Televizyon ve Akışkan Propaganda: Lübnan Hizbullah’ı ve İran Özelinde Al Alam Televizyonu İçeriklerinin Analizi

Öz

The purpose of this study is to analyze the news content broadcast by Al Alam television, which is under the regime's control and follows a regime-aligned broadcasting approach. However, while conducting this analysis, the strategic economic and political production conditions that emerged between Hezbollah and Iran were also included in the scope of the research, and a multi-faceted reading was attempted. In line with this purpose, an attempt was made to determine what the contents that have a common ideological flow between Hezbollah and Iran are, what ideological infrastructure these issues are created with, the status of the representations attributed to Hezbollah in the contents produced on Al-Alam television, and, in addition, the poly-economic production conditions between these two strategic actors.The content analysis method was adopted in the research. 184 news content broadcasts between 22.06.2023 and 31.12.2023 was examined in detail. The main reason the research was conducted between June 22, 2023, and December 31, 2023, is that news content on Hezbollah was intensively produced during this period. According to the research results; It was determined that the news texts produced on Al Alam TV adopted an ideological language, the ideological representatives of both sides were actively included in the news texts, textual and visual codes supported the military operations carried out by these representatives in the field, Hezbollah was approached from an institutional perspective in the production of ideological conditions, Hassan Nasrallah and other Hezbollah officials were taken into the background, and the conditions for marketing Hezbollah were created in the ideological consumption market that was produced and conveyed to the masses in a transnational manner.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İRAN
• HİZBULLAH
• AL ALAM TV
• GÜNDEM BELİRLEME

Ideological Spiral and Fluid Propaganda Produced Through Television: Analysis of Al Alam Television Contents with Special Regard to Lebanese Hezbollah and Iran

Öz

The purpose of this study is to analyze the news content broadcast by Al Alam television, which is under the regime's control and follows a regime-aligned broadcasting approach. However, while conducting this analysis, the strategic economic and political production conditions that emerged between Hezbollah and Iran were also included in the scope of the research, and a multi-faceted reading was attempted. In line with this purpose, an attempt was made to determine what the contents that have a common ideological flow between Hezbollah and Iran are, what ideological infrastructure these issues are created with, the status of the representations attributed to Hezbollah in the contents produced on Al-Alam television, and, in addition, the poly-economic production conditions between these two strategic actors.The content analysis method was adopted in the research. 184 news content broadcasts between 22.06.2023 and 31.12.2023 was examined in detail. The main reason the research was conducted between June 22, 2023, and December 31, 2023, is that news content on Hezbollah was intensively produced during this period. According to the research results; It was determined that the news texts produced on Al Alam TV adopted an ideological language, the ideological representatives of both sides were actively included in the news texts, textual and visual codes supported the military operations carried out by these representatives in the field, Hezbollah was approached from an institutional perspective in the production of ideological conditions, Hassan Nasrallah and other Hezbollah officials were taken into the background, and the conditions for marketing Hezbollah were created in the ideological consumption market that was produced and conveyed to the masses in a transnational manner.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• HEZBOLLAH
• IRAN
• AL ALAM TV

Kaynakça

1. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 5). Hizb allah: ma hasal fi jinin aintisar limantiq almuqawama. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6655343/
2. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 6). Hizb allah yusdir bayanan bishan aihtilal "asrayiyl" lilqism allubnanii min baldat alghajar. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6655828/حزب-الله-يصدر-
3. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 8). Yadieut: taeazam hizb allah ealaa madaa 17 eamaan hu al'iikhfaq al'akbar li"'iisrayiyl"https://www.alalam.ir/news/6657088/
4. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 10). Alsafir alruwsi: hizb allah kutlat siasiat wataniat wjz' la yatajazaa min almujtamae allubnanii. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6658943/
5. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 9). Alaealam alasarayiyliu walkhawf min taeazum qudrat hizb Allah https://www.alalam.ir/news/6657753/
6. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 3). Hizb allah yudin aleudwan alasarayiylia ealaa mukhayam jinin wayushid bialtasadiy albutulii. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6653863/
7. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 9). Tuaqif qudrat alaihtilal 'amam taeazum qudrat hizb allah. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6657978/
8. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 9). Makhawif 'jil alhazayimi' alasarayiyliu min taeazum qudrat hizb allah.https://www.alalam.ir/news/6657923/مخاوف-جيل-الهزائم-الاسرائيلي-من-تعاظم- قدرات- حزب-الله

