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Propaganda as a Socio-Political Phenomenon: Typologies, Mechanisms, and Contemporary Dynamics

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1140 - 1147

Öz

Propaganda, as a persistent socio-political phenomenon, functions as a strategic instrument for shaping public consciousness and directing collective behavior. This article provides a comprehensive examination of propaganda’s conceptual foundations, typological classifications, and evolving mechanisms in contemporary communication environments. Drawing on classic theoretical frameworks—most notably Harold Lasswell’s conception of propaganda as the management of collective opinions through symbolic manipulation and Jacques Ellul’s view of its routine integration into mass society—the study analyzes the widely accepted tripartite typology of white, gray, and black propaganda. It explores how each category operates with varying transparency and reliability, from selective yet factual messaging to deliberate deception and deepfake-enabled disinformation. Special attention is given to the impact of digital technologies, social media algorithms, and hybrid information conflicts, which amplify the reach and sophistication of propaganda. The article concludes that strengthening media literacy and interdisciplinary analytical approaches is critical to understanding, identifying, and mitigating propaganda’s influence in contemporary global politics and social life.

Kaynakça

  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2019). Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security. California Law Review, 107(6), 1753–1820. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38RV0D15H
  • Ellul, J. (1965). Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes. Vintage Books. Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016). The rise of social bots. Communications of the ACM, 59(7), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717
  • Jowett, G. S., & O’Donnell, V. (2019). Propaganda & persuasion (7th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Lasswell, H. D. (1993). Propaganda technique in World War II. Moscow State University Press. (Original work published 1926).
  • Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/Data
  • Nelson, R. A. (1996). A chronology and glossary of propaganda in the United States. Greenwood Press.
  • Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007
  • Talishinsky, E. (2025). Models of public opinion formation through propaganda. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 12(3), 752–760.
  • Taylor, P. M. (2003). Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present day (3rd ed.). Manchester University Press.
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe.

Toplumsal-Siyasal Bir Olgu Olarak Propaganda: Tipolojiler, Mekanizmalar ve Güncel Dinamikler

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1140 - 1147

Öz

Süregelen toplumsal-siyasal bir olgu olarak propaganda, kamusal bilinci biçimlendirmek ve kolektif davranışı yönlendirmek için stratejik bir araç işlevi görmektedir. Bu makale, propagandanın kavramsal temellerini, tipolojik sınıflandırmalarını ve çağdaş iletişim ortamlarındaki evrilen mekanizmalarını kapsamlı biçimde incelemektedir. Çalışma, klasik kuramsal çerçevelerden özellikle Harold Lasswell’in propagandayı sembolik manipülasyon yoluyla kolektif görüşlerin yönetimi olarak tanımlayan yaklaşımı ile Jacques Ellul’ün propagandanın kitle toplumuna rutin entegrasyonuna ilişkin görüşünden hareketle, yaygın biçimde kabul gören beyaz, gri ve kara propaganda üçlü tipolojisini analiz etmektedir. Her bir kategorinin, seçici ancak olgusal mesajlardan kasıtlı aldatmaya ve derin sahtekârlık (deepfake) destekli dezenformasyona kadar değişen düzeylerde şeffaflık ve güvenilirlikle nasıl işlediği ayrıntılı biçimde ele alınmaktadır. Dijital teknolojilerin, sosyal medya algoritmalarının ve hibrit bilgi çatışmalarının propagandanın erişim ve karmaşıklığını artırmadaki etkisine özel bir vurgu yapılmaktadır. Makale, çağdaş küresel siyaset ve toplumsal yaşamda propagandanın etkisini anlamak, tanımlamak ve azaltmak için medya okuryazarlığının güçlendirilmesi ile disiplinler arası analitik yaklaşımların kritik önem taşıdığı sonucuna varmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2019). Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security. California Law Review, 107(6), 1753–1820. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38RV0D15H
  • Ellul, J. (1965). Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes. Vintage Books. Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016). The rise of social bots. Communications of the ACM, 59(7), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717
  • Jowett, G. S., & O’Donnell, V. (2019). Propaganda & persuasion (7th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Lasswell, H. D. (1993). Propaganda technique in World War II. Moscow State University Press. (Original work published 1926).
  • Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/Data
  • Nelson, R. A. (1996). A chronology and glossary of propaganda in the United States. Greenwood Press.
  • Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007
  • Talishinsky, E. (2025). Models of public opinion formation through propaganda. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 12(3), 752–760.
  • Taylor, P. M. (2003). Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present day (3rd ed.). Manchester University Press.
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1140 - 1147

