Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Turkish Adaptation of Masculine Gender Role Stress Scale: A Reliability and Validity Study

Yıl 2024, , 316 - 346, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1337423

Öz

Masculine Gender Role Stress refers to men’s stress felt in individual, social, and societal situations where they think they transgress the norms of idealized masculinity. The majority of research conducted to examine men’s stress rooted in masculinity norms has been using the 40-item and five-factor Male Gender Role Stress (MGRS) Scale of Eisler and Skidmore (1987). However, there are very few research focusing on the adaptation of MGRS scale in different cultures. Thus, this study aimed to adapt the MGRS scale into Turkish and present its validity and reliability. 395 men participated in this study by convenience sampling method. Participants filled out the MGRS scale together with anxiety, anger, gender attitudes, life satisfaction and psychological well-being scales. After the Exploratory Factor Analysis, the scale showed a 28-item three-factor structure in the Turkish sample: Performance inadequacy, subordination, and confrontation with emotional situations. In addition, Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that this three-factor structure fits the data better than the one-factor model. MGRS was positively correlated with anxiety, anger, and gender attitudes, while it was negatively correlated with life satisfaction and well-being. In light of the findings, the MGRS scale can be used as a reliable scale with construct and criterion validity in Türkiye. The results are discussed considering the adverse effects of ECRS on men's individual (physical and mental) and public health.

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, O. L. ve Karadavut, U. (2017). Analysis of the factors affecting men’s attitudes toward cosmetic surgery: Body image, media exposure, social network use, masculine gender role stress and religious attitudes. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 41(6), 1454–1462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-017-0882-3
  • Arrindell, W. A., Van Well, S., Kolk, A. M., Barelds, D. P. H., Oei, T. P. S., Lau, P. Y., Aguilar, G., Bagés, N., Barelds, D. P. H., Bentall, R., Bouvard, M., Bridges, K. R., Buchanan, A., Caballo, V. E., Calvo, M. G., Canalda, G., Castro, J., Crozier, W. R., Davis, M., … Zaldívar, F. (2013). Higher levels of masculine gender role stress in masculine than in feminine nations: A thirteen-nations study. Cross-Cultural Research, 47(1), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397112470366
  • Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 16, 296-298.
  • Baugher, A. R. ve Gazmararian, J. A. (2015). Masculine gender role stress and violence: A literature review and future directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 24(May), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.04.002
  • Bayar, Ö., Haskan Avcı, Ö. ve Koç, M. (2018). Erkek Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi Ölçeği’nin (ETCRSÖ) geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1), 57–76.
  • Berke, D. S., Liautaud, M. ve Tuten, M. (2022). Men’s psychiatric distress in context: Understanding the impact of masculine discrepancy stress, race, and barriers to help-seeking. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(4), 946–960. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320977641
  • Berke, D. S. ve Zeichner, A. (2016). Man’s heaviest burden: A review of contemporary paradigms and new directions for understanding and preventing masculine aggression. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(2), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/SPC3.12238
  • Bolak-Boratav, H., Okman-Fişek, G. ve Eslen-Ziya, H. (2017). Erkekliğin Türkiye halleri (1. Basım). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bomben, R., Robertson, N. ve Allan, S. (2022). Barriers to help-seeking for eating disorders in men: A mixed-methods systematic review. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 23(2), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000382.supp
  • Booth, N. R., McDermott, R. C., Cheng, H. L. ve Borgogna, N. C. (2019). Masculine gender role stress and self-stigma of seeking help: The moderating roles of self-compassion and self-coldness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(6), 755–762, https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000350
  • Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. Polity Press
  • Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities (2. Basım). University of California Press.
  • Cunningham, M. L., Nagata, J. M., Frederick, D., Rodgers, R. F., Lavender, J. M., Szabo, M. ve Murray, S. B. (2020a). Who’s the ‘bigger’ man? Parsing the relationships between masculinity and men’s muscularity dissatisfaction. Body Image, 34, 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.04.003
  • Cunningham, M. L., Rodgers, R. F., Lavender, J. M., Nagata, J. M., Frederick, D., Szabo, M. ve Murray, S. B. (2020b). ‘Big boys don’t cry’: Examining the indirect pathway of masculinity discrepancy stress and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology through dimensions of emotion dysregulation. Body Image, 34, 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.014
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). Satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 71–75.
