Koronavirüs korkusunun sürdürülebilir tüketim ve yalnızlık üzerindeki etkisi

Öz

Koronavirüs hastalığı, etkisi ve genişliği itibariyle kendisini önceki salgınlardan ayırmakta ve insanlar belirsizlik ve korku oluşturan bu hastalığa karşı öngörülemeyen davranışlar sergilemektedir. Koronavirüs korkusunun yarattığı yeni davranış şekilleri en çok çevre yanlısı tutumlar ile sürdürülebilir tüketim biçimlerini etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada koronavirüs korkusunun hem sürdürülebilir tüketim hem de yalnızlık üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmaktadır. 404 kişiyle yapılan çevrimiçi anket sonuçlarına göre insanların evde kaldıkları süre boyunca gıda tüketimlerinin arttığı ancak enerji tüketimlerinin azaldığı görülmüştür. Bu durum evde geçirilen sürelerin artması ve virüs nedeniyle kapanan işyerleri neticesinde insanların gelir kaybına uğramasına bağlanabilir. Sürdürülebilir tüketim ve yalnızlık bağlamında değerlendirildiğinde ise koronavirüs korkusunun psikolojik boyutunun yeniden kullanılabilirlik (geri dönüşüm), ekonomik boyutunun ise çevre duyarlılığı davranışlarında pozitif yönde etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Yalnızlığın ise hem çevre duyarlılığı hem de yeniden kullanılabilirlik (geri dönüşüm) üzerinde etkili olduğu fakat bu etkinin negatif olduğu bulunmuştur. Yani insanların çevreye duyarlı davranışları arttıkça ve eşyalarını daha fazla yeniden kullandıklarında yalnızlık düzeylerinin azaldığı ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Koronavirüs korkusu
• Sürdürülebilir tüketim
• Yalnızlık

Effect of coronavirus fear on sustainable consumption and loneliness

Öz

The coronavirus disease distinguishes itself from previous epidemics in terms of its impact and extent, and people exhibit unpredictable behaviors against this disease, which creates uncertainty and fear. The new behavior patterns created by the fear of coronavirus mostly affect environmental attitudes and sustainable consumption patterns. In this study, the effects of fear of coronavirus on both sustainable consumption and loneliness are investigated. According to the results of the online survey conducted with 404 people, it was seen that the food consumption of people increased during their stay at home, but their energy consumption decreased. This can be attributed to the increase in the time spent at home and the loss of income of people as a result of workplaces closed due to the virus. When evaluated in the context of sustainable consumption and loneliness, it has been seen that the psychological dimension of the fear of coronavirus is effective in reusability (recycling) and the economic dimension is effective in environmental awareness behaviors. It has been found that loneliness has an effect on both environmental awareness and reusability (recycling), but this effect is negative. In other words, it has been revealed that as people's environmentally sensitive behaviors increase and they reuse their belongings more, their level of loneliness decreases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fear of coronavirus
• Sustainable consumption
• Loneliness

Kaynakça

1. Achon, M., Serrano, M., Angela, G.G., Alonso-Aperte, E. ve Varela-Moreiras, G. (2017). Present food shopping habits in the Spanish adult population: A cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 9(5), 508
2. Alexa, L., Apetrei, A. ve Sapena, J. (2021). The Covid-19 lockdown effect on the intention to purchase sustainable brands. Sustainability, 13(6), 3241
3. Amicarelli V. ve Bux, C. (2020). Food waste in Italian households during the Covid-19 pandemic: A self-reporting approach. Food Security, 13(1), 25-37
4. Amicarelli, V., Lagioia, G., Sampietro, S. ve Bux, C. (2021). Has the Covid-19 pandemic changed food waste perception and behavior? Evidence from Italian consumers. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 82(101095)
5. Arafat, S.M.Y., Kar, S.K., Marthoenis, M., Sharma, P., Apu, E.H. ve Kabir, R. (2020). Psychological underpinning of panic buying during pandemic (Covid-19). Psychiatry research, 289, 113061
6. Arpacı, I., Karataş, K. ve Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the Covid-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110108.
