Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

A Methodoligical Expansion in Measuring Trade Union Organization: A Sectoral-Index Model for Turkey

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 438 - 462, 28.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1810316
https://izlik.org/JA66ZF99CD

Öz

The measurement of trade union organization is one of the fundamental areas of debate within industrial relations theory. The traditionally used indicator, the unionization rate, reflects the ratio of union members to total wage earners; however, it does not capture dimensions such as organizational capacity, collective bargaining power, political influence, and social legitimacy. Therefore, criticism of the limitations of the unionization rate has increased in the literature, and index-based approaches aiming to evaluate union strength in a more comprehensive manner have come to the fore. Metten’s (2021) Collective Labour Force Index and the Bargaining Power Index developed by Fontanari, Garnero, and Martin (2024) exemplify these efforts. In the Turkish context, more reliable comparisons can be made for the period after 2013, based on data published by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security. This study aims to analyze the trends in union organization in Turkey for the period 2013–2025 by developing a 2013=100-based index at both the sectoral and union levels. The index approach reveals scale differences between sectors and allows the evaluation of unionization trends not only through absolute numbers but also through relative and temporal changes. The analysis covers eight sectors—metal, mining, sugar, petrochemicals, textiles, commerce-office, health, and general services—representing different segments of the economy. The findings show that trade union organization in Turkey does not follow a homogeneous pattern. While the metal and mining sectors maintain a stable and long-established union structure, labor-intensive sectors such as textiles and commerce-office display low and fragile unionization rates. In contrast, the health and general services sectors experienced artificial surges in unionization due to the regularization of subcontracted workers and union shifts following local elections. Overall, the study demonstrates that one-dimensional indicators are insufficient to understand the trajectory of trade union organization and that the index approach makes relative and temporal variations more visible and analytically meaningful.

Etik Beyan

Academic ethical rules were followed in the preparation of this study.

Destekleyen Kurum

No financial support was received from any institution in the preparation of this study.

Teşekkür

There is no need for such a note.

Kaynakça

  • Bryson, A., Ebbinghaus, B., & Visser, J. (2011). Introduction: Causes, consequences and cures of union decline. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 17(2), 97–105.
  • Çelik, A. (2018). Industrial relations in Turkey: Still waiting for a strong and modern system. In S. Hayter & C. H. Lee (Eds.), Industrial relations in emerging economies: The quest for inclusive development (pp. 182–218). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Çelik, A., & Lordoğlu, K. (2006). Türkiye’de resmi sendikalaşma istatistiklerinin sorunları üstün. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2006(2), 11–38.
  • Fontanari, C., Levrero, E. S., & Romaniello, D. (2024). A composite index for workers’ bargaining power and the inflation rate in the United States, 1960–2018. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 70, 682–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2024.05.009
  • Garnero, A., & Martin, S. (2025). Collective bargaining coverage: A detailed methodological note. OECD Publishing.
  • Gumbrell-McCormick, R., & Hyman, R. (2013). Trade unions in Western Europe: Hard times, hard choices. Oxford University Press.
  • Hyman, R. (2001). Understanding European trade unionism: Between market, class and society. SAGE Publications.
  • International Labour Organization. (2010). Statistics of trade union membership. ILO Bureau of Statistics.
  • Kapar, R. (2023). Endüstri İlişkileri ve Yeni Gelişme Alanları. Paradigma Akademi.
  • Metten, A. (2021). Rethinking trade union density: A new index for measuring union strength. Industrial Relations Journal, 52(6), 528–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/irj.12347
  • OECD & AIAS. (2021). Main characteristics of collective bargaining (Turkey). OECD Publishing.
  • OECD. (2019). Negotiating our way up: Collective bargaining in a changing world of work. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1fd2da34-en
  • OECD. (2023a). Collective bargaining in a changing world of work. OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/employment/collective-bargaining.htm
  • OECD. (2023b). Measuring collective bargaining coverage in OECD countries: Technical workshop. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/Detailed%20methodological%20note%20on%20collective%20bargaining%20coverage.pdf
  • Schnabel, C. (2020). Union membership and collective bargaining: Trends and determinants (IZA Discussion Paper No. 13465). IZA Institute of Labor Economics. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/13465
  • Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC). (2016). The OECD guidelines for multinational enterprises: Trade union guide. TUAC.
  • Vandaele, K. (2018). Trade unions and the platform economy: Working conditions, representation and strategies (ETUI Working Paper No. 2018.05). European Trade Union Institute. https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/Working%20Paper%202018.05%20Vandaele%20Trade%20unions%20Platform%20economy%20Web.pdf
  • Visser, J. (2019). Trade unions in the balance (ILO ACTRAV Working Paper). International Labour Organization.
  • Visser, J. (2023). Will they rise again? Four scenarios for the future of trade unions. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 45(3), 629–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X231178850
  • Visser, J. (2024). Did employers abandon collective bargaining? A comparative analysis of the weakening of collective bargaining in the OECD. Industrial Relations Journal, 55(3), 350–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/irj.12439
  • Zhang, Y., & Kim, C. (2025). Amid union decline: State-level unionization and overwork of American workers. Social Science Research, 129, 103178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103178