  • Eisler, R. M. ve Skidmore, J. R. (1987). Masculine gender role stress: Scale development and component factors in the appraisal of stressful situations. Behavioral Modification, 11(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/http://bmo.sagepub.com/content/11/2/123
  • Eisler, R. M., Skidmore, J. R. ve Ward, C. H. (1988). Masculine gender-role stress: Predictor of anger, anxiety, and health-risk behaviors. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1),133–141. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_12
  • Fowler, S. L. ve Geers, A. L. (2017). Does trait masculinity relate to expressing toughness? The effects of masculinity threat and self-affirmation in college men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 18(2), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000053
  • Gallagher, K. E. ve Parrott, D. J. (2011). What accounts for men’s hostile attitudes toward women? The influence of hegemonic male role norms and masculine gender role stress. Violence Against Women, 17, 568–583. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211407296
  • Gattario, K. H., Frisén, A., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Ricciardelli, L. A., Diedrichs, P. C., Yager, Z., Franko, D. L. ve Smolak, L. (2015). How is men’s conformity to masculine norms related to their body image? Masculinity and muscularity across Western Countries. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 16(3), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038494
  • Gough, B. ve Robertson, S. (2017). A review of research on men’s physical health. İçinde Ronald F. Levant ve Y. J. Wong (Edl.), The Psychology of Men and Masculinities (1. Basım, ss. 197–227). American Psychological Association (APA).
  • Grunewald, W., Kinkel-Ram, S. S. ve Smith, A. R. (2022). Conformity to masculine norms, masculine discrepancy stress, and changes in muscle dysmorphia symptoms. Body Image, 40, 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.001
  • Hofstede Insights. (t.y.). Country comparison tool. 1 Ağustos 2023 tarihinde https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison-tool?countries=china%2Cnetherlands%2Cpoland%2Cturkey adresinden erişildi.
  • Hoskin, R. A. (2018). Critical femininities: The development and application of femme theory [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Queen’s Üniversitesi.
  • Hoskin, R. A. (2020). “Femininity? It’s the aesthetic of subordination”: Examining femmephobia, the gender binary, and experiences of oppression among sexual and gender minorities. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 2319–2339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01641-x
  • Hu, L. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
  • Iwamoto, D. K., Brady, J., Kaya, A. ve Park, A. (2018). Masculinity and depression: A longitudinal ınvestigation of multidimensional masculine norms among college men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(6), 1873–1881. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318785549
  • İmamoğlu, O. E. (2004). Self-related correlates of well-being. [Yayımlanmamış veri seti}.
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
  • Kazmierczak, M. (2010). The feminine and masculine gender role stress: Conclusions from Polish studies. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 41(3), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.2478/s10059-010-0003-5
  • Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A. ve Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. İçinde D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske ve G. Lindzey (Edl.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (ss. 233–265). McGraw-Hill.
  • King, L. A. ve Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58 (5), 864.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2. Basım). Guilford Press.
  • Komlenac, N. ve Hochleitner, M. (2022). Heterosexual-identified men’s endorsement of masculinity ideologies moderates associations between pornography consumption, body satisfaction and sexual functioning. Psychology and Sexuality, 13(4), 880–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2021.1936616
  • Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Besta, T., Adamska, K., Jaśkiewicz, M. ve Vandello, J. A. (2016). If my masculinity is threatened I won’t support gender equality? The role of agentic self-stereotyping in relations. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 17(3), 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000016
  • Levant, R. F. (1992). Toward the reconstruction of masculinity. Journal of Family Psychology, 5, 379–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.5.3-4.379
  • Levant, R. F. ve Powell, W. A. (2017). Gender Role Strain Paradigm. İçinde R. F. Levant ve Y. J. Wong (Edl.), The psychology of Men and Masculinities (1. Basım, ss. 15–44). American Psychological Association (APA).
