Restoranlarda İş Güvencesizliği, İşe Yabancılaşma ve Sessiz İstifa

Öz

Kaynakların Korunumu Teorisi (COR) temel alınarak, bu çalışma bilişsel ve duyuşsal iş güvencesizliğinin, restoran çalışanları arasında işe yabancılaşma aracılığıyla sessiz istifa davranışı üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Veriler, Kasım–Aralık 2025 tarihleri arasında Türkiye’nin Ankara ilinde faaliyet gösteren günlük yemek restoranlarında çalışan 396 kişiden, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ve kesitsel araştırma tasarımı kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Bilişsel ve duyuşsal iş güvencesizliği, işe yabancılaşma ve sessiz istifa değişkenlerini ölçmek amacıyla geçerliliği kanıtlanmış ölçekler beşli Likert tipi kullanılarak uygulanmıştır. Veriler IBM SPSS V.22 ve IBM AMOS V.20 programları kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Önerilen model, kovaryans temelli yapısal eşitlik modellemesi (CB-SEM) ile test edilmiştir. Yapısal modelin kabul edilebilir uyum değerleri gösterdiği belirlenmiştir (χ²/df = 2.56, CFI = .968, TLI = .961, RMSEA = .063). Bulgular, bilişsel iş güvencesizliğinin işe yabancılaşma (β = .14, p < .05) ve sessiz istifa (β = .34, p < .001) ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğunu; duyuşsal iş güvencesizliğinin ise işe yabancılaşma (β = .34, p < .001) ve sessiz istifa (β = .31, p < .001) üzerinde pozitif etkiler yarattığını göstermektedir. İşe yabancılaşmanın da sessiz istifayı anlamlı şekilde yordadığı tespit edilmiştir (β = .21, p < .001). Model, işe yabancılaşmadaki varyansın %18.5’ini ve sessiz istifadaki varyansın %45.9’unu açıklamaktadır. Bootstrap analizleri, bilişsel (β = .03, %95 GA [.006, .074]) ve duyuşsal iş güvencesizliğinin (β = .07, %95 GA [.037, .124]) işe yabancılaşma aracılığıyla sessiz istifa üzerindeki dolaylı etkilerinin anlamlı olduğunu ve kısmi aracılık bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İş güvencesizliği
• işe yabancılaşama
• sessiz istifa
• restoran çalışanları

Job Insecurity, Work Alienation, and Quiet Quitting Among Restaurant Employees

Öz

The theoretical framework of this research was approached Conservation of Resources (COR) theory. Within the theoretical structure of the model, the research examines the mediator role of work alienation on the impact of cognitive and affective job insecurity on quiet quitting behavior in a sample of restaurant employees. Data were collected from 396 employees working in casual dining restaurants located in Ankara, Türkiye, between November and December 2025, using a convenience sampling method and a cross-sectional survey design. Established scales were employed to measure cognitive and affective job insecurity, work alienation, and quiet quitting on a five-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS V.22 and IBM AMOS V.20. The structural model demonstrated acceptable fit (χ²/df = 2.56, CFI = .968, TLI = .961, RMSEA = .063). The results indicated that cognitive job insecurity was related to work alienation (β = .14, p < .05) and quiet quitting (β = .34, p < .001), while affective job insecurity was linked to with work alienation (β = .34, p < .001) and quiet quitting (β = .31, p < .001). Work alienation, in turn, predicted quiet quitting (β = .21, p < .001). The model explained 18.5% of the variance in work alienation and 45.9% of the variance in quiet quitting. Bootstrapping analyses confirmed significant indirect effects of cognitive (β = .03, 95% CI [.006, .074]) and affective job insecurity (β = .07, 95% CI [.037, .124]) on quiet quitting via work alienation, indicating partial mediation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Job insecurity
• work alienation
• quite quitting
• restaurant employees

