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Radikalizm ve Yoksunluk İlişkisi: Boko Haram Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 1131 - 1152, 24.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1254437

Öz

Dünyanın önemli petrol ihracatçılarından ve Afrika’nın sayılı ekonomilerinden olan Nijerya, etnik ve dinî açıdan son derece kozmopolit bir yapıya sahiptir. 11. yüzyılda İslam’ın yayılmaya başladığı ülkede nüfusun %50’sini Müslümanlar, %40’ını Hristiyanlar, %10’unu ise diğer yerel inançtan insanlar oluşturmaktadır. Etnik ve dinî anlamda var olan çeşitliliğin yanında ekonomik anlamda eşitsizliği ile dikkat çekmektedir. Söz konusu bu eşitsizliğe bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan sosyoekonomik problemler, zaman zaman iç çatışma ve isyanlara neden olmaktadır. Bu iç çatışma ve terör olaylarına verilecek örneklerden birisi de mevcut Nijerya yönetimini devirip onun yerine şeriata dayalı bir devlet kurmayı hedefleyen Boko Haram’dır. Boko Haram, kendi anlayışını yaymak ve halkı kendi ideolojisi etrafında toplamak için ülkenin yaşadığı sosyoekonomik problemleri gündeme getirmiştir. Başka bir deyişle ülkedeki yoksunluğu gündeme getirerek mevcut durumdan hoşnut olmayan insanların öfkelerini kendi amaçları doğrultusunda kullanmayı hedeflemiştir. Bu çalışma radikalizm ve yoksunluk arasındaki ilişkiyi Boko Haram örgütü üzerinden irdelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada Boko Haram ile ilgili genel bilgiler verildikten sonra ülkede yaşanan yoksunlukların hangi alanda yaşandığını ve bunların örgütün taraftar bulmasındaki etkisi irdelenmiştir. Çalışma, radikal grupların taraftar bulmasında halkın yaşadığı yoksunluğun önemli bir faktör olduğunu, yoksunluğun radikalleşmeyi kolaylaştırdığını iddia etmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra yoksunluk radikalleşme arasında bir kısır döngü olduğunu, yoksunluk radikalleşmeyi kolaylaştırırken radikalleşmenin de mevcut yoksunlukları daha da derinleştirdiğini iddia etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulmalik, J., Omigbodun, O., Beida, O. ve Adedokun, B. (2009). Psychoactive substance use among children in ınformal religious schools (almajiris) in Northern Nigeria. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(6), 527-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670902832813
  • Adesoji, A. (2010). The Boko Haram uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria. Africa Spectrum, 45(2), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500205
  • Agbiboa, D. E. (2013). Why Boko Haram exists: The relative deprivation perspective. African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review, 3(1), 144-157. https://doi.org/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.3.1.144
  • Agbiboa, D. E. (2014). Boko-Haram and the Global Jihad: ‘Do not think jihad is over. Rather Jihad has just begun’. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68(4), 400-417. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2014.891564
  • Akinola, O. (2015). Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria: Between Islamic fundamentalism, politics, and poverty. African Security, 8(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2015.998539
  • Arpacı, I. (2017). Dini radikalizmin nedenlerini tersinden sorgulamak: Milli görüş neden radikalleşmedi. Journal of Turkish Studies, 12(8), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.11660
  • Avis, W. R. (2020). War economy in North East Nigeria (HelpDesk Report 734). Institute of Development Studies. Erişim adresi: https://gsdrc.org/publications/war-economy-in-north-east-nigeria/, https://gsdrc.org/publications/war-economy-in-north-east-nigeria/
  • Awesofe, N., Ritchie, J. ve Degeling, P. (2003). The Almajiri heritage and the threat of non-state terrorism in Northern Nigeria–Lessons from Central Asia and Pakistan. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 26(4), 311-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100390208260
  • Aydınalp, H. (2022). Dini radikalizm ve terör. İçinde M. C. Şahin ve S. Aydemir (Ed.), Toplumsal problemler sosyolojisi (s. 93-128). İstanbul: Sonçağ Akademi.