  • Lisco, C. G., Leone, R. M., Gallagher, K. E. ve Parrott, D. J. (2015). “Demonstrating masculinity” via intimate partner aggression: The moderating effect of heavy episodic drinking. Sex Roles, 73(1–2), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0500-2
  • Luyt, R. (2005). The Male Attitude Norms Inventory-II: A measure of masculinity ideology in South Africa. Men and Masculinities, 8(2), 208–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X04264631
  • Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L., Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L. H., Diemer, M. A., Scott, R. P. J. ve Freitas, G. (2003). Development of the conformity to masculine norms inventory. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 4(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3
  • Mesler, R. M. D., Leary, R. B. ve Montford, W. J. (2022). The relationships between masculine gender role discrepancy, discrepancy stress and men’s health-related behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111205
  • Moore, T. M., Stuart, G. L., McNulty, J. K., Addis, M. E., Cordova, J. V. ve Temple, J. R. (2008). Domains of masculine gender role stress and intimate partner violence in a clinical sample of violent men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 9(2), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.9.2.82
  • Moss-Racusin, C. A. ve Good, J. (2015). Measure of a man: Outcomes of gender stereotyping for men and masculinity. Social Psychology, 46(4), 179–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018093
  • Netchaeva, E., Kouchaki, M. ve Sheppard, L. D. (2015). A man’s (precarious) place: men’s experienced threat and self-assertive reactions to female superiors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(9), 1247–1259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215593491
  • Oxford Sözlük. (t.y.). Subordinate. 2 Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/subordinate_1?q=subordinate adresinden erişildi.
  • Öner, N. ve LeCompte, A. (1985). Durumluk-sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özer, A. K. (1994). Sürekli öfke (Sl- Öfke) ve öfke tarzı (öfke-tarz) ölçekleri ön çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 26–35.
  • Pietraszkiewicz, A., Kaufmann, M. C. ve Formanowicz, M. M. (2017). Masculinity ideology and subjective well-being in a sample of polish men and women. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 48(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2017-0010
  • Pleck, J. H. (1995). The gender role strain paradigm: An update. İçinde R. F. Levant ve W. S. Pollack (Edl.), A New Psychology of Men (ss. 11–32). Basic Books.
  • Pleck, J. (2017). Foreword: A brief history of psychology of men and masculinities. İçinde R. F. Levant ve Y. J. Wong (Edl.), The Psychology of Men and Masculinities (1. Baskı, ss. xi–xxi). American Psychological Association.
  • Reidy, D. E., Berke, D. S., Gentile, B. ve Zeichner, A. (2014). Man enough? Masculine discrepancy stress and intimate partner violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 160–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.021
  • Reidy, D. E., Smith-Darden, J. P., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Malone, C. A. ve Kernsmith, P. D. (2018). Masculine discrepancy stress and psychosocial maladjustment: Implications for behavioral and mental health of adolescent boys. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 19(4), 560–569. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000132
  • Ryff, C. D. ve Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(197801)14:1<57::AID-JHBS2300140109>3.0.CO;2-7
  • Sakallı, N. ve Türkoğlu, B. (2019). “Erkek” olmak ya da olmamak: Sosyal psikolojik açıdan erkeksilik/erkeklik çalışmaları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları [Turkish Psychological Articles], 1–60. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
  • Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8(4), 350–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.350
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1988). Manual for the State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R. ve Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Swartout, K. M., Parrott, D. J., Cohn, A. M., Hagman, B. T. ve Gallagher, K. E. (2015). Development of the Abbreviated Masculine Gender Role Stress Scale. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038443
  • Tabachnik, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6. Basım). Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tang, C. S. ve Lau, B. H. (1995). The Assessment of Gender Role Stress for Chinese. Sex Roles, 33(8), 587–595.
