David Urquhart’ın Osmanlı Devleti’nde Reform ve Serbest Ticaret Girişimlerindeki Rolü 1833-1838

Öz

Bu makale, David Urquhart’ın Osmanlı İmparatorluğu üzerindeki etkisini ve reform sürecindeki faaliyetlerini incelemektedir. 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun çağdaşlaşma girişimleri, Urquhart’ın serbest ticaretin gerekliliği konusundaki düşünceleri ve 1838 Balta Limanı Ticaret Antlaşması’na yaptığı katkılarla şekillenmiştir. Urquhart, Osmanlı Devleti'nin geleneksel müesseselerinin bir güç kaynağı olduğunu savunmuş ve reformların kademeli bir şekilde hayata geçirilmesini önermiştir. Onun vizyonu, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Avrupa ile entegrasyon sürecine önemli katkılar sağlamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Osmanlı Devleti
• David Urquhart
• Balta Limanı Antlaşması

Teşekkür

Tüm destekleri için değerli hocam sayın Prof.Dr. Kenan Ziya TAŞ'a teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

David Urquhart's Role in Reform and Free Trade Initiatives in the Ottoman Empire 1833-1838

Öz

This article analyses David Urquhart's influence on the Ottoman Empire and his activities in the reform process. In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire's attempts at modernisation were shaped by Urquhart's ideas on the necessity of free trade and his contributions to the Treaty of Balta Liman Trade. Urquhart argued that the traditional institutions of the Ottoman Empire were a source of strengthand suggested that reforms should be introduced gradually. His vision contributed significantly tot he integration process of the Ottoman Empire with Europe.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ottoman Empire
• David Urquhart
• The Balta Liman Convention

РОЛЬ ДЭВИДА УРКХАРТА В РЕФОРМАХ И ИНИЦИАТИВАХ СВОБОДНОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ В ОСМАНСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ

Öz

В данной статье рассматривается влияние Дэвида Уркхарта на Османскую империю и его роль в процессе её реформирования. Модернизационные усилия Османской империи в XIX веке были сформированы идеями Уркхарта о необходимости свободной торговли и его вкладом в Балта-Лиманский договор. Уркхарт утверждал, что традиционные институты Османской империи являются источником силы, и выступал за постепенное внедрение реформ. Его видение значительно способствовало интеграции Османской империи с Европой и её модернизационным процессам. Ключевые слова:Османская империя, Дэвид Уркхарт, Балта-Лиманский договор

Kaynakça

1. Arşiv Belgeleri İngiliz Milli Arşivi –The National Archives.
2. Canning to Palmerston. (19 Aralık 1832). TNA / FO 78/211, ff. 337, 341–342, 351–352.
3. Urquhart to Palmerston. (12 Ocak 1833). TNA / FO 78/233, f. 140.
4. Urquhart to Palmerston. (12 Şubat 1833). TNA / FO 78/233, ff. 140–149.
5. Ponsonby to Palmerston. (16 ve 21 Nisan 1838). TNA / FO 78/330, ff. 214–217, 232–235.
6. Palmerston to Ponsonby. (29 Nisan 1839). TNA / FO 78/352, ff. 110–111.
7. Palmerston to Ponsonby. (4 Şubat 1840). TNA / FO 78/389, ff. 36–37.
8. Araştırma İnceleme Eserleri

9. Bailey, F. E. (1942). British policy and the Turkish reform movement: a study in Anglo-Turkish relations, 1826-1853 (Vol. 51). Harvard University Press.
10. Barante, A. G. P. B. (1890–1901). Souvenirs du baron de Barante. C. de Barante (Ed). (1–8). Calmann Lévy.
11. Bolsover, G. H. (1934). Lord ponsonby and the Eastern Question (1833-1839). The Slavonic and East European Review, 13 (37), 98-118.
12. Britain’s threatened war with the world. (1840, December). The Quarterly Review, 67, 265–301.
13. Bulwer, H. L. (1870–1874). The life of Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston (1–3). William Clowes and Sons.
14. Cargill, W. (1840). Address of William Cargill to the South Shields Chamber of Commerce, May 4, 1840: On the foreign policy of England. T. Brettell.
15. Colin, A. (1839). Lettres sur l’Egypte: Commerce. La Revuedes Deux Mondes, January, 63–81.
16. Commercial relations with Turkey. (1837, October). British and Foreign Review, 468–506.
17. d’Aubignosc, L. P. B. (1839). La Turquie nouvelle : jugée au point où l’ont amenée les réformes du sultan Mahmoud (Vol. 1). Paris: Delloye
18. Hautpoul, C. de. (1839, May 31). Correspondance politique, Egypte. 8, ff. 118–128. AMAE Archives.
19. Holland, H. R. V. (1977). The Holland House diaries, 1831–1840 (A. D. Kriegel, Ed.). Routledge & Kegan Paul.
20. Howe, A. (1997). Free Trade and Liberal England, 1846–1946. Oxford University Press.
21. MacFarlane, C. (1829). Constantinople in 1828: A residence of sixteen months in the Turkish capital and provinces (Vol. 1). Saunders and Otley.
22. Marmont, A. (1837–1839). Voyage du maréchal duc de Raguse en Hongrie, Crimée, Egypte (Vols. 1–4). Libraire historique de Ladvocat.
23. Monteith, R. (1840). Reasons for demanding investigation into the charges against Lord Palmerston. William Collins & Co.
24. Münch, E. (1839). Mahmud II, Padischah der Osmanen. Verlag von Adolph Krabbe.
25. Puryear, V. (1935). International economics and diplomacy in the Near East: A study of British commercial policy in the Levant, 1834–1853. Oxford University Press.
26. Reinaud, J. T. (1839). De la gazete arabe et turque imprimée en Egypte. Journal Asiatique, 245.
27. Spencer, E. (1837). Travels in Circassia, Krim-Tartary, etc. (1–2). Henry Colburn.
28. Spencer, J. C. E. (1833). The Reform ministry and the reformed Parliament. J. Ridgway.
29. Urquhart, D. (1833). Turkey and its resources: Its municipal organization and free trade; The state and prospects of English commerce in the East; The new administration of Greece, its revenue and national possessions. Saunders and Otley.
30. Urquhart, D. (1833, July). Turkey and its resources. The Literary Gazette, 440–441.
31. Urquhart, D. (1833, October). Turkey and its resources. Edinburgh Review, 114–143.
32. Urquhart, D. (1834, February). Sketches of Turkey. Foreign Quarterly Review, 161–228.
33. Urquhart, D. (1835). A statement of facts by a resident at Constantinople. [s.n.].
34. Urquhart, D. (1835). The Sultan Mahmoud, and Mehemet Ali Pasha. James Ridgway & Sons.
35. Urquhart, D. (1835, February). England, France, Russia, and Turkey. Quarterly Review, 229–261.
36. Urquhart, D. (1835, February). England, France, Russia, and Turkey. Quarterly Review, 229–261.
37. Walsh, R. (1836). A Residence at Constantinople, during a period including the commencement, progress, and termination of the Greek and Turkish revolutions (1–2). Frederick Westley & A. H. Davis.
38. Webster, C. (1947). Urquhart, Ponsonby, and Palmerston 1830–41. English Historical Review, 62, 327–351.