Yeşil Büyüme Bağlamında Enerji ve Sağlık: BRICS Ülkeleri Örneği

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 4, 308 - 327, 29.12.2025

Hatice Mutlu , Gözde Bozkurt , Mesut Can Türkoğlu

https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1660808

Öz

Bu araştırma, BRICS (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin ve Güney Afrika) ülkelerinde yeşil büyüme, enerji kullanımı, yenilenebilir enerji arzı, sağlık göstergeleri ve kişi başına düşen gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYİH) arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektedir. Araştırmada, zaman serisi verilerinde uzun dönem ilişkileri analiz eden Bootstrap Otoregresif Dağıtılmış Gecikme Modeli (ARDL) kullanılmıştır. 1990-2021 yılları arasını kapsayan araştırma verileri, Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü (OECD) veri havuzunda yer alan yeşil büyüme göstergelerinden elde edilmiştir. Bulgular, belirtilen yıllar arasında BRICS ülkelerinde farklı eşbütünleşme süreçleri bulunduğunu, ayrıca yenilenebilir enerji arzı ve kişi başına reel GSYİH ile doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi arasında eşbütünleşik bir ilişkinin var olduğunu göstermektedir. Granger nedensellik testi sonuçları, yenilenebilir enerji kullanımının doğumda beklenen yaşam süresini olumlu etkilediğini, enerji yoğunluğunun ise ekonomik büyüme üzerinde belirleyici bir faktör olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ancak, ekonomik büyüme bağımlı değişken olarak ele alındığında uzun dönemli eşbütünleşme tespit edilmemiştir. Sonuçlar, enerji tüketimi ve CO2 emisyonlarının kısa vadede ekonomik büyümenin önemli belirleyicileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Araştırma, sürdürülebilir ekonomik ve çevresel kalkınma stratejilerinin sağlık politikaları ile entegrasyonunun önemini vurgulamakta ve politika yapıcılara yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarını artırmaya yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bootstrap ARDL Modeli , BRICS Ülkeleri , Enerji , Sağlık , Yeşil Büyüme

Energy and Health in the Context of the Green Growth: The Case of BRICS Countries

Öz

This research examines the relationships between green growth, energy consumption, renewable energy supply, health indicators, and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries. The research employs the Bootstrap Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL), which analyzes long-term relationships in time series data. The research covers the period from 1990 to 2021, utilizing green growth indicators sourced from the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) data explorer. The results reveal the existence of different cointegration processes among BRICS countries during the specified years. Furthermore, the results indicate a cointegrated relationship between renewable energy supply and real per capita GDP with life expectancy at birth. The Granger causality test results suggest that renewable energy consumption positively influences life expectancy at birth, while energy intensity is a determining factor for economic growth. However, no long-term cointegration is detected when economic growth is considered the dependent variable. The results highlight that energy consumption and CO2 emissions are significant determinants of economic growth in the short term. This research underscores the importance of integrating sustainable economic and environmental development strategies with health policies and provides recommendations for policymakers to enhance investments in renewable energy.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bootstrap ARDL Model , BRICS Countries , Energy , Health , Green Growth

