Zihinselleştirme Ölçeği’nin Psikometrik Özelliklerinin 14-18 Yaşları Arasındaki Ergenlerde İncelenmesi

Öz

Zihinselleştirme kavramı bireyin kendisinin ve diğerlerinin zihinsel durumlarını anlama ve yorumlamaya yönelik çabasını ve becerisini ifade eder. Bu çalışmada daha önce erişkinlerdeki zihinselleştirme becerilerini değerlendirmek üzere geliştirilmiş ve ülkemizde de erişkinler için uyarlama çalışması yapılmış olan Zihinselleştirme Ölçeği’nin ergenlerdeki psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 14-18 yaş aralığındaki 1399 ergen demografik bilgi formu, Zihinselleştirme Ölçeği ve Buss-Perry Saldırganlık Ölçeği’nden oluşan ölçek bataryasını doldurmuştur. Yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) sonucunda orijinal ve uyarlama çalışmasında ötekiler boyutunda yer alan bir madde kendilik boyutuna alınmıştır. Yinelenen DFA bulgularına göre χ2/df, GFI, AGFI ve RMSEA değerleri ölçeğin ergenler için yapı geçerliğini doğrularken CFI ve TLI değerleri sınır kabul edilen ölçütlerin altında kalmıştır. Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı ölçeğin tamamı için. 70 iken alt boyutlardan güdülenme için .57, ötekiler ve kendilik için .72 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Zihinselleştirmenin ve saldırganlığın boyutları arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde kendilik ve ötekiler boyutlarının saldırganlıkla zıt yönde bir ilişki kurduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Kendiliğe yönelik zihinselleştirme becerisi kuvvetli olan gençlerde fiziksel ve sözel saldırganlık, öfke ve düşmanlık eğilimi azalma göstermektedir. Ötekine yönelik zihinselleştirme ve saldırganlık arasındaki ilişkide ise ergenlerin ötekine yönelik zihinselleştirme becerisi sözel saldırganlık, öfke ve düşmanlığı artırmaktadır. Son olarak alt boyutlar ile cinsiyet arasındaki ilişkide kızlar ve erkekler arasında birtakım farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma bulguları Zihinselleştirme Ölçeği’nin ergenlerdeki yapı geçerliğini kısmen de olsa doğrulamakla birlikte gelecekteki çalışmalarda ölçeğin ergen örneklemdeki faktör yapısı ve güvenirlik düzeyi konusunda daha fazla veriyle desteklenmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zihinselleştirme
• ergenlik
• saldırganlık
• geçerlik
• güvenirlik

Investigation of the Psychometric Properties of the Mentalization Scale in Adolescents Between the Ages of 14-18

Öz

Mentalization refers to an individual's effort and capacity to understand and interpret their own and others' mental states. This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Mentalization Scale (MentS) in adolescents, designed initially to evaluate mentalization skills in adults and has been adapted into Turkish for adults. 1399 adolescents aged 14-18 completed the demographic information form, MentS, and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Following the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), one item in the others sub-dimension was moved to the self sub-dimension. According to CFA findings, χ2/df, GFI, AGFI, and RMSEA values confirmed the construct validity of the scale for adolescents, while CFI and TLI values did not meet the accepted criteria. Internal consistency coefficients were .70 for the whole scale, .57 for motivation, and .72 for others and self. Examining the relationship between the dimensions of mentalization and aggression, it is noteworthy that the self and others dimensions have an opposite relationship with aggression. Physical and verbal aggression, anger, and hostility tendencies decrease in young people with strong mentalizing skills towards the self. Conversely, the other-oriented mentalizing ability of adolescents has been found to increase verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. Finally, the study identified a relationship between sub-dimensions of MentS and gender. While this research offers tentative support for the construct validity of MentS in adolescents, future studies must provide further data on factor structure and reliability levels of MentS in this age group.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• mentalization
• adolescence
• aggression
• validity
• reliability

Kaynakça

1. Adler, A., Gervinskaitė-Paulaitienė, L., Čekuolienė, D. ve Barkauskienė, R. (2021). Childhood maltreatment and adolescents’ externalizing problems: Mentalization and aggression justification as mediators. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 30(1), 54–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1783733
2. Allen, J. G., Fonagy, P. ve Bateman, A.W. (2008). Mentalizing in clinical practice (1. Basım). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
3. Andrews, K., Lariccia, L., Talwar, V. ve Bosacki, S. (2021). Empathetic concern in emerging adolescents: The role of theory of mind and gender roles. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 41(9), 1394–1424. https://doi.org/10.1177/02724316211002258
4. Ballespí, S., Pérez-Domingo, A., Vives, J., Sharp, C. ve Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2018). Childhood behavioral inhibition is associated with impaired mentalizing in adolescence. PloS One, 13(3), e0195303. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195303
5. Bateman, A. W., Bolton, R. ve Fonagy, P. (2013). Antisocial personality disorder: A mentalizing framework. The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry, XI(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.178
6. Bateman, A., Fonagy, P., Campbell, C., Luyten, P. ve Debbané, M. (2023). Cambridge Guide to Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT). (ss. 203-229). Cambridge University Press.