Sendikal Örgütlülüğün Ölçümünde Yöntemsel Bir Genişleme: Türkiye İçin İşkolu-Endeks Modeli

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 438 - 462, 28.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1810316
https://izlik.org/JA66ZF99CD

Öz

Sendikal örgütlülüğün ölçülmesi, endüstri ilişkileri öğretisinin temel tartışma alanlarından biridir. Geleneksel olarak kullanılan sendikalaşma oranı, sendika üyelerinin toplam ücretli çalışanlara oranını yansıtmakta; ancak örgütsel kapasite, toplu pazarlık gücü, siyasal etki ve toplumsal meşruiyet gibi boyutları kapsamamaktadır. Bu nedenle literatürde sendikalaşma oranının sınırlılıklarına ilişkin eleştiriler artmış, sendikal gücü daha bütüncül biçimde değerlendirmeyi amaçlayan endeksleme girişimleri gündeme gelmiştir. Metten’in (2021) kolektif işgücü endeksi ve Fontanari, Garnero ve Martin’in (2024) pazarlık gücü endeksi bu çabalara örnek teşkil etmektedir. Türkiye’de 2013 sonrası dönemde Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı verilerine dayalı olarak daha güvenilir karşılaştırmalar yapılabilmektedir. Bu çalışma, 2013–2025 dönemi için işkolu ve sendika düzeyinde 2013=100 bazlı bir endeks geliştirerek sendikal örgütlenme eğilimlerini yalnızca mutlak sayılarla değil, göreli ve zamansal değişimlerle analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Endeks yaklaşımı, işkolları arasındaki ölçek farklarını görünür kılmakta ve örgütlenme eğilimlerini karşılaştırmalı biçimde değerlendirmeye olanak sağlamaktadır. Analize dâhil edilen sekiz işkolu (metal, madencilik, şeker, petrol-kimya, dokuma, ticaret-büro, sağlık, genel işler) farklı sektörleri temsil etmektedir. Bulgular, Türkiye’de sendikal örgütlülüğün homojen bir seyir izlemediğini göstermektedir. Metal ve madencilik işkolları istikrarlı ve köklü bir sendikal yapıya sahipken; dokuma, ticaret-büro gibi emek yoğun sektörlerde oranlar düşük ve kırılgandır. Sağlık ve genel işler işkollarında ise taşeron işçilerin kadroya alınması ve yerel seçimler sonrası sendika geçişleri sonucu yapay sıçramalar yaşanmıştır. Çalışma sendikal örgütlenmenin seyrini anlamada tek boyutlu göstergelerin yetersiz kaldığını ve endeks yaklaşımının göreli-zamansal değişimleri daha net ortaya koyduğunu göstermektedir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanmasında akademik etik kurallarına uygun davranılmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Çalışmanın hazırlanmasında herhangi bir kurumdan finansal destek alınmamıştır.