Kaynakça

1. Abouelenien, R. E. I., Abd-Elhady, M. H., Hussien, I. M., Hashad, M. E. (2024). The effect of job insecurity on employees’ job performance in the hospitality and tourism industry: The role of work alienation. Journal of the Faculty of Tourism and Hotels-University of Sadat City, 8(1/1), 1–20.
2. Akça, C. (2024). Psikolojik sözleşme ihlalinin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerine etkisinde devam bağlılığının aracı rolü. Business and Economics Research Journal, 15(4), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1095087
3. Akgunduz, Y., Eryilmaz, G. (2018). Does turnover intention mediate the effects of job insecurity and co-worker support on social loafing? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 68, 41–49.
4. Albar, B. Ö. (2024). İş güvencesizliği, tükenmişlik ve içsel işten ayrılma. The Journal of Social Sciences, 26(26), 164–174.
5. Almarzoqee, F. Y., Bani‐Melhem, S., Mohd‐Shamsudin, F., Usman, M., Nusairi, A. (2025). Overwhelmed or withdrawn? How job demands and unfairness drive alienation, quiet quitting, knowledge withholding. Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.70049
6. Anderson, J. C., Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. Arar, T., Çetiner, N., Yurdakul, G. (2023). Quiet quitting: Building a comprehensive theoretical framework. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 15(28), 122–138. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kilisiibfakademik/article/1245216
7. Atalay, E. (2023). The moderator and mediator roles of alienation in the effect of job insecurity on emotional exhaustion: The sample of research assistants. Journal of International Social Research, 16(104), 1–26.
8. Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94.