7. Benbassat, N. ve Priel, B. (2012). Parenting and adolescent adjustment: The role of parental reflective function. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.03.004
8. Benbassat, N. ve Shulman, S. (2016). The significance of parental reflective function in the adjustment of young adults. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(9), 2843–2852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0450-5

9. Bentler, P. M. ve Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606.
10. Benzi, I. M. A., Fontana, A., Barone, L., Preti, E., Parolin, L. ve Ensink, K. (2022). Emerging personality in adolescence: Developmental trajectories, internalizing and externalizing problems, and the role of mentalizing abilities. Journal of Adolescence, 95(3), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12134
11. Berthelot, N., Ensink, K., Bernazzani, O., Normandin, L., Luyten, P. ve Fonagy, P. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of attachment in abused and neglected mothers: The role of trauma-specific reflective functioning. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36(2), 200–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21499
12. Borelli, J. L., Compare, A., Snavely, J. E. ve Decio, V. (2015). Reflective functioning moderates the association between perceptions of parental neglect and attachment in adolescence. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 32(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037858
13. Buss, A. H. ve Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
14. Chevalier, V., Simard, V. ve Achim, J. (2023). Meta-analyses of the associations of mentalization and proxy variables with anxiety and internalizing problems. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 95, 102694, 1 – 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102694
15. Chevalier, V., Simard, V., Achim, J., Burmester, P. ve Beaulieu-Tremblay, T. (2021). Reflective functioning in children and adolescents with and without an anxiety disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.698654
16. Choi-Kain, L. W., Simonsen, S. ve Euler, S. (2022). A mentalizing approach for narcissistic personality disorder: Moving from "me-mode" to "we-mode". American Journal of Psychotherapy, 75(1), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20210017
17. Chow, C.-C., Nolte, T., Cohen, D., Fearon, R. M. P. ve Shmueli-Goetz, Y. (2017). Reflective functioning and adolescent psychological adaptation: The validity of the Reflective Functioning Scale–Adolescent Version. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 34(4), 404–413. https://doi.org/10.1037/pap0000148
18. Cohen, P., Crawford, T. N., Johnson, J. G. ve Kasen, S. (2005). The children in the community study of developmental course of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19(5), 466–486. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2005.19.5.466
19. Crocetti, E., Moscatelli, S., Van der Graaff, J., Rubini, M., Meeus, W. ve Branje, S. (2016). The interplay of self–certainty and prosocial development in the transition from late adolescence to emerging adulthood. European Journal of Personality, 30(6), 594-607. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2084
20. Cropp, C., Alexandrowicz, R. W. ve Taubner, S. (2019). Reflective functioning in an adolescent community sample. Mental Health and Prevention, 14, Article 200156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mph.2019.200156
21. Cüre Acer, S. (2020). Ebeveynlik tutumunun psikolojik belirtilere etkisinde zihinselleştirmenin, dayanıklılığın ve çocukluk çağı deneyimlerinin rolü: Nesiller arası bir çalışma [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
22. De Clercq, B., van Leeuwen, K., van den Noortgate, W., de Bolle, M. ve De Fruyt, F. (2009). Childhood personality pathology: Dimensional stability and change. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 853–869. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409000467