  • Tang, C. S. ve Lau, B. H. (1996). The Chinese gender role stress scales: Factor structure and predictive validity. Behavior Modification, 20(3), 321–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/01454455960203005
  • Türk Dil Kurumu [TDK] Sözlüğü. (t.y.). Madun. 2 Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Van Well, S., Kolk, A. M. ve Arrindell, W. A. (2005). Cross-cultural validity of the masculine and feminine gender role stress scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84(3), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8403_06
  • Vandello, J. A. ve Bosson, J. K. (2013). Hard won and easily lost: A review and synthesis of theory and research on precarious manhood. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 14(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029826
  • Vandello, J. A., Wilkerson, M., Bosson, J. K., Wiernik, B. M. ve Kosakowska-Berezecka, N. (2023). Precarious Manhood and men’s physical health around the world. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 24(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000407
  • Vogel, D. L. ve Heath, P. J. (2015). Men, masculinities, and help-seeking patterns. APA Handbook of Men And Masculinities., 685–707. https://doi.org/10.1037/14594-031
  • Yang, X., Lau, J. T. F., Wang, Z. ve Lau, M. C. M. (2019). Prevalence of binge drinking and relationships between masculine role discrepancy and binge drinking via discrepancy stress among Chinese men. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 196, 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.013
  • Yeung, N. C. Y., Mak, W. W. S. ve Cheung, L. K. L. (2015). Conformity to the emotional-control masculine norm and psychological well-being among Chinese men in Hong Kong: The mediating role of stress appraisal for expressing tender emotions. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038578
  • Zeyneloğlu, S. ve Terzioğlu, F. (2011). Development and psychometric properties of gender roles attitude scale. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 40, 409–420.

Erkek Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2024, , 316 - 346, 31.05.2024
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1337423

Öz

Erkek Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi, geleneksel erkeklik normları ile uyuşmayan bireysel, sosyal ve toplumsal durumlarda erkeklerin hissedebileceği stres olarak ele alınır. Alan yazında bu stresi ölçmek için en çok kullanılan ölçeklerden biri Eisler ve Skidmore’un (1987) geliştirdiği 40 madde ve beş alt faktörden oluşan Erkek Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi (ECRS) ölçeğidir. Ancak, alan yazında ölçeği farklı kültürlere uyarlayan çalışmalar oldukça azdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise ECRS ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlamak ve geçerlik güvenirlik değerlerini ortaya koymaktır. Kolaylıkla bulunabilen örnekleme yöntemiyle erişilen 395 erkeğin katıldığı bu çalışmada, ECRS ölçeği, kaygı, öfke, toplumsal cinsiyet tutumları, yaşam doyumu ve esenlik ölçekleriyle birlikte uygulanmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizinden sonra ölçek 28 maddeye indirgenmiş ve Türkiye örnekleminde performans yetersizliği, madun olma ve duygusal durumlarla yüzleşme olmak üzere üç faktörlü bir yapı göstermiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi bulgularında da bu üç faktörlü yapının tek faktörlü yapıya göre veriye daha iyi uyum gösterdiği görülmüştür. ECRS, kaygı, öfke, toplumsal cinsiyet tutumları ile pozitif yönde ilişki gösterirken, yaşam doyumu ve esenlik ile negatif yönde ilişkilenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları ECRS ölçeğinin Türkiye’de yapı ve ölçüt geçerlikleri olan güvenilir bir ölçek olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, ECRS’nin erkeklerin bireysel (fiziksel ve ruh) sağlığı ve halk sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri ışığında tartışılmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

yok

Proje Numarası

yok

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, O. L. ve Karadavut, U. (2017). Analysis of the factors affecting men’s attitudes toward cosmetic surgery: Body image, media exposure, social network use, masculine gender role stress and religious attitudes. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 41(6), 1454–1462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-017-0882-3
  • Arrindell, W. A., Van Well, S., Kolk, A. M., Barelds, D. P. H., Oei, T. P. S., Lau, P. Y., Aguilar, G., Bagés, N., Barelds, D. P. H., Bentall, R., Bouvard, M., Bridges, K. R., Buchanan, A., Caballo, V. E., Calvo, M. G., Canalda, G., Castro, J., Crozier, W. R., Davis, M., … Zaldívar, F. (2013). Higher levels of masculine gender role stress in masculine than in feminine nations: A thirteen-nations study. Cross-Cultural Research, 47(1), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397112470366
  • Bartlett, M. S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various chi square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 16, 296-298.