7. Baker, S. R., Farrokhnia, R.A., Meyer, S., Pagel, M. ve Yannelis, C. (2020). How does household spending respond to an epidemic? Consumption during the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic. The Review of Asset Pricing Studies, 10(4), 834-862
8. Baumeister, R.F., Vohs, K.D., Aaker, J.L. ve Garbinsky, E.N. (2013). Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life. Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(6), 505-16.

9. Ben Hassen, T., El Bilali, H. ve Allahyari, M.S. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on food behavior and consumption in Qatar. Sustainability, 12(17), 6973
10. Ben Hassen, T., El Bilali, H., Allahyari, M.S., Berjan, S. ve Fotina, O. (2021). Food purchase and eating behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey of Russian adults. Appetite, 165(2021), 105309
11. Bender, K.E., Badiger, A., Roe, B.E., Shu, Y. ve Qi, D. (2021). Consumer behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic: An analysis of food purchasing and management behaviors in U.S. households through the lens of food system resilience. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 82, 101107
12. Bray, J., Johns, N. ve Kilburn, D. (2011). An exploratory study into the factors impeding ethical consumption. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(4), 597-608
13. Britto, S., van Slyke, D.M. ve Francis, T.I. (2011). The role of fear of crime in donating and volunteering: a gendered analysis. Criminal Justice Review, 36, 414–434.
14. Bu, F., Steptoe, A. ve Fancourt, D. (2020a). Loneliness during lockdown: trajectories and predictors during the Covid-19 pandemic in 35,712 adults in the UK. medRxiv, 1-19.
15. Burlea-Schiopoiu, A., Ogarca, R.F., Barbu, C.M., Craciun, L., Baloi, I.C. ve Mihai, L.S. (2021). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on food waste behaviour of young people. Journal of Cleaner Production, 294, 126333
16. Cacioppo, J.T. ve Cacioppo, S. (2018). The growing problem of loneliness. Lancet, 391(10119), 426.
17. Cambefort, M. (2020) How the Covid-19 pandemic is challenging consumption. Markets, Globalization & Development Review, 5(1), 1-11
18. Cameron, L. ve Shah, M. (2015). Risk-taking behavior in the wake of natural disasters. Journal of Human Resources, 50(2), 484–515.
19. Chae, M.J. (2021). Effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on sustainable consumption. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 49(6), 1-13
20. Chan, E.Y. (2017). Self-protection promotes altruism. Evolution and Human Behavior, 38, 667–673.
21. Chen, R.P., Wan, E.W. ve Levy, E. (2017). The effect of social exclusion on consumer preference for anthropomorphized brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(1), 23-34
22. Chenarides, L., Grebitus, C., Lusk, J.L. ve Printezis, I. (2021). Food consumption behavior during the Covid‐19 pandemic. Agribusiness, 37(1), 44–81
23. Chetty, R., Friedman, J.N., Hendren, N. ve Stepner, M. (2020). How did Covid-19 and stabilization policies affect spending and employment? a new real-time economic tracker based on private sector data. NBER Opportunity Insights Working Paper, May (w27431).
24. Chirani, M.R., Kowsari, E., Teymourian, T. ve Ramakrishna, S. (2021). Environmental impact of increased soap consumption during Covid-19 pandemic: biodegradable soap production and sustainable packaging. Science of the Total Environment, 796, 149013
25. Chronopoulos, D.K., Lukas, M. ve Wilson, J.O. (2020). Consumer spending responses to the Covid-19 pandemic: An assessment of Great Britain. In C. Wyplosz (Ed.), Covid Economics Vetted and Real-Time Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), 34(3), 145-186
26. Chua, J. (2020). Plastic bags were finally banned. Then came the pandemic. 01 Mart 2021 tarihinde https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2020/5/20/21254630/plastic-bags-single-use-cups-coronavirus-covid-19-delivery-recycling adresinden erişildi
27. Chwialkowska, A., Bhatti, W.A. ve Glowik, M. (2020). The influence of cultural values on pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268, 122305
28. de Oliveira, W.Q., de Azeredo, H.M.C., Neri-Numa, I.A. ve Pastore, G.M. (2021). Food packaging wastes amid the Covid-19 pandemic: Trends and Challenges. Trends in Food Science & Technology (article in press)
29. Degli Esposti, P., Mortara, A. ve Roberti, G. (2021). Sharing and sustainable consumption in the era of Covid-19. Sustainability, 13, 1903
30. Depoux, A., Martin, S., Karafillakis, E., Preet, R., Wilder-Smith, A. ve Larson, H. (2020). The pandemic of social media panic travels faster than the Covid-19 outbreak. Journal of Travel Medicine, 1-2.
31. Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Cinelli G, Bigioni, G., Soldati, L., Attinà, A., Bianco, F.F., Caparello, G., Camodeca, V., Carrano, E., Ferraro, S., Giannattasio, S., Leggeri, C., Rampello, T., Presti, L.L. Tarsitano, M.G. ve De Lorenzo, A. (2020). Psychological aspects and eating habits during Covid-19 home confinement: results of EHLC-Covid-19 Italian online survey. Nutrients, 12, 2152.
32. Dursun, İ., Tümer Kabadayı, E. ve Tuğer, A.T. (2018). Çevreci tüketim davranışı: boyutları ve ölçümü. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(3), 42-66.
33. Echegaray, F. (2021). What Post-Covid-19 lifestyles may look like? Identifying scenarios and their implications for sustainability. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 567-574.
34. El Zowalaty, M.E., Young, S.G. ve Jarhult, J.D. (2020). Environmental impact of the Covid-19 pandemic-a lesson for the future. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, 10(1), 1768023.
35. Everitt, H., van der Werf, P., Seabrook, J.A., Wray, A. ve Gilliland, J.A. (2021). The quantity and composition of household food waste during the Covid-19 pandemic: A direct measurement study in Canada. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 82(2021), 101110
36. Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.
37. Filho, W.L., Salvia, A.L., Minhas, A., Paço, A. ve Dias-Ferreira, C. (2021). The Covid-19 pandemic and single-use plastic waste in households: A preliminary study. Science of the Total Environment, 793, 148571
38. Gao, Y.L. ve Mattila, A.S. (2015). The impact of option popularity, social inclusion/exclusion, and self-affirmation on consumers’ propensity to choose green hotels. Journal of Business Ethics, 136(3), 575–585
39. Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M. ve van den Bergh, B. (2010). Going green to be seen: Status, reputation and conspicuous conservation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 392–404.
40. Groarke, J.M., Berry, E., Graham-Wisener, L., McKenna-Plumley, P.E., McGlinchey, E. & Armour, C. (2020). Loneliness in the UK during the Covid-19 pandemic: cross-sectional results from the Covid-19 psychological wellbeing study. PLoS ONE, 15(9), e0239698
41. Guo, Y., Zhang, P., Liao, J. ve Wu, F. (2020). Social exclusion and green consumption: a costly signaling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 535489
42. Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B. ve Anderson, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Educational Inc.
43. Hall, M.C., Prayag, G., Fieger, P. ve Dyason, D. (2020). Beyond panic buying: consumption displacement and Covid-19. Journal of Service Management, 32(1), 113-128
44. Hammond, C., Qualter, P., Victor, C. ve Barretto, M. (2018). Who feels lonely? The results of the world’s largest loneliness study. 01 Mart 2021 tarihinde https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/2yzhfv4DvqVp5nZyxBD8G23/who-feels-lonely-the-results-of-the-world-s-largest-lonelinessstudy adresinden erişildi
45. Haroon, O. ve S.A.R. Rizvi (2020), Covid-19: media coverage and financial markets behavior-A sectoral Inquiry, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 27, 1-5
46. Harvey, D. (2020). Anti-capitalist politics in the time of Covid-19. 01 Mart 2021 tarihinde https://jacobinmag.com/2020/03/david-harvey-coronavirus-political-economy-disruptions adresinden erişildi
47. Hassan, T.A., Hollander, S., Van Lent, L., Schwedeler, M. ve Tahoun, A. (2020). Firm-level exposure to epidemic diseases: Covid-19, SARS, and H1N1. National Bureau of Economic Research (No. w26971).