23. De Meulemeester, C., Lowyck, B., Vermote, R., Verhaest, Y. ve Luyten, P. (2017). Mentalizing and interpersonal problems in borderline personality disorder: The mediating role of identity diffusion. Psychiatry Research, 258, 141–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.061
24. Dedeoğlu, C. (2022). Examining different aspects of mentalization capacity among adolescents [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
25. Demirtaş Madran, H. A. (2013). Buss-Perry Saldırganlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24(2), 124–129. https://doi.org/10.5080/u6859
26. Dimitrijević, A., Hanak, N., Altaras Dimitrijević, A. ve Jolić Marjanović, Z. (2018). The mentalization scale (MentS): A self-report measure for the assessment of mentalizing capacity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(3), 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1310730
27. Duval, J., Ensink, K., Normandin, L., Sharp, C. ve Fonagy, P. (2018). Measuring reflective functioning in adolescents: Relations to personality disorders and psychological difficulties. Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210676608666180208161619
28. Ensink, K., Normandin, L., Plamondon, A., Berthelot, N. ve Fonagy, P. (2016). Intergenerational pathways from reflective functioning to infant attachment through parenting. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 48(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000030
29. Fischer-Kern, M., Fonagy, P., Kapusta, N. D., Luyten, P., Boss, S., Naderer, A., Blüml, V. ve Leithner, K. (2013). Mentalizing in female inpatients with major depressive disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(3), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182845c0a
30. Fonagy, P. ve Bateman, A. (2019). Introduction. İçinde A. Bateman ve P. Fonagy (Edl.), Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice (ss. 3–20). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
31. Fonagy, P. ve Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1355–1381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990198
32. Fonagy, P. ve Luyten, P. (2016). A multilevel perspective on the development of borderline personality disorder. İçinde D. Cicchetti (Ed.) Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 3: Maladaptation and Psychopathology (ss. 726–92). John Wiley & Sons.
33. Fonagy, P. ve Luyten, P. (2018). Conduct problems in youth and the RDoC approach: A developmental, evolutionary-based view. Clinical Psychology Review, 64, 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.010
34. Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Moulton-Perkins, A., Lee, Y. W., Warren, F., Howard, S., Ghinai, R., Fearon, P. ve Lowyck, B. (2016). Development and validation of a self-report measure of mentalizing: The reflective functioning questionnaire. PloS One, 11(7), e0158678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158678
35. Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, H. ve Steele, M. (1998). Reflective-functioning manual, version 5.0, for application to adult attachment interviews [Yayımlanmamış el kitabı]. University College London.
36. Gagliardini, G., Gullo, S., Tinozzi, V., Baiano, M., Balestrieri, M., Todisco, P., Schirone, T. ve Colli, A. (2020). Mentalizing subtypes in eating disorders: A latent profile analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 564291, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564291
37. Gao, S., Assink, M., Liu, T., Chan, K. L. ve Ip, P. (2021). Associations between rejection sensitivity, aggression, and victimization: A meta-analytic review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 22(1), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019833005
38. George, C., Kaplan, N., ve Main, M. (1985). Adult attachment interview [Yayımlanmamış metin]. University of California.