  • Baugher, A. R. ve Gazmararian, J. A. (2015). Masculine gender role stress and violence: A literature review and future directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 24(May), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.04.002
  • Bayar, Ö., Haskan Avcı, Ö. ve Koç, M. (2018). Erkek Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi Ölçeği’nin (ETCRSÖ) geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(1), 57–76.
  • Berke, D. S., Liautaud, M. ve Tuten, M. (2022). Men’s psychiatric distress in context: Understanding the impact of masculine discrepancy stress, race, and barriers to help-seeking. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(4), 946–960. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320977641
  • Berke, D. S. ve Zeichner, A. (2016). Man’s heaviest burden: A review of contemporary paradigms and new directions for understanding and preventing masculine aggression. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(2), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/SPC3.12238
  • Bolak-Boratav, H., Okman-Fişek, G. ve Eslen-Ziya, H. (2017). Erkekliğin Türkiye halleri (1. Basım). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bomben, R., Robertson, N. ve Allan, S. (2022). Barriers to help-seeking for eating disorders in men: A mixed-methods systematic review. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 23(2), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000382.supp
  • Booth, N. R., McDermott, R. C., Cheng, H. L. ve Borgogna, N. C. (2019). Masculine gender role stress and self-stigma of seeking help: The moderating roles of self-compassion and self-coldness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(6), 755–762, https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000350
  • Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. Polity Press
  • Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities (2. Basım). University of California Press.
  • Cunningham, M. L., Nagata, J. M., Frederick, D., Rodgers, R. F., Lavender, J. M., Szabo, M. ve Murray, S. B. (2020a). Who’s the ‘bigger’ man? Parsing the relationships between masculinity and men’s muscularity dissatisfaction. Body Image, 34, 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.04.003
  • Cunningham, M. L., Rodgers, R. F., Lavender, J. M., Nagata, J. M., Frederick, D., Szabo, M. ve Murray, S. B. (2020b). ‘Big boys don’t cry’: Examining the indirect pathway of masculinity discrepancy stress and muscle dysmorphia symptomatology through dimensions of emotion dysregulation. Body Image, 34, 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.05.014
  • Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). Satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 71–75.
  • Eisler, R. M. ve Skidmore, J. R. (1987). Masculine gender role stress: Scale development and component factors in the appraisal of stressful situations. Behavioral Modification, 11(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/http://bmo.sagepub.com/content/11/2/123
  • Eisler, R. M., Skidmore, J. R. ve Ward, C. H. (1988). Masculine gender-role stress: Predictor of anger, anxiety, and health-risk behaviors. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1),133–141. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_12
  • Fowler, S. L. ve Geers, A. L. (2017). Does trait masculinity relate to expressing toughness? The effects of masculinity threat and self-affirmation in college men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 18(2), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000053
  • Gallagher, K. E. ve Parrott, D. J. (2011). What accounts for men’s hostile attitudes toward women? The influence of hegemonic male role norms and masculine gender role stress. Violence Against Women, 17, 568–583. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211407296
  • Gattario, K. H., Frisén, A., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Ricciardelli, L. A., Diedrichs, P. C., Yager, Z., Franko, D. L. ve Smolak, L. (2015). How is men’s conformity to masculine norms related to their body image? Masculinity and muscularity across Western Countries. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 16(3), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038494
  • Gough, B. ve Robertson, S. (2017). A review of research on men’s physical health. İçinde Ronald F. Levant ve Y. J. Wong (Edl.), The Psychology of Men and Masculinities (1. Basım, ss. 197–227). American Psychological Association (APA).
  • Grunewald, W., Kinkel-Ram, S. S. ve Smith, A. R. (2022). Conformity to masculine norms, masculine discrepancy stress, and changes in muscle dysmorphia symptoms. Body Image, 40, 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.001
  • Hofstede Insights. (t.y.). Country comparison tool. 1 Ağustos 2023 tarihinde https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison-tool?countries=china%2Cnetherlands%2Cpoland%2Cturkey adresinden erişildi.