  • Babatunde, O. A. (2018). The recruitment mode of the Boko Haram terrorist group in Nigeria. Peace Review, 30(3), 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2018.1496998
  • Botha, A., Ewi, M., Salifu, U. ve Abdile, M. (2017). Understanding Nigerian citizens’ perspectives on Boko Haram (Monograph 196). Institute for Security Studies. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24799.05280
  • Boyle, J. (2009, Temmuz 31). Nigeria’s “Taliban” enigma. BBC. Erişim adresi: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8172270.stm
  • Bozkurt, B. (2018). Nijerya’da terörizm Boko Haram terör örgütü [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Brechenmacher, S. (2019, Mayıs 3). Stabilizing Northeast Nigeria After Boko Haram. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Erişim adresi: https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/05/03/stabilizing-northeast-nigeria-after-boko-haram-pub-79042
  • Brigaglia, A. (2012). Ja‘far Mahmoud Adam, Mohammed Yusuf and Al-Muntada Islamic Trust: Reflections on the Genesis of the Boko Haram Phenomenon in Nigeria. Annual Review of Islam in Africa, 11, 35-44, Erişim adresi: https://docplayer.net/31907624-Ja-far-mahmoud-adam-mohammed-yusuf-and-al-muntada-islamic-trust-reflections-on-the-genesis-of-the-boko-haram-phenomenon-in-nigeria.html
  • Campell, J. (2019, Mayıs 1). Conflict in Nigeria Is More Complicated Than “Christians vs. Muslims”. Council on Foreign Relations. Erişim adresi: https://www.cfr.org/blog/conflict-nigeria-more-complicated-christians-vs-muslims
  • Campell, J., and Harwood, A. (2018). Boko Haram’s Deadly Impact. Council on Foreign Relations. Erişim adresi: https://www.cfr.org/article/boko-harams-deadly-impact
  • Cook, D. (2014). Boko Haram: A New Islamic State in Nigeria. James A. Baker III Institute For Public Policy of Rice University. Erişim adresi: https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/boko-haram-new-islamic-state-nigeria
  • Çınar, H. Y. (2023). Nijerya’da radikalleşme ve Boko Haram terör örgütünün üye kazanma yolları. Journal of Terrorism and Radicalization Studies, 2(1), 129-150. https://doi.org/10.29228/trad.22
  • Daban, C. (2022). Afrika’da kimlik temelli çatışmaların analizi: Nijerya’da Boko Haram örneği [Doktora Tezi]. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
  • Fearon, J. D. ve Laitin, D. D. (2003). Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. The American Political Science Review, 97(1), 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055403000534
  • Francis, M. (2012, Ocak 24). What causes radicalisation? Main lines of consensus in recent research. Radicalisation Research. Erişim adresi: https://www.radicalisationresearch.org/research/francis-2012-causes-2/?it=guides/francis-2012-causes-2/
  • Harnischfeger, J. (2021). Boko Haram and ıts muslim critics: Observations from Yobe State. Içinde M.-A. Pérouse de Montclos (Ed.), Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria (s. 33-62). IFRA-Nigeria. Erişim adresi: http://books.openedition.org/ifra/1770
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  • International Crisis Group. (2012, Aralık 17). Curbing Violence in Nigeria (I): The Jos Crisis. Erişim adresi: https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/curbing-violence-nigeria-i-jos-crisis
  • Kavak, G. (2021). İngi̇li̇z koloni yönetiminin Ni̇jerya’daki hâkimiyet araçları ve günümüzdeki yansımaları. Africania, 1(1), 121-144. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/africania/issue/65507/1013805
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The Relationship Between Radicalism and Deprivation: The Case of Boko Haram

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 1131 - 1152, 24.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1254437

Öz

Nigeria, one of the world's major oil exporters and one of Africa's leading economies, is ethnically and religiously cosmopolitan. In the country where Islam began to spread in the 11th century, 50% of the population is Muslims, 40% are Christians, and 10% are people of other local faiths. Socio-economic problems in the country cause internal conflicts and rebellions from time to time. One of the examples to be given to these internal conflicts and terrorist incidents is Boko Haram, which aims to overthrow the current Nigerian government and establish a sharia-based state in its place. Boko Haram has been bringing the socio-economic problems of the country in order to spread its understanding and gather the people around its ideology. In other words, he aimed to use the anger of the people who are not satisfied with the current situation for his own purposes by bringing the deprivation in the country to the agenda.This study aims to examine the relationship between radicalism and deprivation in the example of Boko Haram. In the study, after giving general information about Boko Haram, the area of deprivation in the country and the effect of these on the organization's support were examined. The study claims that deprivation is an important factor for radical groups to find supporters and that deprivation facilitates radicalization. In addition, the study claims that there is a vicious circle between deprivation and radicalization, and while deprivation facilitates radicalization, radicalization deepens existing deprivations.