9. Al alam. ir. (2023, Temmuz 3). Hizb allah yudin aleudwan alasarayiylia ealaa mukhayam jinin wayushidbialtasadiy albutuli. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6653863/
10. Alalam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 9). Tuaqif qudrat alaihtilal 'amam taeazum qudrat hizb allah. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6657978/ توقف-قدرات-الاحتلال-أمام-تعاظم-قدرات-حزب-الله
11. Alalam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 10). Alsafir alruwsi: hizb allah kutlat siasiat wataniat wjz' la yatajazaa min almujtamae allubnanii. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6658943/
12. Al alam.ir. (2023, Ağustos 8). Ma dalalat kashf al'iielam aleibrii ean sinariw 'iisrayiyliin limuajahat muhtamalat mae hizb allah? https://www.alalam.ir/news/6679058/
13. Al alam.ir. (2023, Ağustos 8). Basil: aitifaq 'awaliun mae hizb allah ealaa masar aism tawafuqi watashil alaism muqabil matalib watania. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6679408/باسيل-اتفاق-أولي- مع-حزب-الله-على-مسار-اسم- توافقي-وتسهيل-الاسم-مقا
14. Alalam. ir. (2023, Temmuz 12). Hizb allah yasqut tayirat masirat sihyuniat fawq janub lubnan.https://www.alalam.ir/news/6660428/حزب-الله-يسقط-طائرة-مسيرة-صهيونية-فوق- جنوب- لبنان
15. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 6). Hizb allah yusdir bayanan bishan aihtilal "asrayiyl" lilqism allubnanii min baldat alghajar. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6655828/
16. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 6). Hizb allah yuhadhir min alajara'at alati yaqum biha alaihtilal fi baldat alghajar. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6654853/
17. Al alam.ir (2023, Temmuz 9). Makhawif 'jil alhazayimi' alasarayiyliu min taeazum qudrat hizb allah. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6657923/
18. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 12) Hizb allah yasqut tayirat masirat sihyuniat fawq janub lubnan. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6660428/
19. Alalam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 13). Alshaykh qawwq: 'iieadat alhiwar bayn "hizb allah" wa"alwatani alhar" hu khutwat bialaitijah alsahihi. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6661038/
20. Al alam.ir (2023, Temmuz 14). Hizb allah naeian alshaykh alnaabulsay:fiqdan samahatuh khasaratan kabiratan li'ahl aleilm walmuqawamati. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6661668/
21. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 18). Hizb allah yunhy kafat altahdirat li'iihya' eashura' fi mintaqat jabal eamil althaania. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6664638/حزب-الله-يُنهي-كافة- التحضيرات-لإحياء- عاشوراء-في-منطقة-جبل-عامل-ال
22. Alalam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 19). Shahid.. khaymat hizb allah tahmi watan https://www.alalam.ir/news/6664988/شاهد--خيمة-حزب-الله-تحمي-وطن
23. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 20). Katayib hizb allah yusdir bayanan bishan altatawul ealaa alquran alkarim. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6665988/كتائب-حزب-الله-يصدر-بيانا-بشان- التطاول-على- القرآن-الكريم
24. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 22). Murasil hizb allah yarsud rayiys 'arkan al'iihtilal ealaa alhudud allubnaniati. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6667148/مراسل-حزب-الله-يرصد-رئيس- أركان- الإحتلال-على-الحدود-اللبنانية
25. Al alam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 30). Lubnanu: hizb allah yunazim masirat al 13 min almuhram althulatha' fi alnabatiat wakalimat lilsayid nasr allah. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6672603/لبنان- حزب-الله-ينظم-مسيرة-الـ-13-من-المحرم-الثلاثاء-في- النبطية-وك