  • Hoskin, R. A. (2018). Critical femininities: The development and application of femme theory [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Queen’s Üniversitesi.
  • Hoskin, R. A. (2020). “Femininity? It’s the aesthetic of subordination”: Examining femmephobia, the gender binary, and experiences of oppression among sexual and gender minorities. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 2319–2339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01641-x
  • Hu, L. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
  • Iwamoto, D. K., Brady, J., Kaya, A. ve Park, A. (2018). Masculinity and depression: A longitudinal ınvestigation of multidimensional masculine norms among college men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(6), 1873–1881. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318785549
  • İmamoğlu, O. E. (2004). Self-related correlates of well-being. [Yayımlanmamış veri seti}.
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
  • Kazmierczak, M. (2010). The feminine and masculine gender role stress: Conclusions from Polish studies. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 41(3), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.2478/s10059-010-0003-5
  • Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A. ve Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. İçinde D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske ve G. Lindzey (Edl.), The Handbook of Social Psychology (ss. 233–265). McGraw-Hill.
  • King, L. A. ve Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58 (5), 864.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2. Basım). Guilford Press.
  • Komlenac, N. ve Hochleitner, M. (2022). Heterosexual-identified men’s endorsement of masculinity ideologies moderates associations between pornography consumption, body satisfaction and sexual functioning. Psychology and Sexuality, 13(4), 880–900. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2021.1936616
  • Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Besta, T., Adamska, K., Jaśkiewicz, M. ve Vandello, J. A. (2016). If my masculinity is threatened I won’t support gender equality? The role of agentic self-stereotyping in relations. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 17(3), 274–284. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000016
  • Levant, R. F. (1992). Toward the reconstruction of masculinity. Journal of Family Psychology, 5, 379–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.5.3-4.379
  • Levant, R. F. ve Powell, W. A. (2017). Gender Role Strain Paradigm. İçinde R. F. Levant ve Y. J. Wong (Edl.), The psychology of Men and Masculinities (1. Basım, ss. 15–44). American Psychological Association (APA).
  • Lisco, C. G., Leone, R. M., Gallagher, K. E. ve Parrott, D. J. (2015). “Demonstrating masculinity” via intimate partner aggression: The moderating effect of heavy episodic drinking. Sex Roles, 73(1–2), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0500-2
  • Luyt, R. (2005). The Male Attitude Norms Inventory-II: A measure of masculinity ideology in South Africa. Men and Masculinities, 8(2), 208–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X04264631
  • Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L., Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L. H., Diemer, M. A., Scott, R. P. J. ve Freitas, G. (2003). Development of the conformity to masculine norms inventory. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 4(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.3
  • Mesler, R. M. D., Leary, R. B. ve Montford, W. J. (2022). The relationships between masculine gender role discrepancy, discrepancy stress and men’s health-related behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111205
  • Moore, T. M., Stuart, G. L., McNulty, J. K., Addis, M. E., Cordova, J. V. ve Temple, J. R. (2008). Domains of masculine gender role stress and intimate partner violence in a clinical sample of violent men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 9(2), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.9.2.82
  • Moss-Racusin, C. A. ve Good, J. (2015). Measure of a man: Outcomes of gender stereotyping for men and masculinity. Social Psychology, 46(4), 179–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018093
  • Netchaeva, E., Kouchaki, M. ve Sheppard, L. D. (2015). A man’s (precarious) place: men’s experienced threat and self-assertive reactions to female superiors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(9), 1247–1259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215593491
  • Oxford Sözlük. (t.y.). Subordinate. 2 Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/subordinate_1?q=subordinate adresinden erişildi.
  • Öner, N. ve LeCompte, A. (1985). Durumluk-sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özer, A. K. (1994). Sürekli öfke (Sl- Öfke) ve öfke tarzı (öfke-tarz) ölçekleri ön çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 26–35.