39. Ha, C., Sharp, C., Ensink, K., Fonagy, P. ve Cirino, P. (2013). The measurement of reflective function in adolescents with and without borderline traits. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1215–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.09.008
40. Halfon, S. ve Coşkun, A. (2021). Zihinselleştirmenin kültürel özellikleri ve psikolojik belirtiler ile ilişkisi üzerine bir derleme. Nesne, 9(22), 904–924. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-09-22-09
41. Hausberg, M. C., Schulz, H., Piegler, T., Happach, C. G., Klöpper, M., Brütt, A. L., Sammet, I. ve Andreas, S. (2012). Is a self-rated instrument appropriate to assess mentalization in patients with mental disorders? Development and first validation of the mentalization questionnaire (MZQ). Psychotherapy research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 22(6), 699–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.709325
42. Heatherton, T. F. (2011). Neuroscience of self and self-regulation. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 363–390. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131616
43. Hu, L.-t. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
44. Hughes, C. ve Dunn, J. (1998). Understanding mind and emotion: Longitudinal associations with mental-state talk between young friends. Developmental Psychology, 34(5), 1026–1037. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.34.5.1026
45. Katzman, W. ve Papouchis, N. (2023). Effects of Childhood Trauma on Mentalization Capacities and Dissociative Experiences. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation: The Official Journal of The International Society for The Study of Dissociation (ISSD), 24(2), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2023.2168829
46. Köksal, G. (2017). The moderator effect of mentalization on the link between attachment and somatization [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
47. Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M. ve Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(2), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1002_2
48. Lind, M., Vanwoerden, S., Penner, F. ve Sharp, C. (2020). Narrative coherence in adolescence: Relations with attachment, mentalization, and psychopathology. Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(3), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1574805
49. Locati, F., Benzi, I. M. A., Milesi, A., Campbell, C., Midgley, N., Fonagy, P. ve Parolin, L. (2023a). Associations of mentalization and epistemic trust with internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescence: A gender-sensitive structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Adolescence, 95(8), 1564–1577. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12226
50. Locati, F., Milesi, A., Conte, F., Campbell, C., Fonagy, P., Ensink, K. ve Parolin, L. (2023b). Adolescence in lockdown: The protective role of mentalizing and epistemic trust. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 969–984. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23453
51. Luyten, P., Campbell, C., Allison, E. ve Fonagy, P. (2020). The mentalizing approach to psychopathology: State of the art and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 297–325. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071919-015355
52. Luyten, P. ve Fonagy, P. (2015). The neurobiology of mentalizing. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6(4), 366–379, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/per0000117
53. Luyten, P., Fonagy, P., Lowyck, B. ve Vermote, R. (2012). Assessment of mentalization. İçinde A. Bateman ve P. Fonagy (Edl.), Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice (ss. 43–65). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
54. Luyten, P., Malcorps, S., Fonagy, P. ve Ensink, K. (2019). Assessment of mentalization. İçinde A. Bateman ve P. Fonagy (Edl.), Handbook of Mentalizing in Mental Health Practice (ss. 37–62). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
55. Luyten, P., Nijssens, L., Fonagy, P. ve Mayes, L. C. (2017) Parental reflective functioning: Theory, research, and clinical applications. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 70(1), 174–199, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00797308.2016.1277901
56. Malamut, S. T., Garandeau, C. F., Badaly, D., Duong, M. ve Schwartz, D. (2022). Is aggression associated with biased perceptions of one's acceptance and rejection in adolescence? Developmental Psychology, 58(5), 963–976. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001333
57. Morosan, L., Fonseca-Pedrero, E. ve Debbané, M. (2020). Network analysis of reflective functioning and conduct problems during adolescence. Psychology of Violence, 10(3), 300–311. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000258
58. Murphy, K.R. ve Davidshofer, C.O. (2004). Psychological testing principles and applications (6. Baskı). Pearson Education.
59. Önen, E. (2009). Saldırganlık Ölçeği’nin psikometrik niteliklerinin Türk ergenleri için incelenmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(32), 74–85.
