Transforming threats in the new millenium and adaptation of NATO

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 13 - 25, 16.03.2022

Ata Taha Kuveloğlu

Öz

The end of the cold war and the dissolution of the Soviet Union forced NATO, which was established to ensure the security of the member states, to take a collective stance against international threats, especially the Soviet threat, to be included in out-of-area operations. The international war on terrorism declared by the US, which is NATO's dominant force, following 9/11, has also contributed to NATO’s interest as a global border guard to shift from Europe to countries in the Middle East. At the summits held, NATO decided to update its strategic concept accordingly. The cooperation between the US and other members of the organization has been dramatically affected as a result of the shift to unipolar world order. Relations with allies have suffered from the peremptory stance and one-sided strategies adopted by the US since 9/11. Due to shifting security understanding, NATO has begun to push its partners to develop new security policies. In this study, by comparing the Cold War policy of the organization and the post-Cold War policies; The transformation in the perception of security will be tried to be analyzed. In the changing dynamics of the post-Cold War world architecture, the measures taken by NATO to keep up with the “new world order” and their weight in world politics will be scrutinized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

NATO, International Security, US, Collective Security

Yeni milenyumda dönüşen tehditler ve NATO’nun adaptasyonu

Öz

Soğuk savaşın sona ermesi ve Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılması, başta Sovyet tehdidini bertaraf etmek olmak üzere üye devletlerin güvenliğini sağlamak ve uluslararası tehditlere karşı toplu bir duruş sergilemek amacıyla kurulan NATO'yu alan dışı operasyonlar yapmaya zorlamıştır. NATO'nun baskın gücü olan ABD tarafından 11 Eylül Saldırılarının ardından ilan edilen teröre karşı küresel savaş, NATO'nun odağını Avrupa'dan Orta Doğu'daki ülkelere kaydırmak suretiyle “küresel bir sınır muhafızına” dönüşmesini sağlayarak örgütün çıkarlarına da katkıda bulunmuştur. Yapılan zirvelerde NATO, stratejik konseptini bu doğrultuda güncelleme yoluna gitmiştir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve örgütün diğer üyeleri arasındaki işbirliği, tek kutuplu dünya düzenine geçişin bir sonucu olarak çarpıcı biçimde etkilenmiştir. Müttefiklerle ilişkiler, 11 Eylül'den bu yana ABD tarafından benimsenen katı tutum ve tek taraflı stratejilerden zarar görmüştür. Değişen güvenlik anlayışı nedeniyle NATO, ortaklarını yeni güvenlik politikaları geliştirmeye zorlamaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, örgütün Soğuk Savaş politikası ile Soğuk Savaş sonrası politikaları karşılaştırılarak; güvenlik algısındaki dönüşüm analiz edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Soğuk Savaş sonrası dünya mimarisinin değişen dinamiklerinde NATO'nun “yeni dünya düzenine” ayak uydurmak için aldığı önlemler ve bunların dünya siyasetindeki ağırlığı mercek altına alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

