Psikolojik Ayrıcalık: Bir Kavram İncelemesi

Yıl 2024, , 126 - 134, 30.10.2024

Hasan Hüseyin Uzunbacak , Şerife Karagöz

https://doi.org/10.38057/bifd.1538932

Öz

Bireyleri diğerlerinden ayıran yetenekler (iletişim becerileri, teknolojik yatkınlık gibi) ve kişilik özellikleri (dışa dönüklük, iyimserlik, nevrotiklik gibi), örgütlerde çalışanların ve yöneticilerin davranışlarını etkileyen önemli faktörlerdir. Yetenekler ve kişilik özellikleri, bireylerin kendilerini diğerlerinden daha ayrıcalıklı hissetmelerine ve ödül beklentilerine girmelerine yol açabilmektedir. Yazında bir kişilik özelliği olarak ele alınan psikolojik ayrıcalık kavramı öne çıkmaktadır. Psikolojik ayrıcalık, bireyin kendisini başkalarından üstün görmesi ve bu nedenle elde edeceği şeyler konusunda daha fazla hakka sahip olduğuna inanmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bireyler kendilerini diğerlerine kıyasla daha önemli hissetmekte ve kendilerine ayrıcalıklı bir muamele yapılması gerektiğini beklemektedirler. Araştırmanın amacı psikolojik ayrıcalık kavramın kökenlerine, teorik altyapısına, öncüllerine ve ardıllarına dair derinlemesine bir analiz sunmaktır. Çalışmada, örgütlerde önemli bir yapı olarak görülen psikolojik ayrıcalığın tanımı, teorik temelleri (örn., özellikleri, örgütler açısından önemi), öncülleri ve sonuçları ele alınacak ve ardından bazı öneriler sunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ayrıcalık, Psikolojik Ayrıcalık, Kişilik Özellikleri

Psychological Entitlement: A Conceptual Review

Öz

The abilities (such as communication skills and technological aptitude) and personality traits (such as extraversion, optimism, and neuroticism) that distinguish individual are significant factors influencing the behavior of employees and managers in organizations. These abilities and personality traits can lead individuals to feel more privileged than others and develop expectations for rewards. In the literature, the concept of psychological entitlement, which is considered a personality trait, stands out. Psychological entitlement arises from an individual's belief that they are superior to others and, therefore, expect greater benefits or privileges. As a result, individuals feel more important compared to others and expect to be treated preferentially. The aim of this research is to provide an in-depth analysis of the origins, theoretical foundations, antecedents, and outcomes of the psychological entitlement concept. The study will explore the definition of psychological entitlement as an important construct in organizations, its theoretical foundations (e.g., characteristics, organizational relevance), its antecedents and consequences, and will subsequently offer several recommendations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entitlement, psychological entitlement, personality traits.