60. Quek, J., Melvin, G. A., Bennett, C., Gordon, M. S., Saeedi, N. ve Newman, L. K. (2018). Mentalization in adolescents with borderline personality disorder: A comparison with healthy controls. Journal of Personality Disorders, 33(2), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_336
61. Petersen, R., Brakoulias, V. ve Langdon, R. (2016). An experimental investigation of mentalization ability in borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 64, 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.10.004
62. Porter-Vignola, E., Booij, L., Dansereau-Laberge, È. M., Garel, P., Bossé Chartier, G., Seni, A. G., Beauchamp, M. H. ve Herba, C. M. (2022). Social cognition and depression in adolescent girls. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 76, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101750
63. Poznyak, E., Morosan, L., Perroud, N., Speranza, M., Badoud, D. ve Debbané, M. (2019). Roles of age, gender and psychological difficulties in adolescent mentalizing. Journal of Adolescence, 74, 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.007
64. Rosso, A. M. ve Airaldi, C. (2016). Intergenerational transmission of reflective functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01903
65. Rosso, A. M., Viterbori, P. ve Scopesi, A. M. (2015). Are maternal reflective functioning and attachment security associated with preadolescent mentalization? Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01134
66. Schumacker, R. E. ve Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (3. Basım). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
67. Sharp, C. ve Vanwoerden, S. (2015). Hypermentalizing in borderline personality disorder: A model and data. Journal of Infant, Child & Adolescent Psychotherapy, 14(1), 33–45. https://doi.org/110.1080/15289168.2015.1004890
68. Sharp, C., Venta, A., Vanwoerden, S., Schramm, A., Ha, C., Newlin, E., Reddy, R. ve Fonagy, P. (2016). First empirical evaluation of the link between attachment, social cognition and borderline features in adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 64, 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.07.008
69. Sharp, C. ve Wall, K. (2018). Personality pathology grows up: Adolescence as a sensitive period. Current opinion in psychology, 21, 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.11.010
70. Sharp, C., Williams, L. L., Ha, C., Baumgardner, J., Michonski, J., Seals, R., Patel, A. B., Bleiberg, E. ve Fonagy, P. (2009). The development of a mentalization-based outcomes and research protocol for an adolescent inpatient unit. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 73(4), 311–338. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2009.73.4.311
71. Simonsen, C. B., Jakobsen, A. G., Grøntved, S. ve Kjaersdam Telléus, G. (2020). The mentalization profile in patients with eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 74(5), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2019.1707869
72. Slade, A. (2005). Parental reflective functioning: An introduction. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 269 – 281. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245906
73. Slade, A., Aber, J. L., Bresgi, I., Berger, B. ve Kaplan, M. (2004). The Parent Development Interview – Revised [Yayımlanmamış metin]. The City University of New York.
74. Slade, A., Grienenberger, J., Bernbach, E., Levy, D. ve Locker, A. (2005). Maternal reflective functioning, attachment, and the transmission gap: A preliminary study. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730500245880
75. Sloover, M., van Est, L. A. C., Janssen, P. G. J., Hilbink, M. ve van Ee, E. (2022). A meta-analysis of mentalizing in anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, and trauma and stressor related disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 92, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102641
76. Taubner, S. ve Curth, C. (2013). Mentalization mediates the relation between early traumatic experiences and aggressive behavior in adolescence. Psihologija, 46(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI1302177T
77. Taubner, S., Kessler, H., Buchheim, A., Kächele, H. ve Staun, L. (2011). The role of mentalization in the psychoanalytic treatment of chronic depression. Psychiatry, 74(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2011.74.1.49
78. Taubner, S., White, L. O., Zimmermann, J., Fonagy, P. ve Nolte, T. (2013). Attachment-related mentalization moderates the relationship between psychopathic traits and proactive aggression in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(6), 929–938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9736-x
79. Taubner, S., Zimmermann, L., Ramberg, A. ve Schröder, P. (2016). Mentalization mediates the relationship between early maltreatment and potential for violence in adolescence. Psychopathology, 49(4), 236–246. https://doi.org/10.1159/000448053
80. Törenli Kaya, Z., Alpay, E. H., Türkkal Yenigüç, Ş. ve Özçürümez Bilgili, G. (2023). Zihinselleştirme Ölçeği’nin Türkçe çevirisinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 34(2), 118−124. https://doi.org/10.5080/u25692
81. Zayde, A., Derella, O. J. ve Kilbride, A. (2023). Safe haven in adolescence: Improving parental reflective functioning and youth attachment and mental health with the Connecting and Reflecting Experience. Infant Mental Health Journal, 44(2), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.22042