NATO, Uluslararası Güvenlik, ABD, Kolektif Güvenlik

Kaynakça

• Açıkmeşe, S. A. (2011). Algı mı, söylem mi? Kopenhag Okulu ve Yeni Klasik gerçekçilikte güvenlik tehditleri. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 8(30), 43-73.
• Al Jazeera. (2022). Europe’s Energy Security Worries NATO Amid Standoff with Russia. Al Jazeera. Retrieved Feb. 14, 2022, from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/30/nato-europe-energy-security-ukraine-russia.
• Baylis, J. (2008). Uluslararası ilişkilerde güvenlik kavramı. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 5(18), 69-85.
• Bıçakcı, S. (2014). NATO’nun gelişen tehdit algısı: 21. yüzyılda siber güvenlik. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10(40), 101-130.
• Bilgin, P. (2003). Individual and societal dimensions of security. International Studies Review, 5(2), 203-222.
• Bocse, A. (2020). NATO, energy security and ınstitutional change. European Security, 29(4), 1-20. doi:10.1080/09662839.2020.1768072.
• Booth, K. (1991). Security and emancipation. Review of International Studies, 17(4), 313-326.
• Brzezinski, Z. (2009). An agenda for NATO: Toward a global security web. Foreign Affairs, 88(5), 2-20.
• Buzan, B. (1983). People, states, and fear. Wheatsheaf Books, Brighton.
• Buzan, B. (1991). New patterns of global security in the twenty-first century. International Affairs, 67(3), 431-451.
• Buzan, B., Ole W., & Wilde J. (1998). Security a new framework for analysis. Lynne Rienner, Boulder, London.
• Daalder, I. H. (2003). The end of Atlanticism. Survival: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 45(2), 147-166.
• Dedeoğlu, B. (2008). Uluslararası güvenlik ve strateji. Yeni Yüzyıl Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Dönmez, S. (2010). Güvenlik anlayışının dönüşümü: İttifak kavramı ve NATO (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
• Gheciu, A., & Paris, R. (2011). NATO and the challenge of sustainable peacebuilding. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 17(1), 75-79. doi:10.1163/19426720-01701005.
• Gjørv, G. H. (2020). Coronavirus, invisible threats and preparing for resilience. NATO Review: Opinion, Analysis and Debate on Security Issues. Retrieved 17 Jan. 2021, from https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2020/05/20/coronavirus-invisible-threats-and-preparing-for-resilience/index.html.
• Gül, M. (2015). Kuruluşundan 21. yüzyıla: 1990’larda NATO’da devamlılık ve dönüşüm. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 10(1), 247-265.
• İşyar, Ö. G. (2017). Türk dış politikası: Sorunlar ve süreçler. Dora Yayıncılık, Bursa.
• Karaosmanoğlu, A. L. (2014). NATO’nun dönüşümü. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10(40), 3-38.
• Kirby, B. P. (2022). Is Russia going to invade Ukraine and what does Putin want?. BBC News. Retrieved Feb. 15, 2022, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589.
• Masters, J. (2022). Why NATO has become a flash point with Russia in Ukraine. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved Feb. 15, 2022, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/why-nato-has-become-flash-point-russia-ukraine.
• Mearsheimer, J. J. (1990). Back to future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War. International Security, 15(1), 5-56.
• Mearsheimer, J. J. (1994). The false promise of international institutions. International Security, 19(3), 5-49. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539078.
• Mearsheimer, J. (2001). The tragedy of great power politics. WW Norton & Company, New York.
• Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). Why the Ukraine crisis ıs the west’s fault: The liberal delusions that provoked Putin. Foreign Affairs, 93(5), 77-89.
• Menon, R., & Ruger, W. (2020). NATO enlargement and US grand strategy: A net assessment. International Politics, 57(3), 371-400. doi:10.1057/s41311-020-00235-7.
• Miller, B. (2008). The concept of security: Should ıt be redefined?. Journal of Strategic Studies, 24(2), 13-42.
• Moller, S. B. (2020). Twenty years after: Assessing the consequences of enlargement for the NATO military alliance. International Politics, 57, 509-529. doi:10.1057/s41311-020-00230-y.
• Nicholson, C. (2022). ‘NATO will not get involved militarily in Ukraine’, Says Alliance’s Deputy Chief. France 24, Retrieved Feb. 11, 2022, from https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/talking-europe/20220204-nato-will-not-get-involved-militarily-in-ukraine-alliance-s-deputy-secretary-general.
• NATO. (1994). Declaration of the heads of state and government: Participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council ("The Brussels Summit Declaration''). NATO. Retrieved 09 Mar. 2022, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_50115.htm.
