkemizde yaygın olarak gözlenen zoonoz bir hastalıktır. Hastalık insanların yanı sıra, sığır, koyun, kedi, köpek ve diğer evcil hayvanları da etkilemektedir. İnsanlarda ciddi sağlık problemlerine, hayvanlarda da önemli ekonomik kayıplara sebep olan hastalıkta, bazı canlılar vücutlarında etken olmasına rağmen herhangi bir klinik semptom göstermeden hastalığı yayarlar. Bu nedenle hastalığın farklı hayvan türlerinde sürekli araştırılması önem arz etmektedir. Hastalıkla ilgili dünya genelinde insanlarda ve hayvanlarda yapılmış birçok çalışma mevcuttur. Türkiye’ de ise hastalıkla ilgili yapılan çalışmaların çoğu serolojik çalışmalar olup, farklı hayvan türlerinde immunohistokimyasal çalışmalar da yapılmıştır. Hastalığın tanısında çalışmanın örneklerinin sağlandığı Erzurum bölgesinde immunohistokimyasal yöntemler ile sığır ve koyun abortları üzerine çalışmalar yapılmış olmasına rağmen, köpeklerde bir çalışmaya rastlanılmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, doğal enfekte köpeklerin testis doku örneklerinde Leptospira interrogans (L. İnterrogans) antijenlerinin immunohistokimyasal yöntemler ile dokudaki varlıkları ve yerleşim yerlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada makroskobik lezyon aranmaksızın toplanan 30 adet köpek testis dokusu örneği immunohistokimyasal yöntem ile incelendi. İnceleme sonucunda köpek testis doku örneklerinde %26.66 (8 adet) oranında L. İnterrogans antijen varlığı tespit edildi. Araştırma sonuçları leptospirozisin köpeklerde de önemli sağlık sorunu oluşturduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İmmunohistokimya
• Köpek
• Leptospira interrogans
• Leptospirozis
• Testis

Immunohistochemically Investigation of Leptospiral Antigens in Naturally Infected Dog Testicles

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease common in the world and in our country. The disease affects people as well as cattle, sheep, cats, dogs, and other domestic animals. In the disease, which causes serious health problems in humans and significant economic losses in animals, some living things spread the disease without showing any clinical symptoms, although they are causative agents in their bodies. For this reason, it is important to constantly investigate the disease in different animal species. There are many studies on the disease in humans and animals worldwide. In Turkey, most of the studies are serological, but immunohistochemical studies were also conducted in different animal species. Although there have been studies on cattle and sheep abortions with immunohistochemical methods in the Erzurum region, where the study samples were provided for the diagnosis of the disease, no study was found in dogs. This study was aimed to determine the presence and localization of Leptospira interrogans (L. İnterrogans) antigens in testicular tissue samples of naturally infected dogs with immunohistochemical methods. In the study, 30 dog testicular tissue samples collected without looking for macroscopic lesions were examined using the immunohistochemical method. As a result of the examination, 26.66% (8) L. İnterrogans antigens were detected in canine testicular tissue samples. The research results showed that leptospirosis is an important health problem in dogs.

Keywords

• Citrus extract
• Diarrhea
• Giardiasis
• Small ruminant
• Treatment

Kaynakça

1. 1. Cilia G., Bertelloni F., Albini S., Fratini F., 2021. Insight into the Epidemiology of Leptospirosis: A Review of Leptospira Isolations From “Unconventional” Hosts. Animals, 11, 191.
2. 2. Soo ZMP., Khan NA., Siddiqui R., 2020. Leptospirosis: Increasing importance in developing countries. Acta Trop, 201, 1-9.
3. 3. Silva AF., Farias PJA., Silva MLCR., Araujo Junior JP., Malossi CD., Ullmann LS., Costa DF., Higino SSS., Azevedo SS., Alves CJ., 2019. High frequency of genital carriers of Leptospira sp. İn sheep slaughtered in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod, 51, 43-47.
4. 4. Chin VK., Basir R., Nordin SA., Abdullah M., Sekawi Z., 2020. Pathology and Host Immune Evasion During Human Leptospirosis: a Review. Inter Microbiol, 23, 127-136.
5. 5. Costa F., Hagan JE., Calcagno J., Kane M., Torgerson P., Martinez-Silveira MS., Ko AI., 2015. Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review. Plos Neglect Trop Dis, 9, 1- 19.
6. 6. Levett PN., 2004. Leptospirosis: a forgotten zoonosis?. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 4, 435-448.
7. 7. Costa AC., Colocho R., Pereira C., Lage A., Heinemann M., Dorneles E., 2021. Canine leptospirosis in stray and sheltered dogs: a systematic review. Authorea, 293565.
8. 8. Spangler D., Kish D., Beigel B., Morgan J., Gruszynski K., Naikare H., Verma A., 2020. Leptospiral shedding and seropositivity in shelter dogs in the Cumberland Gap Region of Southeastern Appalachia. PLoS One, 15, 1-13.