48. He, H. ve Harris, L. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 pandemic on corporate social responsibility and marketing Philosophy. Journal of Business Research 116, 176-182
49. He, J., Liu, S., Li, T. ve Mai, T.H.T. (2021). The positive effects of unneeded consumption behaviour on consumers during the covıd-19 pandemic. International Journal Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12): 6404
50. Henley, N. ve Donovan, R.J. (1999). Threat appeals in social marketing: death as a ‘special case’. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 4, 300–319.
51. Hesham, F., Riadh, H. ve Sihem, N.K. (2021). What have we learned about the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on consumer behavior?., Sustainability, 13, 4304
52. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B., Baker, M., Harris, T. ve Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227–37.
53. Hu, L.T. ve Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
54. Janssen, M., Chang, B.P.I., Hristov, H., Pravst, I., Profeta, A. ve Millard, J. (2021). Changes in food consumption during the Covid-19 pandemic: analysis of consumer survey data from the first lockdown period in Denmark, Germany, and Slovenia. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8, 635859.
55. Jia, F., Soucie, K., Matsuba, K. ve Pratt, M.W. (2021). Meaning in life mediates the association between environmental engagement and loneliness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2897.
56. Jian, Y., Yu, I.Y., Yang, M.X. ve Zeng, K.J. (2020). The impacts of fear and uncertainty of Covid-19 on environmental concerns, brand trust, and behavioral intentions toward green hotels, Sustainability, 12, 8688.
57. Joshi, Y. ve Rahman, Z. (2015). Factors affecting green purchase behaviour and future research directions. International Strategic Management Review, 3(1-2), 128–143
58. Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S. ve Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. The Journal of Hospital Infection. 104(3), 246-251
59. Karimzadeh, S. ve Kašparová, E. (2021). Consumer’s justification towards (un)sustainable consumption: exploring attitudes among Urmia citizens, Iran, Sociológia, 53(3), 203-224
60. Kennett-Hensel, P.A., Sneath, J.Z. ve Lacey, R. (2012). Liminality and consumption in the aftermath of a natural disaster. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(1), 52–63
61. Kilgo, D.K., J. Yoo ve T.J. Johnson (2019), Spreading ebola panic: newspaper and social media coverage of the 2014 ebola health crisis, Health Communication, 34, 811–17
62. King, L.A., Hicks, J.A., Krull, J.L. ve Del Gaiso, A.K. (2006), Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179-96.
63. Laato, S., Islam, A.N., Farooq, A. ve Dhir, A. (2020). Unusual purchasing behavior during the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic: The stimulus-organism-response approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 1-12
64. Laguna, L., Fiszman, S., Puerta, P., Chaya, C. ve Tárrega, A. (2020). The impact of Covid-19 lockdown on food priorities: Results from a preliminary study using social media and an online survey with Spanish consumers. Food Quality and Preference, 86, 1-9
65. Larson, L. ve H. Shin. (2018). Fear during natural disaster: Its impact on perceptions of shopping convenience and shopping behavior. Services Marketing Quarterly, 39(4): 293–309.
66. Lee, A. (2020), These states have implemented stay-at-home orders: Here’s what that means for you, https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/23/us/coronavirus-which-states-stay-at-home-order-trnd/index.html adresinden erişildi.
67. Liu, Y. ve Song, W. (2020). Modelling crop yield, water consumption, and water use efficiency for sustainable agroecosystem management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 253:119940.
68. Luchetti, M., Lee, J.H., Aschwanden, D., Sesker, A., Strickhouser, J.E., Terracciano, A. ve Sutin, A.R. (2020). The trajectory of loneliness in response to Covid-19. American Psychologist, 75(7), 897-908
69. Luhmann, M., ve Hawkley, L. C. (2016). Age differences in loneliness from late adolescence to oldest old age. Developmental Psychology, 52, 943–959.