Kaynakça

• Afriyie, J. K., Twumasi-Ankrah, S., Gyamfi, K. B., Arthur, D., & Pels, W. A. (2020). Evaluating the performance of unit root tests in single time series processes. Mathematics and Statistics, 8(6), 656-664. https://doi.org/10.13189/ms.2020.080605
• Andersen, Z. J., Badyda, A., Tzivian, L., Dzhambov, A. M., Paunovic, K., Savic, S., ... & Dragic, N. (2025). Air pollution inequalities in Europe: A deeper understating of challenges in Eastern Europe and pathways forward towards closing the gap between East and West. Environmental Epidemiology, 9(3), e383. https://doi.org/10.1097/EE9.0000000000000383
• Ansal, H. (2004). Geçmiş ve gelecekte ekonomik gelişmede teknolojinin rolü. M. Kiper (ed.), Teknoloji içinde (s. 35-58), Türk Mühendis ve Mimar Odaları Birliği.
• Aydın, B. (2021). Kalkınma literatüründen hareketle enerji-büyüme ilişkisi. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.29106/fesa.770344
• Aydin, C., & Esen, Ö. (2018). Does the level of energy intensity matter in the effect of energy consumption on the growth of transition economies? Evidence from dynamic panel threshold analysis. Energy Economics, 69, 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.11.010
• Azam, M. (2019). Relationship between energy, investment, human capital, environment, and economic growth in four BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(33), 34388-34400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06533-9
• Aziz, G. (2023). Impact of green innovation, sustainable economic growth, and carbon emission on public health: new evidence of non-linear ARDL estimation. Sustainability, 15(4), 2859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042859
• Bayar, Y., Gavriletea, M. D., Pintea, M. O., & Sechel, I. C. (2021). Impact of environment, life expectancy and real GDP per capita on health expenditures: Evidence from the EU member states. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413176
• BRICS Business Council. (2022). Annual report 2022/23. Erişim tarihi 21.01.2024, https://brics2023.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/SABBC-AR-30-Aug.pdf
• Chang, Y. C., Chang, T., & Wang, M. C. (2022). Are healthcare expenditures related to economic growth in China? Bootstrap ARDL approach. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 766091. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.766091
• Chen, R., Ramzan, M., Hafeez, M., & Ullah, S. (2023). Green innovation-green growth nexus in BRICS: Does financial globalization matter?. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(1), 100286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100286
• Çınaroğlu, S. (2018). Kapsayıcı büyüme ve sağlık sonuç göstergeleri bakımından Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri içindeki yeri. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 29(109). https://doi.org/10.5455/ey.16702
• Dam, M. M., Kaya, F., & Bekun, F. V. (2023). On the nexus between real income, renewable energy consumption, and environmental sustainability on life expectancy for BRICS‐T countries: Accessing evidence from quantile regression. Natural Resources Forum, a United Nations Sustainable Development Journal, 48, 1109-1135. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12347
• Dogaru, L. (2021). Green economy and green growth—Opportunities for sustainable development. Proceedings, 63, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020063070
• Goh, S. K., Sam, C. Y., & McNown, R. (2017). Re-examining foreign direct investment, exports, and economic growth in Asian economies using a bootstrap ARDL test for cointegration. Journal of Asian Economics, 51, 12-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2017.06.001
• Gu, J., Renwick, N., & Xue, L. (2018). The BRICS and Africa’s search for green growth, clean energy and sustainable development. Energy Policy, 120, 675-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.028
• Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
• Güney, T. (2021). Renewable energy and sustainable development: Evidence from OECD countries. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 40(4), e13609. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13609
• Huo, S., Ni, L., & Shah, S. A. A. (2025). Renewable energy dynamics in BRICS: Assessing economic growth, carbon emissions, and public health benefits. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 17(2), 025902. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0239553
• International Labour Organization. (2022). Employment and just transition to sustainability in the BRICS countries. Erişim tarihi 04.01.2024, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/presentation/wcms_845711.pdf
• Ioannou, K., Karasmanaki, E., & Tsantopoulos, G. (2025). Environmental policy as a tool for sustainable development. Sustainability, 17(8), 3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083674
• Jiang, A., Cao, Y., Sohail, M. T., Majeed, M. T., & Sohail, S. (2021). Management of green economy in China and India: Dynamics of poverty and policy drivers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(39), 55526-55534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14753-1
• Judijanto, L., & Syahrin, M. (2025). Towards zero emissions: A critical review of the contribution of the green economy to global climate change targets. Review of International Economy and Finance, 1(3), 120-127.
• Karimi Alavijeh, N., Ahmadi Shadmehri, M. T., Dehdar, F., Zangoei, S., & Nazeer, N. (2024). The role of renewable energy on life expectancy: Evidence from method of moments quantile regression based on G-7 countries data. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 18(4), 767-788. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-11-2022-0001
• Khan, A., Muhammad, F., Chenggang, Y., Hussain, J., Bano, S., & Khan, M. A. (2020). The impression of technological innovations and natural resources in energy-growth-environment nexus: A new look into BRICS economies. Science of The Total Environment, 727, 138265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138265
• Khare, V., Jain, A., & Bhuiyan, M. A. (2023). Perspective of renewable energy in the BRICS country. E-Prime-Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 5, 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2023.100250
• Lin, F. L., Inglesi-Lotz, R., & Chang, T. (2018). Revisit coal consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth nexus in China and India using a newly developed bootstrap ARDL bound test. Energy Exploration & Exploitation, 36(3), 450-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/0144598717741031
• Mahalik, M. K., Padhan, H., Patel, G., Mishra, S., & Chyrmang, R. (2024). The role of gender life expectancy in environmental degradation: New insights for the BRICS economies. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(4), 9305-9334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03097-0