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulmalik, J., Omigbodun, O., Beida, O. ve Adedokun, B. (2009). Psychoactive substance use among children in ınformal religious schools (almajiris) in Northern Nigeria. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(6), 527-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670902832813
  • Adesoji, A. (2010). The Boko Haram uprising and Islamic Revivalism in Nigeria. Africa Spectrum, 45(2), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500205
  • Agbiboa, D. E. (2013). Why Boko Haram exists: The relative deprivation perspective. African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review, 3(1), 144-157. https://doi.org/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.3.1.144
  • Agbiboa, D. E. (2014). Boko-Haram and the Global Jihad: ‘Do not think jihad is over. Rather Jihad has just begun’. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68(4), 400-417. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2014.891564
  • Akinola, O. (2015). Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria: Between Islamic fundamentalism, politics, and poverty. African Security, 8(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2015.998539
  • Arpacı, I. (2017). Dini radikalizmin nedenlerini tersinden sorgulamak: Milli görüş neden radikalleşmedi. Journal of Turkish Studies, 12(8), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.11660
  • Avis, W. R. (2020). War economy in North East Nigeria (HelpDesk Report 734). Institute of Development Studies. Erişim adresi: https://gsdrc.org/publications/war-economy-in-north-east-nigeria/, https://gsdrc.org/publications/war-economy-in-north-east-nigeria/
  • Awesofe, N., Ritchie, J. ve Degeling, P. (2003). The Almajiri heritage and the threat of non-state terrorism in Northern Nigeria–Lessons from Central Asia and Pakistan. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 26(4), 311-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100390208260
  • Aydınalp, H. (2022). Dini radikalizm ve terör. İçinde M. C. Şahin ve S. Aydemir (Ed.), Toplumsal problemler sosyolojisi (s. 93-128). İstanbul: Sonçağ Akademi.
  • Babatunde, O. A. (2018). The recruitment mode of the Boko Haram terrorist group in Nigeria. Peace Review, 30(3), 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2018.1496998
  • Botha, A., Ewi, M., Salifu, U. ve Abdile, M. (2017). Understanding Nigerian citizens’ perspectives on Boko Haram (Monograph 196). Institute for Security Studies. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24799.05280
  • Boyle, J. (2009, Temmuz 31). Nigeria’s “Taliban” enigma. BBC. Erişim adresi: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8172270.stm
  • Bozkurt, B. (2018). Nijerya’da terörizm Boko Haram terör örgütü [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Brechenmacher, S. (2019, Mayıs 3). Stabilizing Northeast Nigeria After Boko Haram. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Erişim adresi: https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/05/03/stabilizing-northeast-nigeria-after-boko-haram-pub-79042
  • Brigaglia, A. (2012). Ja‘far Mahmoud Adam, Mohammed Yusuf and Al-Muntada Islamic Trust: Reflections on the Genesis of the Boko Haram Phenomenon in Nigeria. Annual Review of Islam in Africa, 11, 35-44, Erişim adresi: https://docplayer.net/31907624-Ja-far-mahmoud-adam-mohammed-yusuf-and-al-muntada-islamic-trust-reflections-on-the-genesis-of-the-boko-haram-phenomenon-in-nigeria.html
  • Campell, J. (2019, Mayıs 1). Conflict in Nigeria Is More Complicated Than “Christians vs. Muslims”. Council on Foreign Relations. Erişim adresi: https://www.cfr.org/blog/conflict-nigeria-more-complicated-christians-vs-muslims
  • Campell, J., and Harwood, A. (2018). Boko Haram’s Deadly Impact. Council on Foreign Relations. Erişim adresi: https://www.cfr.org/article/boko-harams-deadly-impact
  • Cook, D. (2014). Boko Haram: A New Islamic State in Nigeria. James A. Baker III Institute For Public Policy of Rice University. Erişim adresi: https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/boko-haram-new-islamic-state-nigeria
  • Çınar, H. Y. (2023). Nijerya’da radikalleşme ve Boko Haram terör örgütünün üye kazanma yolları. Journal of Terrorism and Radicalization Studies, 2(1), 129-150. https://doi.org/10.29228/trad.22
  • Daban, C. (2022). Afrika’da kimlik temelli çatışmaların analizi: Nijerya’da Boko Haram örneği [Doktora Tezi]. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