9. 9. Adler B., Moctezuma AP., 2010. Leptospira and Leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol, 140, 287-296.
10. 10. Goldstein RE., Lin RC., Langston CE., Scrivani PV., Erb HN., Barr SC., 2006. Influence of Infecting Serogroup on Clinical Features of Leptospirosis in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med, 20, 489-494.
11. 11. Fraga TR., Isaac L., Barbosa AS., 2016. Complement evasion by pathogenic Leptospira. Front Immunol, 7, 623.
12. 12. Temur A., Sağlam YS., 2003. Immunoperoxidase studies on leptospirosis in bovine abortion. Turkish J Vet Anim Sci, 27, 917-921.
13. 13. Saglam YS., Yener Z., Temur A., Yalcin E., 2008. Immunohistochemical detection of leptospiral antigens in cases of naturally occurring abortions in sheep. Small Ruminant Res, 74, 119-122.
14. 14. Wang W., Gao X., Guo M., Zhang W., Song X., Wang T., Zhang N., 2014. L. interrogans induces uterine inflammatory responses and abnormal expression of extracellular matrix proteins in dogs. Microb Pathog, 75, 1-6.
15. 15. Bonaparte A., Page C., Beeler E., 2018. Orchitis and balanoposthitis in a dog with L. interrogans serovar Canicola in Southern California. Vet Rec Case Rep, 6, 1-9.
16. 16. Nagraik R., Kaushal A., Gupta S., Sharma A., Kumar D., 2020. Leptospiroz: Sistematik Bir Gözden Geçirme. Mikrob Biyo ve Gıda Bil Derg, 9, 1099-1109.
17. 17. Smith AM., Arruda AG., Evason MD., Weese JS., Wittum TE., Szlosek D., Stull JW., 2019. A crosssectional study of environmental, dog, and human-related risk factors for positive canine leptospirosis PCR test results in the United States, 2009 to 2016. BMC Vet Res, 15, 412.
18. 18. Budihal SV., Perwez K., 2014. Leptospirosis diagnosis: competancy of various laboratory tests. J Clin Diagn Res, 8, 199-202.
19. 19. Mamak N., 2002. Sivas yöresindeki kangal köpeği üretim çiftliklerinde bulunan köpeklerde bazı enfeksiyöz ve paraziter hastalıkların (leptospirozis, listeriozis, dirofilariazis, barsak parazitleri) araştırılması ve sağaltımı. Ankara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye.
20. 20. Aslantaş Ö., Özdemir V., Kiliç S., Babür C., 2005. Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis, and leishmaniosis among dogs in Ankara, Turkey. Vet Parasitol, 129, 187-191.
21. 21. Galan DI., Roess AA., Pereira SVC., Schneider MC., 2021. Epidemiology of human leptospirosis in urban and rural areas of Brazil, 2000-2015. PLoS One, 16, 1-20.
22. 22. Biscornet L., Revillion C., Jego S., Lagadec E., Gomard Y., Le Minter G., Herbreteau V., 2021. Predicting the presence of leptospires in rodents from environmental indicators opens up opportunities for environmental monitoring of human leptospirosis. Remote Sens, 13, 325.
23. 23. Lindtner Knific R., Cutuk A., Greguric Gracner G., Dovc A., 2019. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in various categories of dogs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Vet Arh, 89, 627-640.
24. 24. Bulu AA., Dörterler R., Özkan FH., 1990. Investigation on the distribution and serotypes of 214 Leptospirosis cases in cattle and sheep in some provinces of Eastern Anatolia (Kars, Artvin, 215 Gümüşhane, Erzurum) Etlik Vet Mikrobiol Enst Der, 6, 49-60.
25. 25. Wild CJ., Greenlee JJ., Bolin CA., Barnett JK., Haake AD., Cheville NF., 2002. An improved immunohistochemical diagnostic technique for canine leptospirosis using antileptospiral antibodies on renal tissue. J Vet Diagn Investig, 14, 20-24.
26. 26. Hua KK., Xian TW., Fong LS., Roslan MA., Radzi R., Bejo SK., Bahaman AR., 2016. Seroprevalence and molecular detection of leptospirosis from a dog shelter. Trop Biomed, 33, 276-284.
27. 27. Lau SF., Low KN., Khor KH., Roslan MA., Bejo SK., Radzi R., Bahaman AR., 2016. Prevalence of leptospirosis in healthy dogs and dogs with kidney disease in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Trop Biomed, 33, 469-475.
28. 28. Baran A., Sulukan E., Türkoğlu M., Ghosigharehagaji A., Yildirim S., Kankaynar M., Ceyhun SB., 2020. Is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) really completely innocent? It may be triggering obesity. Int J Biol Macromol, 163, 2465-2473.
29. 29. Baran A., Yildirim S., Ghosigharehaghaji A., Bolat İ., Sulukan E., Ceyhun SB., 2020. An approach to evaluating the potential teratogenic and neurotoxic mechanism of BHA based on apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio). Hum Exp Toxicol, 40, 425-438.