  • Pietraszkiewicz, A., Kaufmann, M. C. ve Formanowicz, M. M. (2017). Masculinity ideology and subjective well-being in a sample of polish men and women. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 48(1), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2017-0010
  • Pleck, J. H. (1995). The gender role strain paradigm: An update. İçinde R. F. Levant ve W. S. Pollack (Edl.), A New Psychology of Men (ss. 11–32). Basic Books.
  • Pleck, J. (2017). Foreword: A brief history of psychology of men and masculinities. İçinde R. F. Levant ve Y. J. Wong (Edl.), The Psychology of Men and Masculinities (1. Baskı, ss. xi–xxi). American Psychological Association.
  • Reidy, D. E., Berke, D. S., Gentile, B. ve Zeichner, A. (2014). Man enough? Masculine discrepancy stress and intimate partner violence. Personality and Individual Differences, 68, 160–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.021
  • Reidy, D. E., Smith-Darden, J. P., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Malone, C. A. ve Kernsmith, P. D. (2018). Masculine discrepancy stress and psychosocial maladjustment: Implications for behavioral and mental health of adolescent boys. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 19(4), 560–569. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000132
  • Ryff, C. D. ve Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 14(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(197801)14:1<57::AID-JHBS2300140109>3.0.CO;2-7
  • Sakallı, N. ve Türkoğlu, B. (2019). “Erkek” olmak ya da olmamak: Sosyal psikolojik açıdan erkeksilik/erkeklik çalışmaları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları [Turkish Psychological Articles], 1–60. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpy1301996120190516m000014
  • Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8(4), 350–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.350
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1988). Manual for the State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory. Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R. ve Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Swartout, K. M., Parrott, D. J., Cohn, A. M., Hagman, B. T. ve Gallagher, K. E. (2015). Development of the Abbreviated Masculine Gender Role Stress Scale. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038443
  • Tabachnik, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6. Basım). Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tang, C. S. ve Lau, B. H. (1995). The Assessment of Gender Role Stress for Chinese. Sex Roles, 33(8), 587–595.
  • Tang, C. S. ve Lau, B. H. (1996). The Chinese gender role stress scales: Factor structure and predictive validity. Behavior Modification, 20(3), 321–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/01454455960203005
  • Türk Dil Kurumu [TDK] Sözlüğü. (t.y.). Madun. 2 Ocak 2024 tarihinde https://sozluk.gov.tr/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Van Well, S., Kolk, A. M. ve Arrindell, W. A. (2005). Cross-cultural validity of the masculine and feminine gender role stress scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84(3), 271–278. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8403_06
  • Vandello, J. A. ve Bosson, J. K. (2013). Hard won and easily lost: A review and synthesis of theory and research on precarious manhood. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 14(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029826
  • Vandello, J. A., Wilkerson, M., Bosson, J. K., Wiernik, B. M. ve Kosakowska-Berezecka, N. (2023). Precarious Manhood and men’s physical health around the world. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 24(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000407
  • Vogel, D. L. ve Heath, P. J. (2015). Men, masculinities, and help-seeking patterns. APA Handbook of Men And Masculinities., 685–707. https://doi.org/10.1037/14594-031
  • Yang, X., Lau, J. T. F., Wang, Z. ve Lau, M. C. M. (2019). Prevalence of binge drinking and relationships between masculine role discrepancy and binge drinking via discrepancy stress among Chinese men. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 196, 57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.013
  • Yeung, N. C. Y., Mak, W. W. S. ve Cheung, L. K. L. (2015). Conformity to the emotional-control masculine norm and psychological well-being among Chinese men in Hong Kong: The mediating role of stress appraisal for expressing tender emotions. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038578
  • Zeyneloğlu, S. ve Terzioğlu, F. (2011). Development and psychometric properties of gender roles attitude scale. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 40, 409–420.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Stres, Cinsiyet Psikolojisi, Kişilik ve Bireysel Farklılıklar, Test, Ölçme ve Psikometri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Beril Türkoğlu 0000-0002-4752-5723

Proje Numarası yok
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Ağustos 2023
Kabul Tarihi 15 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Türkoğlu, B. (2024). Erkek Cinsiyet Rolü Stresi Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 11(2), 316-346. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1337423