70. Loxton, M., Truskett, R., Scarf, B., Sindone, L., Baldry, G., ve Zhao, Y. (2020). Consumer behaviour during crises: preliminary research on how coronavirus has manifested consumer panic buying, herd mentality, changing discretionary spending and the role of the media in influencing behaviour. Journal of Risk Financial Management, 13(8), 166-187
71. MacCallum, R.C., Browne, M.W. ve H.M., Sugawara (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130-149
72. Mallick, S.K., Pramanik, M., Maity, B., Das, P. ve Sahana, B. (2021). Plastic waste footprint in the context of Covid-19: reduction challenges and policy recommendations towards sustainable development goals. Science of the Total Environment 796 (2021), 148951
73. McCarthy U., Uysal, I., Badia-Melis, R., Mercier, S., O’Donnel, C. ve Ktenioudaki, A. (2018). Global food security, issues, challenges and technological solutions. Trends Food Science & Technology, 77, 11–20.
74. Mehta, S., Saxena, T. ve Purohit, N. (2020). The new consumer behaviour paradigm amid Covid-19: Permanent or transient?. Journal of Health Management, 22(2), 291-301.
75. Møller, H., Ole, J.H., Gustavsson, J., Oestergren, K. ve Stenmarck, A. (2014). Report on review of (food) waste reporting methodology and practice. Norway: Ostfold Research
76. Naidoo, R. ve Fisher, B. (2020). Reset sustainable development goals for a pandemic world. Nature, 583, 198–201.
77. Nisbet, E.K., Zelenski, J.M. ve Murphy, S.A. (2011). Happiness is in our nature: exploring nature relatedness as a contributor to subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(2), 303-322.
78. Nuttavuthisit, K. ve Thøgersen, J. (2017). The importance of consumer trust for the emergence of a market for green products: the case of organic food. Journal of Business Ethics, 140(2), 323-337.
79. Padel, S. ve Foster, C. (2005). Exploring the gap between attitudes and behaviour understanding why consumers buy or do not buy organic food. British Food Journal, 107(8), 606-625
80. Pappalardo, G., Cerroni, S., Nayga, R.M. Jr. ve Yang, W. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on household food waste: the case of Italy. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7: 585090.
81. Patil, B. ve Patil, N. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on consumer behaviour. Mukt Shabd Journal, IX(V), 3074-3085
82. Perkins, K.M., Velazquez, L. ve Munguia, N. (2021). Reflections on sustainable consumption in the context of Covid-19. Frontiers in Sustainability, 2: 647542.
83. Perlman, D. ve Peplau, L.A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In R. Gilmour, & S. Duck (Eds.). Personal relationships: 3. relationships in disorder (pp. 31-56), London: Academic Press
84. Principato, L., Secondi, L., Cicatiello, C. ve Mattia, G. (2020). Caring more about food: the unexpected positive effect of the Covid-19 lockdown on household food management and waste. Socio-Economic Planning Science, 100953.
85. Qi, X., Yu, H. ve Ploeger, A. (2020). Exploring influential factors including Covid-19 on green food purchase intentions and the intention–behaviour gap: a qualitative study among consumers in a Chinese context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7106
86. Quested, T.E., Marsh, E., Stunell, D. ve Parry, A.D. (2013). Spaghetti soup: the complex world of food waste behaviours. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 79, 43-51.
87. Rallapalli, K.C., Vitell, S.J., Wiebe, F.A. ve Barnes, J.H. (1994). Consumer ethical beliefs and personality traits: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(7), 487–495.
88. Rawlinson, S., Ciric, L. ve Cloutman-Green, E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic – let’s not forget surfaces. The Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(4), 790-791
89. Roy, R. (2000). Sustainable product-service systems. Futures, 32(3-4), 289-299.
90. Rudow, D.L., Iacoviello, B.M. ve Charney, D. (2014). Resilience & personality traits among living liver and kidney donors, Progress in Transplantation, 24(1), 82-90.