  • Fearon, J. D. ve Laitin, D. D. (2003). Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. The American Political Science Review, 97(1), 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055403000534
  • Francis, M. (2012, Ocak 24). What causes radicalisation? Main lines of consensus in recent research. Radicalisation Research. Erişim adresi: https://www.radicalisationresearch.org/research/francis-2012-causes-2/?it=guides/francis-2012-causes-2/
  • Harnischfeger, J. (2021). Boko Haram and ıts muslim critics: Observations from Yobe State. Içinde M.-A. Pérouse de Montclos (Ed.), Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria (s. 33-62). IFRA-Nigeria. Erişim adresi: http://books.openedition.org/ifra/1770
  • Inamete, U. B. (1991). Federalism in Nigeria: The crucial dynamics. The Round Table, 80(318), 191-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358539108454039
  • International Crisis Group. (2012, Aralık 17). Curbing Violence in Nigeria (I): The Jos Crisis. Erişim adresi: https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/curbing-violence-nigeria-i-jos-crisis
  • Kavak, G. (2021). İngi̇li̇z koloni yönetiminin Ni̇jerya’daki hâkimiyet araçları ve günümüzdeki yansımaları. Africania, 1(1), 121-144. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/africania/issue/65507/1013805
  • Kavak, G. ve Bashal, A. A. (2019, Kasım 11). Nijerya’nın eğitim meselesi ve işkence iddiaları. Erişim adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/nijerya-nin-egitim-meselesi-ve-iskence-iddialari/1641544
  • Kavas, A. (2007). Nijerya. İçinde Diyanet islâm ansiklopedisi (C. 33, s. 109-112). İstanbul: TDV Yayınları.
  • Kekilli, E., Ömer, H. ve Abdoulaye, İ. B. (2017, Ağustos 25). Bir örgütün anatomisi: Boko Haram. SETA. Erişim adresi: https://www.setav.org/bir-orgutun-anatomisi-boko-haram/
  • Knoechelmann, M. (2014). Why the Nigerian counter-terrorism policy toward Boko Haram has failed: A cause and effect relationship (ICT Working Paper Series 32). International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT). Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09448
  • Lapidus, I. M. (2016). İslam toplumları tarihi (6. bs, C. 1). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Marshall, G. (2005). Sosyoloji sözlüğü (O. Akınhay ve D. Kömürcü, Çev.; 2. bs). Ankara: Ankara Bilim Sanat Yayınları.
  • Mohammed, K. (2021). The message and methods of Boko Haram. İçinde M.-A. Pérouse de Montclos (Ed.), Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria (s. 9-32). IFRA-Nigeria. Erişim adresi: http://books.openedition.org/ifra/1753
  • Mustapha, A. R. (2012, Nisan 5). Boko Haram: Killing in God’s name. The Mail & Guardian. Erişim adresi: https://mg.co.za/article/2012-04-05-boko-haram-killing-in-gods-name/
  • Neumann, P. R. (2013). The trouble with radicalization. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 89(4), 873-893. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/i24756866
  • Okafor, J. (2012). Constitutional Challenges of creating new local government areas in Nigeria. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance, 10, 104-115. https://doi.org/10.5130/cjlg.v0i10.2692
  • Onuoha, F. (2021). Boko Haram and the evolving Salafi Jihadist threat in Nigeria. Içinde M.-A. Pérouse de Montclos (Ed.), Boko Haram: Islamism, politics, security and the state in Nigeria (s. 158-191). IFRA-Nigeria. Erişim adresi: http://books.openedition.org/ifra/1813
  • Onuoha, F. C. (2012, Şubat 29). Boko Haram: Nigeria’s Extremist Islamic Sect. Al Jazeera Centre for Studies. Erişim adresi: http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2012/02/201222911305194897.html
  • Orsini, A. (2020). What everybody should know about radicalization and the DRIA model. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 46(1), 68-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2020.1738669
  • Pérouse de Montclos, M.-A. (2016). A sectarian jihad in Nigeria: The case of Boko Haram. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 27(5), 878-895. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2016.1208286
  • Perouse de Montclos, M. A. (2017). Boko Haram and politics: From ınsurgency to terrorism. İçinde M. A. Perouse de Montclos (Ed.), Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria (s. 135-157). Enschede, Netherlands: Ipskamp Priting
  • Piazza, J. A. (2006). Rooted in poverty?: Terrorism, poor economic development, and social cleavages. Terrorism and Political Violence, 18(1), 159-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/095465590944578
  • Pieri, Z. P., and Zenn, J. (2016). The Boko Haram paradox: Ethnicity, religion, and historical memory in pursuit of a caliphate. African Security, 9(1), 66-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2016.1132906
  • Roy, O. (2017). Jihad and death: The global appeal of ıslamic state (C. Schoch, Çev.). London: Hurst & Company.