26. Al alam.ir. (2023, Ağustos 7). Hizb allah yuerad mae wafd harakat hamas alwade al'amnia fi mukhayam eayn alhulwa. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6678618/
27. Al alam.ir. (2023, Ağustos 8). Makhawif asarayiylia 'man ay muajahat mae hizb allah' khalafatha taradudat mawaqif alsayid nasrallah. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6678903/مخاوف- اسرائيلية-من-اي-مواجهة-مع-حزب-الله- خلفتها-ترددات-مواقف-السي
28. Al alam.ir. (2023, Ağustos 8). Al'iielam al'iisrayiyliu wasynaryw makhatir alharb mae hizb allah.https://www.alalam.ir/news/6678983/الإعلام-الإسرائيلي-وسيناريو-مخاطر-الحرب-مع- حزب-الله Al alam.ir. (2023, Ağustos 8). Bialfidyu. hal yakhshaa jaysh alaihtilal aldukhul fi muajahat muhtamalat mae hizb allah?. https://www.alalam.ir/news/6679068/
29. Alalam.ir. (2023, Temmuz 9). Makhawif 'jil alhazayimi' alasarayiyliu min taeazum qudrat hizb allah.https://www.alalam.ir/news/6657923/مخاوف-جيل-الهزائم-الاسرائيلي-من-تعاظم- قدرات-حزب-الله
30. Alarabiya.net (2025). إسرائيل تشتكي: إيران تزود حزب الله بحقائب مليئة بالدولارات https://www.alarabiya.net/iran/2025/01/31/اسرائيل-تشتكي-ايران-تزود-حزب-الله-بحقائب-مليئة-بالدولارات
31. Aleshraqtv.iq. (2017, Temmuz 4). Alashiraq thanyaan bieudwiat almajlis alaelaa liaitihad aladhaeat waltilfizyunat alaslamia. https://aleshraqtv.iq/all-detal.aspx?jimare=6415
32. Almayadeen.net (2022, Ocak 3). Sayyed Nasrallah commemorates martyrdom Soleimani, AlMuhandis.https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/sayyed-nasrallah-commemorates-martyrdom-of-soleimani-al-muha
33. Almanar TV (2023, Ocak 4). Kalimat alsayid nasr allah limunasabat aldhikraa alsanawiat althaalithat liaistishhad alqayidin sulaymani walmuhandis fi 3-1. https://www.almanar.com.lb/10248361
34. Ar. mehrnews. (2022). Alsayd nasrallah: alshahid eabaas almusawi kan yaetaqid biwujub harakat eulama' aldiyn nahw alnaas. https://ar.mehrnews.com/news/1922287/
35. Ari, B, L. (2024). What is Al-Qard al-Hassan association, now a target of IDF? (Y. Net). https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hyhlslmg1l
36. Aydın, U. (Ed.). (2020). İran’ın Levant’taki izdüşümü: Hizbullah. İran Araştırmaları Merkezi. https://iramcenter.org/iranin-levanttaki-izdusumu-hizbullah-154
37. Aziz, A. 2017. Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri ve teknikleri. (11.bs.). Nobel Yayınları.
38. Baghernia, N., & Mahmoudinejat, H, E. (2019). Media reviews Al- Alam versus Al- arabiya: İran and Saudi Arabia’s media propaganda tools. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333917006
39. Baztab.ir, (2017). حضور ۲۳۰ شبکه در نهمین اجلاس رادیو و تلویزیون‌های اسلامی. https://baztab.ir/ حضور-۲۳۰-شبکه-در-نهمین-اجلاس-رادیو-و-تلو/ adresinden erişim sağlandı.
40. Beeri,T. (2022). Who is in charge of Hezbollah’s combat information body (Al- Alam al- Harbi)? Alma Research. https://israel-alma.org/2022/05/31/who-is-in-charge-of-hezbollahs-combat-information-body-al-alam-al-harbi/
41. Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. Hafner.
42. Burathanews. (2020, Aralık 1). Alsayid hasan nasr allah: aitamanaa min albarzani 'an yakun shakraan lijamil alshahid sulaymani lanah dafie ean arbil. https://burathanews.com/arabic/news/362008
43. Cull, J, N., Culbert, D. & Welch, D. (1977). Propaganda and mass persuasion: historical encyclopedia, 1500 to the present. ABC-CLIO.
44. Clarke, P, C. (2017). How Hezbollah came to dominate ınformation warfare. Rand
45. Corporation.https://www.rand.org/blog/2017/09/how-hezbollah-came-to-dominate-information-warfare.html