9. Can, Ü., Okat, Ç. (2025). Rol çatışması ve örgütsel sinizm ilişkisinde sessiz istifanın rolü: restoran çalışanları üzerine bir inceleme. O. N. Özdoğan, T. Ayyıldız (Ed.), Gastronomi turizmi araştırmaları 2 içinde (s. 237–248). Detay Yayıncılık.
10. Chen, K. H., Ye, Y. (2024). Is your working life good? Alienation in the nexus between job characteristics and organizational citizenship behaviour of hospitality frontline employees. Tourism Review, 79(1), 133–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-09-2022-0427
11. Cho, M., Bonn, M. A., Han, S. J., Lee, K. H. (2016). Workplace incivility and its effect upon restaurant frontline service employee emotions and service performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(12), 2888–2912.
12. Çalışkan, K. (2023). Sessiz istifa: Sonun başlangıcı mı yeniden diriliş mi? Journal of Organizational Behaviour Review, 5(2), 190–204.
13. Çolakoğlu, Ö. M., Büyükekşi, C. (2014). Açımlayıcı faktör analiz sürecini etkileyen unsurların değerlendirilmesi. Karaelmas Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 56-64.
14. Dağlı, A., Baysal, N., Ertaş, N. T. (2025). Sessiz istifa ölçeği’nin türkçe’ye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(2), 703-723.
15. De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity: Review of the international literature on definitions, prevalence, antecedents and consequences. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(4), 1–6.
16. Di Pietro, R.B., Moreo, A., Cain, L. (2020). Well-being, affective commitment and job satisfaction: influences on turnover intentions in casual dining employees. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 29(2), 139-163, https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2019.1605956 Formica, S., Sfodera, F. (2022). The great resignation and quiet quitting paradigm shifts: An overview of current situation and future research directions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 31(8), 899–907. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2022.2136601 Galanis, P., Katsiroumpa, A., Vraka, I., Siskou, O., Konstantakopoulou, O., Moisoglou, I., Gallos, P., Kaitelidou, D. (2023). The quiet quitting scale: Development and initial validation. AIMS Public Health, 10(4), 828–848.
17. Gefen, D., Straub, D.W. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-graph: tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16(1), 91–109.
18. Görmüş, İ. (2024). Yeni nesil çalışan davranışı: Sessiz istifa. Üçüncü Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi, 59(1), 366-387.
19. Greenhalgh, L., Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 9, 438–448.
20. Gün, İ. (2024). Sessiz istifa niyetini etkileyen faktörlerin AHP yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesi: Sağlık çalışanlarında bir uygulama. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(52), 500–520.
21. Gürer, A., Solmaztürk, A. B., Gökçe, F. (2024). Sessiz istifa: Literatür incelemesi. Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13, 1–41.
22. Hai, S., Long, T., Honora, A., Japutra, A., Guo, T. (2025). The dark side of employee-generative AI collaboration in the workplace: An investigation on work alienation and employee expediency. International Journal of Information Management, 83, 1–11.
23. Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
24. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152.
25. Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
26. Hamouche, S. (2021). Covid-19, physical distancıng in the workplace and employees’ mental health: Implications and insights for organizational interventions-narrative review. Psychiatria Danubina, 33(2), 202–208.
27. Hamouche, S., Koritos, C., Papastathopoulos, A. (2023). Quiet quitting: relationship with other concepts and implications for tourism and hospitality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(12), 4297–4312.
28. Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., Isaksson, K. (1999). A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 179–195.
29. Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
30. Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.-P., Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behaviour, 5, 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640
31. Horta, H., Jung, J., Zhang, L., Postiglione, G. (2019). Academics’ job-related stress and institutional commitment in Hong Kong universities. Tertiary Education and Management, 25, 327–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11233-019-09039-8
32. Jongile, T. (2023). Successful aging and turnover intention among older hospitality frontline employees (Order No. 30633037). [Doctoral dissertation, University of Mississippi]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (2919610751). https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/successful-aging-turnover-intention-among-older/docview/2919610751/se-2
33. Kara, M., Van Der Bijl, J. J., Shortridge-Baggett, L. M., Astı, T., Erguney, S. (2006). Cross-cultural adaptation of the diabetes management self-efficacy scale for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Scale development. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(5), 611-621.
34. Karagöz, Y. (2021). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı nicel-nitel-karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
35. Karatepe, O. M., Rezapouraghdam, H., Hassannia, R. (2020). Job insecurity, work engagement and their effects on hotel employees’ non-green and nonattendance behaviours. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 87, 1–12.
36. Karrani, M. A., Bani-Melhem, S., Mohd-Shamsudin, F. (2024). Employee quiet quitting behaviours: conceptualization, measure development, and validation. The Service Industries Journal, 44(3-4), 218–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2023.2286604
37. Karrani, M. A., Bani-Melhem, S., Mohd-Shamsudin, F., Usman, M., Boğan, E. (2025). Quiet quitting behaviours: investigating trigger factors and mitigation strategies through relational job design, work alienation, and inclusive leadership. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 33(8), 2520–2546.
38. Kartal, N. (2018). Evaluating the relationship between work engagement, work alienation and work performance of healthcare professionals. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 11(3), 251–259.
39. Katlav, E. Ö., Çetin, B., Perçin, N. Ş. (2021). Turist rehberlerinin iş güvencesizliği algılarının tükenmişlik düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisi. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 18(1), 37–55.
40. Khan, A. K., Khalid, M., Abbas, N., Khalid, S. (2022). COVID-19-related job insecurity and employees’ behaviouraloutcomes: mediating role of emotional exhaustion and moderating role of symmetrical internal communication. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(7), 2496–2515.
41. Kim, W. G., Leong, J. K., Lee, Y. K. (2005). Effect of service orientation on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and intention of leaving in a casual dining chain restaurant. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24(2), 171–193.
42. Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3th ed.). The Guilford Press.
43. Klotz, A. (2022, January 3). The great resignation is still here, but whether it stays is up to leaders. The Forum Network. https://www.oecd-forum.org/posts/the-great-resignation-isstill-here-but-whether-it-stays-is-up-to-leaders