• Mehrabi, M., Sameti, M., & Marouani, A. (2025). Green financing and sustainable environmental development: An empirical study of BRICS-I countries. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6959192/v1
• McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1366643
• Nalinci, S. (2023). Yeşil ekonomi ve yeşil işler. Ulakbilge Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 87, 729-737. https://doi.org/10.7816/ulakbilge-11-87-03
• Nawaz, M. A., Hussain, M. S., Kamran, H. W., Ehsanullah, S., Maheen, R., & Shair, F. (2021). Trilemma association of energy consumption, carbon emission, and economic growth of BRICS and OECD regions: Quantile regression estimation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 16014-16028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11823-8
• Nguyen, D. H., & Khominich, I. P. (2023). The measurement of green economic quality in the BRICS countries: Should they prioritize financing for environmental protection, economic growth, or social goals?. Russian Journal of Economics, 9(2), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.9.101612
• OECD Data Explorer (t. y.). Green growth indicators. Erişim tarihi 04.01.2024, https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=DisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_GG%40DF_GREEN_GROWTH&df[ag]=OECD.ENV.EPI&dq=AUS.A...&pd=2017%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false
• OECD. (2011). Towards green growth. Erişim tarihi 10.02.2024, https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/towards-green-growth_9789264111318-en.html
• Olabi, A. G., & Abdelkareem, M. A. (2022). Renewable energy and climate change. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 158, 112111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112111
• Özaslan, A. (2023). Sürdürülebilir kalkınma yolunda yeşil büyüme stratejilerinin kentlere yansıması. Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 98-113. https://doi.org/10.55050/sarad.1183810
• Özütler, H. (2018). Kapsayıcı büyümenin kuramsal çerçevesi üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(4), 1455-1477.
• Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
• Ragavan, M. I., Marcil, L. E., & Garg, A. (2020). Climate change as a social determinant of health. Pediatrics, 145(5), e20193169. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3169
• Raihan, A. (2024). The influence of tourism on the road to achieving carbon neutrality and environmental sustainability in Malaysia: The role of renewable energy. Sustainability Analytics and Modeling, 4, 100028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.samod.2023.100028
• Romanello, M., Di Napoli, C., Drummond, P., Green, C., Kennard, H., Lampard, P., ... & Costello, A. (2022). The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Health at the mercy of fossil fuels. The Lancet, 400(10363), 1619-1654. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01540-9
• Shahbaz, M., Nasir, M. A., & Roubaud, D. (2018). Environmental degradation in France: The effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations. Energy Economics, 74, 843-857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.020
• Sohail, M. T. (2023). Green development in BRICS: Unraveling the effects of environmental technology, R&D spending, and green investment in the context of COP21. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(57), 120000-120009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30696-1
• Souza Piao, R., Silva, V. L., Navarro del Aguila, I. & de Burgos Jiménez, J. (2021). Green growth and agriculture in Brazil. Sustainability, 13(3), 1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031162
• UNFCCC. (2015). The Paris Agreement. Erişim tarihi 30.05.2025, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
• United Nations (t. y.). Sustainable development: The 17 goals. Erişim tarihi: 30.05.2025, https://sdgs.un.org/goals
• United Nations Development Programme. (t. y.). Human development index (HDI). Erişim tarihi 30.01.2024, https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI
• Wang, Q., Wang, L., & Li, R. (2023). Does renewable energy help increase life expectancy? Insight from the linking renewable energy, economic growth, and life expectancy in 121 countries. Energy Strategy Reviews, 50, 101185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101185
• Wang, Z., Bui, Q., Zhang, B., Nawarathna, C. L. K., & Mombeuil, C. (2021). The nexus between renewable energy consumption and human development in BRICS countries: The moderating role of public debt. Renewable Energy, 165, 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.10.144
• World Bank. (2012). Inclusive green growth: The pathway to sustainable development. Erişim tarihi 31.05.2025, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6058
• World Health Organization. (2022). Health systems resilience toolkit. Erişim tarihi 07.01.2024, https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/354177/9789240048751-eng.pdf
• World Health Organization. (t. y.a). Climate change. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2024, https://www.who.int/health-topics/climate-change#tab=tab_1
• World Health Organization. (t. y.b). Social determinants of health. Erişim tarihi 08.02.2024, https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1
• World Health Organization. (t. y.c). Human development index. Erişim tarihi 03.02.2024, https://www.who.int/data/nutrition/nlis/info/human-development-index
• World Health Organization. (t. y.d). Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. Erişim tarihi 07.02.2024, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health
• Yacour, S., Soumbara, S. A., & El Ghini, A. (2024). Environmental quality, economic growth, and healthcare expenditure nexus for North Africa: A panel cointegration analysis. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 29(2), 307-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-023-09942-w
• Yan, X., Abdalla, A. A., Zhu, G., Uslu, Y. D., Mohamed, M. A. A., Muhammad, T., & Shabbir, M. S. (2024). Does natural resources matter? Nexus among renewable energy policies, technological innovation, environmental protection, and economic growth. Energy Strategy Reviews, 51, 101272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2023.101272
• Younsi, M., & Bechtini, M. (2020). Economic growth, financial development, and income inequality in BRICS countries: Does Kuznets’ inverted U-shaped curve exist?. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 11(2), 721-742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-018-0569-2
• Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. W. K. (2002). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500102753410372