Katı-Sıvı Ekstraksiyonunda Kullanılan Modern Teknikler ve Bu Teknikler Arasında Ultrason Yardımlı Ekstraksiyonun Yeri

Öz

Son yıllarda biyomoleküller nutrasötik potansiyelleri nedeniyle ilgi çekmekte ve bu bileşenlerin çeşitli doğal kaynaklardan ektraksiyonunda kullanılan tekniklerin geliştirilmesi yönünde yapılan çalışmalar artmaktadır. Bitki hücre duvarında bulunan hemiselüloz, nişasta ve pektin gibi polisakkaritlerin varlığı klasik ekstraksiyon tekniklerinin etkinliğini azaltmaktadır. Ayrıca klasik teknikler; uzun ekstraksiyon süreleri, fazla miktarda çözgen ihtiyacı, düşük ekstraksiyon seçiciliği, yüksek maliyet ve fazla miktarlarda çözgenin buharlaştırılma zorunluluğu gibi olumsuz yönlere de sahiptir. Bu nedenle, biyomoleküllerin etkin şekilde kazanımı için yeşil ve yeni ekstraksiyon tekniklerinin geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Günümüzde yaygın olarak kullanılan ultrason uygulaması ile oluşan mikron ebatındaki oyukcuklar hücre duvarında bozunmaya ve parçacık boyutlarında küçülmeye neden olmakta ve böylece kütle transferini hızlandırarak ekstraksiyon oranlarının artmasını sağlamaktadır. Ultrason yardımlı ekstraksiyon, işlem süresini kısalmakla birlikte daha yüksek saflıkta ürün eldesi sağlamakta, enerji sarfiyatını azaltmakta ve daha az çözgen kullanımı ile çevreci bir teknoloji olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu derlemede modern ekstraksiyon teknikleri bütünsel bir bakış açısı ile ele alınmakta ve bu teknikler içerinde ultrason yardımlı ekstraksiyonun yeri detaylı olarak ifade edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ekstraksiyon,Ultrason,Ultrason yardımlı ekstraksiyon,Biyomolekül

Modern Techniques Used in Solid-Liquid Extraction and the Place of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Among These Techniques

Abstract

In recent years, biomolecules have attracted attention due to their nutraceutical potentials and studies on development of techniques for the extraction of these components from various natural sources are increasing. The presence of polysaccharides such as hemicelluloses, starch, pectin inside the plant cell wall, reduces the extraction efficiency of conventional extraction techniques. Also, conventional techniques has negative aspects namely,  long extraction times, large amount of solvent, low extraction selectivity, high cost and the necessity of solvent evaporation in excess amounts. Therefore, there is a need for the development of green and new extraction techniques for the efficient recovery of biomolecules. By ultrasound application which is a modern extraction technique, micron sized cavites cause degradation in the cell wall and a decrease in particle size and so it accelerates mass transfer and increase the extraction rates. Ultrasonic extraction shortens the processing time and provides a higher product purity, reduces energy consumption and results in an environmentally friendly technology with less solvent usage. In this review, modern extraction techniques are considered from a holistic point of view and the location of the ultrasonic extraction among these techniques is expressed in detail.

Keywords

• Extraction,Ultrasound,Ultrasound assisted extraction,Biomolecule

Kaynakça

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