44. Kobak, Ö. (2023). Sessiz istifa kavramına ilişkin bir model önerisi (Tez no. 821880) (Yüksek lisans tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
45. Lao, F., Borbon, N. M. D. (2021). Motivation and Commitment among Casual Dining Restaurant Employees in Batangas. Sustainable Development, 9(2), 41–52.
46. Lagios, C., Lagios, N., Stinglhamber, F., Caesens, G. (2023). Predictors and consequences of work alienation in times of crisis: Evidence from two longitudinal studies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Psychology, 42(26), 22866–22880.
47. Lestari, N. S., Zainal, V. R., Chan, S., Nawangsari, L. C. (2024). Impact of career development, job insecurity, and tech awareness on the quiet quitting of hospitality employees in Indonesia. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(3), 427–439.
48. Li, S., Chen, Y. (2018). The relationship between psychological contract breach and employees’ counterproductive work behaviours: the mediating effect of organizational cynicism and work alienation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01273/full
49. Liu-Lastres, B., Karatepe, O. M., Okumus, F. (2024). Combating quiet quitting: Implications for future research and practices for talent management. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(1), 13–24.
50. Lord, J. (2022, September 9). Quiet quitting is a new name for an old method of industrial action. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/quiet-quitting-is-a-new-name-for-an-old-method-of-industrial-action-189752
51. Mia, M. M., Majri, Y., Rahman, I. K. A. (2019). Covariance based-structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) using AMOS in management research. Journal of Business and Management, 21(1), 56–61.
52. Molchan, S., Clore, C. (2023). What’s going on in the workplace? The impact of quiet quitting and the great resignation in Corporate America. Aspen Journal of Scholarly Works, 3, 200–210.
53. Nair, N., Vohra, N. (2010). An exploration of factors predicting work alienation of knowledge workers. Management Decision, 48(4), 600–615.
54. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
55. Örücü, E., Hasırcı, I. (2024). Örgütlerde hiyerarşi kültürü ve lider-üye etkileşiminin sessiz istifa davranışı üzerindeki etkisi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 25(1), 275–291. https://doi.org/10.31671/doujournal.1338999
56. Pasha, B. M., Soetjipto, B. E. (2026). Prediktor Quiet Quitting Pada Karyawan Era PascaPandemi: Systematic Literature Review dan Bibiometric Analysis. Jurnal Manajemen Motivasi, 22(1), 108–128.
57. Pandey, E. (2022, September 21). The staying power of quiet quitting. Axios. https://www.axios.com/2022/09/21/quiet-quitting-genz-work-jobs-minimum
58. Piccoli, B., De Witte, H. (2015). Job insecurity and emotional exhaustion: Testing psychological contract breach versus distributive injustice as indicators of lack of reciprocity. Work & Stress, 29(3), 246-263.
59. Pires, M. L. (2025). The effects of job insecurity on psychological well-being and work engagement: Testing a moderated mediation model. BehaviouralSciences, 15(7), 1–24.
60. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behaviouralresearch: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
61. Rousseau, D. M. (1998). The 'Problem' of the psychological contract considered. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 19, 665–671.
62. Saeed, B., Tasmin, R., Mahmood, A., Hafeez, A. (2022). Development of a multi-item operational excellence scale: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The TQM Journal, 34(3), 576–602.
63. Savaş, B. Ç., Turan, M. (2023). Sessiz istifa ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, 12(3), 442–453.
64. Seçer, B. (2011). İş güvencesizliğinin içsel işten ayrılma ve yaşam doyumuna etkisi. İş-Güç Endüstri İlişkileri Dergisi, 13(4), 43–60.
65. Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review, 24(6), 783–791.
66. Shantz, A., Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E. (2015). The role of employee engagement in the relationship between job design and task performance, citizenship and deviant behaviours. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(21), 2742–2763. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1020449
67. Shepard, J. M. (1970). Functional specialization: alienation, & job satisfaction. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 23(2), 207-219.
68. Shin, H. C. (2019). The relationship between psychological contract breach and job insecurity or stress in employees engaged in the restaurant business. Sustainability, 11 (20), 5709. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205709.
69. Shoss, M. K. (2017). Job insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1911–1939. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317691574
70. Sobaih, A. E., Gharbi, H., Aliane, N. (2025). Job insecurity, psychological safety, work alienation and anxiety in the hotel ındustry: a moderated-mediated analyses. Frontiers in Psychology, 16,1615426. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1615426
71. Suárez‐Mendoza, M.J, Zoghbi‐Manrique‐de‐Lara, P. (2008). The impact of work alienation on organizational citizenship behaviour in the Canary Islands. International journal of Organizational Analysis, 15(1), 56–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/19348830710860156
72. Suhr, D. D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? https://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings/proceedings/sugi31/200-31.pdf
73. Susanto, A., Wijaya, E., Nasib, N., Fadila, Z., Amelia, R. (2025). Digital burnout, work alienation, and turnover intention: Unveiling the mediating role of toxic leadership among Generation Y lecturers in leading universities in Medan. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 12(11), 106–120. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2025.11.01
74. Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., Näswall, K. (2002). No security: a meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242–264.
75. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S. (2007). Experimental designs using anova. Thomson/Brooks/Cole,
76. Vlachopoulos, S. P., Karageorghis, C. I., Terry, P. C. (2000). Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis of the Flow State Scale in exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(10), 815–823.
77. Ward, W. L. (2022). Retention and career success of faculty: The case for building a sense of belonging to the academic medicine community. Marshall Journal of Medicine, 8(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.33470/2379-9536.1382
78. Yıldız, S. (2023). Quiet quitting: causes, consequences and suggestions. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 9(70), 3180–3190. http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/smryj.69426
79. Yılmaz, K. (2024). Örgütlerde sessiz istifa: Kavramsal bir çözümleme ve Türkiye’de yapılan araştırmaların değerlendirilmesi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(4), 1395¬¬–1410. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1491850
80. Zenger, J., Folkman, J. (2022). Quiet quitting is about bad bosses, not bad employees. Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2022/08/quiet-quitting-is-about-bad-bosses-not-bad-employees