91. Rupani, P.F., Nilashi, M., Abumalloh, R.A., Asadi, S., Samad, S. ve Wang, S. (2020). Coronavirus pandemic (Covid‑19) and its natural environmental impacts. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17, 4655-4666
92. Sarkis, J. (2020). Supply chain sustainability: learning from the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 41(1), 63-73
93. Sarkodie, S.A. ve Owusu, P.A. (2021). Impact of Covid‑19 pandemic on waste management. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 7951-7960
94. Scaraboto, D., Joubert, A.M. ve Gonzalez-Arcos, C. (2019). Using lots of plastic packaging during the coronavirus crisis? You’re not alone. The Conversation 668: 1077-1093. 01 Mart 2021 tarihinde https://theconversation.com/using-lots-of-plastic-packaging-during-the-coronavirus-crisis-youre-not-alone-135553 adresinden erişildi
95. Schermelleh-Engel, K. ve Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
96. Schmitt, V.G.H., Cequea, M.M., Vásquez Neyra, J.M. ve Ferasso M. (2021). Consumption behavior and residential food waste during the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak in Brazil. Sustainability. 13(7), 3702
97. Schwartz, C.E., Keyl, P.M., Marcum, J.P. ve Bode, R. (2009). Helping others shows differential benefits on health and well-being for male and female teens. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(4), 431-48
98. Septianto, F. ve Kemper, J.A. (2021). The effects of age cues on preferences for organic food: The moderating role of message claim. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62(2021), 10264.
99. Shah, Z., Chu, J., Ghani, U., Qaisar, S. ve Hassan, Z. (2020). Media and altruistic behaviors: the mediating role of fear of victimization in cultivation theory perspective. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 42, 101336
100. Shehzad, K., Xiaoxing, L. ve Kazouz, H. (2020). Covid-19’s disasters are perilous than global financial crisis: A rumor or fact?. Finance Research Letters, 36, 101669
101. Tabachnick, B.G. ve Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Pearson. Todd, A.R., Forstmann, M., Burgmer, P., Brooks, A.W. ve Galinsky, A.D. (2015). Anxious and egocentric: how specific emotions influence perspective taking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 374–391.
102. Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J.M. ve Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of Covid-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatr, 66(4), 317–320
103. van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D.H., Holbrook, M.G., Gamble, A., Williamson, B.N., Tamin, A., Harcourt, J.L., Thornburg, N.J., Gerber, S.I., Lloyd-Smith, J.O., de Wit, E. ve Munster, V.J. (2020). Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(16), 1564-156
104. Vanapalli, K.R., Sharma, H.B., Ranjan, V.P., Samal, B., Bhattacharya, J., Dubey, B.K. ve Goel, S. (2021). Challenges and strategies for effective plastic waste management during and post Covid-19 pandemic. Science of the Total Environment 750, 141514
105. Venhoeven, L., Steg, L. ve Bolderdijk, J.W. (2017). Can engagement in environmentally-friendly behavior increase well-being? In Handbook of Environmental Psychology and Quality of Life Research (pp. 229–237), Ghozlane, F.B., Pol, G., Navarro, O. (Eds.), Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland. Wang, E., An, N., Gao, Z., Kiprop, E. ve Geng, X. (2020b). Consumer food stockpiling behavior and willingness to pay for food reserves in Covid-19. Food Security, 12, 739–747.
106. Wang, X., Sun, Y. ve Kramer, T. (2021). Ritualistic consumption decreases loneliness by increasing meaning. Journal of Marketing Research, 58(2), 282-298
107. Wang, X., Wong, Y.D. ve Yuen, K.F. (2021). Rise of ‘lonely’ consumers in the post-Covid-19 era: a synthesised review on psychological, commercial and social implications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 404
108. Yaşlıoğlu, M.M. (2017). Factor analysis and validity in social sciences: Application of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Istanbul University Journal of the School of Business, 46, 74–85.
109. Yıldız, M. A. ve Duy, B. (2014). Adaptation of the short-form of the UCLA loneliness scale (ULS-8) to Turkish for the adolescents. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Science, 27(3), 194-203
110. Young, W., Hwang, K., McDonald, S. ve Oates, C. (2010). Sustainable Consumption: Green Consumer Behaviour when Purchasing Products. Sustainable Development, 18(1): 20-31
111. Zambrano-Monserrate, M.A., Ruano, M.A. ve Sanchez-Alcalde, L. (2020). Indirect effects of Covid-19 on the environment. Science of Total the Environment, 728 (138813)
112. Zwanka, R.J. ve Buff, C. (2021). Covid-19 Generation: a conceptual framework of the consumer behavioral shifts to be caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 33(1), 58-67