Kaynakça

• Aksoy Kürü, S. (2022). Psikolojik Ayrıcalık: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(44), 461-480. https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.1028401
• Anderson, D., Halberstadt, J., & Aitken, R. (2013). Entitlement attitudes predict students' poor performance in challenging academic conditions. International Journal of Higher Education, 2(2), 151-158.
• Bishop, J., & Lane, R. C. (2000). Father absence and the attitude of entitlement. Journal of contemporary psychotherapy, 30(1), 105-117.
• Bizri, R. M., & Kertechian, S. K. (2023). Investigating the link between psychological entitlement and workplace deviance: Moderations and post-hoc analysis. International Journal of Organizational Analysis.
• Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. J. Wiley.
• Brouer, R. L., Wallace, A. S., & Harvey, P. (2011). When good resources go bad: The applicability of conservation of resource theory to psychologically entitled employees. In P. L. Perrewe´ & D. C. Ganster (Eds.), The role of individual differences in occupational stress and well being (pp. 109-150). Emerald.
• Campbell, K., Bonacci, A., Shelton, J., Exline, J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8301
• Campbell, W. K., & Foster, J. D. (2007). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model and ongoing controversies. In C. Sedikides & S. J. Spencer (Eds.), The self: Frontiers of social psychology (pp. 115–138). Psychology Press.
• Chen, Q., Shen, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, Z., Zheng, J., & Xiu, J. (2023). Influences of (in)congruences in psychological entitlement and felt obligation on ethical behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1052759. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1052759
• Çopuroğlu, F. (2022). Psikolojik ayrıcalığın tüketicilerin karar verme tarzlarına etkisi üzerine ampirik bir araştırma. EKEV Akademi Dergisi, (90), 187-204.
• Doğan. A., & Varoğlu, A. (2019). Eşitlik Kuramı. S. Yürür (Ed.), Örgütsel Davranış Kuramları içinde (23-45), İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
• Fisk, G. M., & Neville, L. B. (2010). Effects of customer entitlement on service workers’ physical and psychological well-being: A study of waitstaff employees. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16(4), 391-405. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023802
• Grubbs, J. B., & Exline, J. J. (2016). Trait entitlement: A cognitive-personality source of vulnerability to psychological distress. Psychological Bulletin, 142(11), 1204-1226. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000063 Harvey, P., & Harris, K. J. (2010). Frustration-based outcomes of entitlement and the influence of supervisor communication. Human Relations, 63(11), 1639-1660. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726710362923
• Harvey, P., & Martinko, M. J. (2009). An empirical examination of the role of attributions in psychological entitlement and its outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(4), 459-476.
• Hastie, R. (1984). Causes and effects of causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(1), 44. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.46.1.44
• Hogg, M. A. & Vaughan, G. M. (2014). Sosyal Psikoloji, Ütopya Yayınevi, 7. Baskı, Ankara.
• Irshad, M., Majeed, M., Farid, T., Basahal, A. S., Iqbal, S., & Yaqub, M. Z. (2024). Impact of psychological entitlement on engagement in learning activities and psychological anxiety of hotel employees: Envy as an explanatory mechanism. BMC Psychology, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4150096/v1
• Jordan, P. J., Ramsay, S., & Westerlaken, K. M. (2017). A review of entitlement: Implications for workplace research. Organizational Psychology Review, 7(2), 122-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386616647121
• Jordan, P. J., Ramsay, S., & Westerlaken, K. M., (2017). A review of entitlement: implications for workplace research, Organizational Psychology Review, 7(2), 122-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386616647121
• Kansoy, S. U., & Nalbantoğlu, C. B. (2023). The effect of psychological entitlement and abusive supervision on organizational deviance in cabin attendants. Journal of Human Sciences, 20(4), 461-476.
• Kanten, P. (2014). Narsistik Kişilik Özelliğinin Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışları Üzerindeki Etkisinde Örgüt İkliminin Düzenleyici Rolü. İ.Ü. İşletme İktisadi Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi, 25, (76), 160-184.
• Keller, P. S., Blincoe, S. Gılbert, L. G., Dewall, N. C., Haak, E. A & Widiger, T. (2014). Narcissism in Romantic Relationships. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33(1), 25-50.
• Lange, J., Redford, L., & Crusius, J. (2019). A status-seeking account of psychological entitlement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(7), 1113–1128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218808501
• Lee, A., Gerbasi, A., Schwarz, G., & Newman, A. (2019). Leader–member exchange social comparisons and follower outcomes: The roles of felt obligation and psychological entitlement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 92(4), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12245
• Lin, S. Y., Chen, H. C., & Chen, I. H. (2022). The bright side of entitlement: exploring the positive effects of psychological entitlement on job involvement. Evidence-based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. Advanced online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-05-2021-0097
• Liu, M., & Koivula, A. (2023). Greed doesn’t grow on trees: The indirect association between pro-environmental behavior and materialism through adolescents’ psychological entitlement. Young Consumers, 24(1), 1-17.
• Mao, H., Peng, S., Zhang, L., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Self-serving leadership and innovative behavior: Roles of psychological entitlement and moral identity. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1071457. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1071457
• Merdan, E. (2023). Psikolojik ayrıcalık. Örgütsel Davranış Kavramlar ve Araştırmalar-II, 47.
• Peng, X., Yu, K., Kang, Y., Zhang, K., & Chen, Q. (2023). Perceived overqualification leads to being ostracized: The mediating role of psychological entitlement and moderating role of task interdependence. Career Development International, 28(5), 554-571. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-06-2022-0143
• Rahaei, A., & Salehzadeh, R. (2020). Evaluating the impact of psychological entitlement on cyberloafing: The mediating role of perceived organizational justice. Vilakshan-XIMB Journal of Management, 17(1/2), 137-152.
• Raskin, R. & Terry, H. (1988). A Principal-Components Analysis of The Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Further Evidence of Its Construct Validity. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 54 (5), 890.
• Rose, K. C., & Anastasio, P. A. (2014). Entitlement is about “others” narcissism is not: Relations to sociotropic and autonomous interpersonal styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 50-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.004
• Schwarz, G., Newman, A., Yu, J., & Michaels, V. (2023). Psychological entitlement and organizational citizenship behaviors: The roles of employee involvement climate and affective organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(1), 197-222.
• Shin, Y., Hur, W. M., Kang, D. Y., & Shin, G. (2024). Why pro-organizational unethical behavior contributes to helping and innovative behaviors: The mediating roles of psychological entitlement and perceived insider status. Current Psychology, 1-18.
• Snow, J. N., Kern, R. M., & Curlette, W. L. (2001). Identifying personality traits associated with attrition in systematic training for effective parenting groups. The Family Journal, 9(2), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480701092003
• Ünsal Akbıyık, B. S. (2018). Psikolojik ayrıcalığın üretkenlik karşıtı davranışlara etkisi: Psikolojik sözleşmenin ihlal edilmesinin aracılık rolü. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 234-255.
• Weiner, B. (2000). Attributional thoughts about consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 27(3), 382-387. doi: 10.1086/317592
• Yakut, E. (2018). Examinaton of product recalls in terms of attributıon theory in the marketing context: A qualitative meta-analysis. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 351-367
• Yılmazer, T., Karagöz, Ş., Uzunbacak, H. H., & Akçakanat, T. (2021). Karanlık üçlü kişilik özellikleri, psikolojik ayrıcalık, göreli yoksunluk ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkiler üzerine bir araştırma. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, (86), 597-622.
• Zhao, L., Khalid, M., Karim Khan, A., & Ma, Y. (2024). Negative workplace gossip and knowledge hiding: roles of duty orientation and psychological entitlement. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 22(2), 198-209.
• Zitek, E. M. & Schlund, R. J. (2021). Psychological entitlement predicts noncompliance with the health guidelines of the COVID-19 pandemic. Personality and Individual Differences, 171(1), 1-10.