• NATO. (1999). Enlargement. NATO. Retrieved 15 Jan. 2021, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49212.htm?selectedLocale=en#.
• NATO. (2008). Bucharest summit declaration. NATO. Retrieved 19 Jan. 2021, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm.
• NATO. (2010a). Active enlargement, modern defence: Strategic concept. NATO. Retrieved 16 Jan. 2021, from https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_publications/20120214_strategic-concept-2010- eng.pdf.
• NATO. (2010b). NATO’s purpose. NATO. Retrieved 16 Jan. 2021, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_68144.htm#:~:text=NATO's%20essential%20and%20enduring%20purpose,by%20political%20and%20military%20means.&text=NATO%20strives%20to%20secure%20a,and%20the%20rule%20of%20law.
• NATO. (2012). Chicago summit declaration. NATO. Retrieved 22 Jan. 2021, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_87593.htm?selectedLocale=en.
• NATO. (2014). Wales summit declaration. NATO. Retrieved 21 Jan. 2021, from https://www.nato.int/cps/ic/natohq/official_texts_112964.htm.
• NATO. (2017). Defence expenditure of NATO countries: 2010-2017. NATO. Retrieved 17 Jan. 2021, from https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2017_06/20170629_170629-pr2017-111-en.pdf.
• NATO. (2018). NATO cyber defenders tested at world’s largest cyber drill. NATO. Retrieved 22 Jan. 2021, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_153819.htm?selectedLocale=en.
• NATO. (2019). Collective defence - Article 5. NATO. Retrieved 15 Jan. 2021, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_110496.htm.
• NATO. (2020). Strategic Concepts. NATO. Retrieved 16 Jan. 2021, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_56626.htm.
• NATO. (2021). Brussels summit communiqué. NATO. Retrieved 10 Mar. 2022, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_185000.htm.
• NATO. (2022). Relations with Ukraine. NATO. Retrieved 17 Jan. 2022, from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_37750.htm.
• Poast, P., & Chinchilla, A. (2020). Good for cemocracy? Evidence from the 2004 NATO expansion. International Politics, 57, 471-490. doi:10.1057/s41311-020-00236-6.
• Rachwald, A. R. (2011). A ‘Reset’ of NATO–Russia relations: Real or imaginary?. European Security, 20(1), 117-126. doi:10.1080/09662839.2011.557366.
• Ringsmose, J. (2010). NATO Burden-Sharing Redux: Continuity and change after the cold war. Contemporary Security Policy, 31(2), 319–38.
• Roskin, M. G., & Berry, N. O. (2014). Uluslararası ilişkiler: Uİ'nin yeni dünyası. (Ö. Şimşek Trans.). Adres Yayınları, Ankara.
• Rühle, M. (2014). NATO enlargement and Russia: Discerning fact from fiction. American Foreign Policy Interests, 36(4), 234-239. doi:10.1080/10803920.2014.947879.
• Rühle, M. (2015). NATO and the Ukraine crisis. American Foreign Policy Interests, 37(2), 80-86. doi:10.1080/10803920.2015.1038925.
• Schmidt, J. R. (2006). Last alliance standing? NATO after 9/11. The Washington Quarterly, 30(1), 93-106.
• Stamatopoulos, T. T. (2014). NATO today: Facing challenges from the east and south. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 13(3), 19-25.
• Starkey, S. (2022). Putin reminds everyone that Ukraine joining NATO could lead to nuclear war. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved Feb. 15, 2022, from https://thebulletin.org/2022/02/putin-says-ukraine-membership-in-nato-would-make-nuclear-war-more-likely/.
• Ullman, R. H. (1983). Redefining security. International Security, 8(1), 129-153.
• Ullman, R. H. (2018). What's next for NATO?. Daily Times. Retrieved 17 Jan. 2021, from https://dailytimes.com.pk/265631/whats-next-for-nato/.
• Uzgel, İ. (2013). ABD ve NATO’yla ilişkiler. Baskın Oran (Ed.). Türk Dış Politikası Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler ve Yorumlar Cilt III: 2001-2012, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Viotti, P. R., & Kauppi, M. V. (2014). Uluslararası ilişkiler ve dünya siyaseti. (A. Ö. Erozan Trans.). Nobel Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• VOA News. (2009). Bush: “You are either with US or with the terrorists” - 2001–09-21. VOA News. Retrieved Jan. 15, 2021, from https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2001-09-21-14-bush-66411197/549664.html.
• Walt, S. M. (1985). Alliance formation and the balance of world power. International security, 9(4), 3-43.
• Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics. Addison-Wesley, Boston.
• Wolff, A. T. (2015). The future of NATO enlargement after the Ukraine crisis. International Affairs, 91(5), 1103-1121.