  • Rufai, S. A. (2017). Boko Haram and its modalities of recruiting and radicalizing members. Peace Review, 29(2), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2017.1308730
  • Salaam, A. O. (2012). Boko Haram: Beyond religious fanaticism. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 7(2), 147-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/18335330.2012.719096
  • Salkida, A. (2009, Temmuz 29). Nigeria: Boko Haram sect leader Ustaz Mohammed Vows revenge. Daily Trust. Erişim adresi: https://www.nairaland.com/302352/islamists-yaradua-want-total-islam/6
  • Sarıdağ, A. (2015, Mayıs 20). Analiz: Sahra Altı Afrikası’nda Terörist Grupların Yükselişi: Boko Haram ve Eş-Şebab. SETA. Erişim adresi: https://www.setav.org/sahra-alti-afrikasinda-terorist-gruplarin-yukselisi-boko-haram-ve-es-sebab/
  • Sedgwick, M. (2010). The concept of radicalization as a source of confusion. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(4), 479-494. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2010.491009
  • Sen, A. (1976). Poverty: An ordinal approach to measurement. Econometrica, 44(2), 219-231. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912718
  • Sen, A. (1982). Rights and agency. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 11(1), 3-39. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2265041
  • Shitu, M. H. (2021). Allegiance to non-ıslamic government, the question of ınfidelity and the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria: An analysis. ULUM, 4(2), 263-283. https://doi.org/10.54659/ulum.943869
  • Shokpeka, S. A. ve Nwaokocha, O. A. (2009). British colonial economic policy in Nigeria, the example of benin province 1914—1954. Journal of Human Ecology, 28(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2009.11906218
  • Smith, M. G. (1964). Historical and Cultural Conditions of Political Corruption among the Hausa. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6(2), 164-194. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500002061
  • Şen, Y. F. ve Çiçek, H. (2018). Boko Haram terör örgütünün bölgedeki etkisi ve örgütle müzakere olanakları. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(15), 2093-2145. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.437155
  • The World Bank. (2015). North East Nigeria: Recovery and Peace Building Assessment. (Synthesis Report 1). Erişim adresi: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/753341479876623996/pdf/110424-v1-WP-NorthEastNigeriaRecoveryandPeaceBuildingAssessmentVolumeIweb-PUBLIC-Volume-1.pdf
  • Transparency.org. (t.y.). Transparency.Org. Geliş tarihi 15 Ocak 2023, gönderen Erişim adresi: https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/nigeria
  • Turan, A. (t.y.). Nijerya’daki islâmî hareketler. Stratejik düşünce ve analiz merkezi (SDAM). Erişim adresi: https://sdam.org.tr/kurs/nijerya-daki-islami-hareketler.html
  • Walker, A. (2012). What is Boko Haram? (Special Report 308). United States Institute of Peace. Erişim adresi: https://www.usip.org/publications/2012/05/what-boko-haram
  • World Bank Group. (2021, Nisan). Poverty and Equity Brief: Nigeria. Erişim adresi: https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/data/download/poverty/987B9C90-CB9F-4D93-AE8C-750588BF00QA/AM2020/Global_POVEQ_NGA.pdf
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Sosyolojisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ahmet Aktaş 0000-0003-3986-6189

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Aktaş, A. (2023). Radikalizm ve Yoksunluk İlişkisi: Boko Haram Örneği. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(4), 1131-1152. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1254437