Teşekkür

Böyle bir nota gereksinim duyulmamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Bryson, A., Ebbinghaus, B., & Visser, J. (2011). Introduction: Causes, consequences and cures of union decline. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 17(2), 97–105.
  • Çelik, A. (2018). Industrial relations in Turkey: Still waiting for a strong and modern system. In S. Hayter & C. H. Lee (Eds.), Industrial relations in emerging economies: The quest for inclusive development (pp. 182–218). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Çelik, A., & Lordoğlu, K. (2006). Türkiye’de resmi sendikalaşma istatistiklerinin sorunları üstün. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2006(2), 11–38.
  • Fontanari, C., Levrero, E. S., & Romaniello, D. (2024). A composite index for workers’ bargaining power and the inflation rate in the United States, 1960–2018. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 70, 682–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2024.05.009
  • Garnero, A., & Martin, S. (2025). Collective bargaining coverage: A detailed methodological note. OECD Publishing.
  • Gumbrell-McCormick, R., & Hyman, R. (2013). Trade unions in Western Europe: Hard times, hard choices. Oxford University Press.
  • Hyman, R. (2001). Understanding European trade unionism: Between market, class and society. SAGE Publications.
  • International Labour Organization. (2010). Statistics of trade union membership. ILO Bureau of Statistics.
  • Kapar, R. (2023). Endüstri İlişkileri ve Yeni Gelişme Alanları. Paradigma Akademi.
  • Metten, A. (2021). Rethinking trade union density: A new index for measuring union strength. Industrial Relations Journal, 52(6), 528–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/irj.12347
  • OECD & AIAS. (2021). Main characteristics of collective bargaining (Turkey). OECD Publishing.
  • OECD. (2019). Negotiating our way up: Collective bargaining in a changing world of work. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1fd2da34-en
  • OECD. (2023a). Collective bargaining in a changing world of work. OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. http://www.oecd.org/employment/collective-bargaining.htm
  • OECD. (2023b). Measuring collective bargaining coverage in OECD countries: Technical workshop. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/Detailed%20methodological%20note%20on%20collective%20bargaining%20coverage.pdf
  • Schnabel, C. (2020). Union membership and collective bargaining: Trends and determinants (IZA Discussion Paper No. 13465). IZA Institute of Labor Economics. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/13465
  • Trade Union Advisory Committee to the OECD (TUAC). (2016). The OECD guidelines for multinational enterprises: Trade union guide. TUAC.
  • Vandaele, K. (2018). Trade unions and the platform economy: Working conditions, representation and strategies (ETUI Working Paper No. 2018.05). European Trade Union Institute. https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/Working%20Paper%202018.05%20Vandaele%20Trade%20unions%20Platform%20economy%20Web.pdf
  • Visser, J. (2019). Trade unions in the balance (ILO ACTRAV Working Paper). International Labour Organization.
  • Visser, J. (2023). Will they rise again? Four scenarios for the future of trade unions. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 45(3), 629–652. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X231178850
  • Visser, J. (2024). Did employers abandon collective bargaining? A comparative analysis of the weakening of collective bargaining in the OECD. Industrial Relations Journal, 55(3), 350–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/irj.12439
  • Zhang, Y., & Kim, C. (2025). Amid union decline: State-level unionization and overwork of American workers. Social Science Research, 129, 103178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103178
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Emine Nagihan Namlı 0009-0004-1065-7484

Senanur Künkül 0009-0004-6588-6751

Mehmet Atilla Güler 0009-0005-4527-8430

Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1810316
IZ https://izlik.org/JA66ZF99CD
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Namlı, E. N., Künkül, S., & Güler, M. A. (2026). Sendikal Örgütlülüğün Ölçümünde Yöntemsel Bir Genişleme: Türkiye İçin İşkolu-Endeks Modeli. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26(1), 438-462. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1810316