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2019). Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security. California Law Review, 107(6), 1753–1820. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38RV0D15H
  • Ellul, J. (1965). Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes. Vintage Books. Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016). The rise of social bots. Communications of the ACM, 59(7), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717
  • Jowett, G. S., & O’Donnell, V. (2019). Propaganda & persuasion (7th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Lasswell, H. D. (1993). Propaganda technique in World War II. Moscow State University Press. (Original work published 1926).
  • Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/Data
  • Nelson, R. A. (1996). A chronology and glossary of propaganda in the United States. Greenwood Press.
  • Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007
  • Talishinsky, E. (2025). Models of public opinion formation through propaganda. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 12(3), 752–760.
  • Taylor, P. M. (2003). Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present day (3rd ed.). Manchester University Press.
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1140 - 1147

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2019). Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security. California Law Review, 107(6), 1753–1820. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38RV0D15H
  • Ellul, J. (1965). Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes. Vintage Books. Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016). The rise of social bots. Communications of the ACM, 59(7), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717
  • Jowett, G. S., & O’Donnell, V. (2019). Propaganda & persuasion (7th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Lasswell, H. D. (1993). Propaganda technique in World War II. Moscow State University Press. (Original work published 1926).
  • Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/Data
  • Nelson, R. A. (1996). A chronology and glossary of propaganda in the United States. Greenwood Press.
  • Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007
  • Talishinsky, E. (2025). Models of public opinion formation through propaganda. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 12(3), 752–760.
  • Taylor, P. M. (2003). Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present day (3rd ed.). Manchester University Press.
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1140 - 1147

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2019). Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security. California Law Review, 107(6), 1753–1820. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38RV0D15H
  • Ellul, J. (1965). Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes. Vintage Books. Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016). The rise of social bots. Communications of the ACM, 59(7), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717
  • Jowett, G. S., & O’Donnell, V. (2019). Propaganda & persuasion (7th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Lasswell, H. D. (1993). Propaganda technique in World War II. Moscow State University Press. (Original work published 1926).
  • Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/Data
  • Nelson, R. A. (1996). A chronology and glossary of propaganda in the United States. Greenwood Press.
  • Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007
  • Talishinsky, E. (2025). Models of public opinion formation through propaganda. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 12(3), 752–760.
  • Taylor, P. M. (2003). Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present day (3rd ed.). Manchester University Press.
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1140 - 1147

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Chesney, R., & Citron, D. K. (2019). Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security. California Law Review, 107(6), 1753–1820. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38RV0D15H
  • Ellul, J. (1965). Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes. Vintage Books. Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016). The rise of social bots. Communications of the ACM, 59(7), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717
  • Jowett, G. S., & O’Donnell, V. (2019). Propaganda & persuasion (7th ed.). SAGE Publications.
  • Lasswell, H. D. (1993). Propaganda technique in World War II. Moscow State University Press. (Original work published 1926).
  • Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media manipulation and disinformation online. Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/Data
  • Nelson, R. A. (1996). A chronology and glossary of propaganda in the United States. Greenwood Press.
  • Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007
  • Talishinsky, E. (2025). Models of public opinion formation through propaganda. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 12(3), 752–760.
  • Taylor, P. M. (2003). Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda from the ancient world to the present day (3rd ed.). Manchester University Press.
  • Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe.
Toplam 12 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elvin Talishinsky Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5318-553X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 22 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Talishinsky, E. (2025). Propaganda as a Socio-Political Phenomenon: Typologies, Mechanisms, and Contemporary Dynamics. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 12(4), 1140-1147.

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