46. Cordesman, H, A. & Kleiber, M. (2007). Iran’s military forces and warfighting capabilities. The threat in the northern gulf. Praeger Security İnternational.
47. CRS Reports. (2006). Lebanon: The İsrael- Hamas- Hezbollah conflict. Congressional Research Service. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF12770.The Library of Congress.
48. Demir, S., & Rijnoveanu, C. (2013). The impact of the syria crisis on the global and regional political dynamics. Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 13(1), 55-77. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/406909
49. Demircan, S. (2021). Devlet dışı aktörlerin ülkelerin dış politikasına etkisi: İran dış politikası çerçevesinde Hizbullah örneği. (Kayıt No. 677512). [Yüksek Lisans tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi]. YÖK Tez Merkezi.
50. Elhan, N. (2019). Hizbullah- İran ilişkileri. U Başar, (Ed.)., İran Araştırmaları Merkezi. https://iramcenter.org/uploads/files/hizbullah-iran-iliskileri.pdf
51. Fadıl, A. (2016). Milishiat shieiat mttrrft aqtahamat halab thddd 'ahl 'iidlib. https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/syria/2016/12/14/
52. Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the news. Discourse and ideology in the press. Routledge.
53. Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks. (Çev. Quıntın. H. & Goefrrey.N.S.). Lawrence & Wishart. (Orijinal yayın tarihi 1971).
54. Herman, S, E., & Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing consent: the political economy of the mass media. Pantheon Book.
55. Hui Xiong, Xiyuan Liu & Yuting He (2021) Claiming legitimacy: journalists’ discursive strategies for rationalizing brand propaganda within chinese local press. Journalism Studies, 22(4), 435-453. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1880335.
56. Jorisch, A. (2004, Şubat). Al Manar: Hizbullah TV, 24/7. Washington Instıtute for Near EastPolicy.https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/al-manar-hizbullah-tv-247
57. Kallis, A, A. (2005). Nazi propaganda and the second world war. Palgrave Macmillan.
58. Karmi, S. (2020, Haziran 29). The shiite militias in Syria. Alma Research. https://israel-alma.org/2020/06/29/executive-summary/
59. Kazaz, M., & Görgülü, Y. (2024). İran’da Mahsa Amini protestoları: Al Alam (Ir) ve Bakü (Az) Televizyonunda Protestoların Temsili. Tirebolu İletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi. 1(2), 110-137.
60. Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis. An ıntroduction to ıts methodology. (2.bs.). Sage Publications.
61. Levitt, M. (2021). Hezbollah’s regional activities in support of İran’s proxy networks. The Middle East Institute. https://ctc.westpoint.edu/hezbollahs-virtual-entrepreneurs-hezbollah-using-internet-incite-violence-israel/
62. Linaberger, P. M. A., 2015. Psychological warfare. Hauraki Publishing.
63. Middle East Monitor (2022, Mayıs 10). Hezbollah orders its fighters to be on alert, Nasrallahsays:https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220510-hezbollah-orders-its-fighters-to-be-on-alert-nasrallah-says/
64. Miller, D. (2004). Tell me lies. Propaganda and media distortion in the attack on Iraq. İçinde (Ed.)., D. Miller. Propaganda Wars. Pluto Press.
65. Mroue, B. (2022, Eylül 1). Hezbollah at 40 stronger than ever but has more enemies. AssociatedPress.https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2022-09-01/hezbollah-at-40-stronger-than-ever-but-has-more-enemies
66. Neuendorf, A, K. (2002). The content analysis guidebook. Sage Publications.
67. Riley, A., & Smith, P. (2016). Kültürel kurama giriş giriş. (Çev. S. Güzelsarı & İ. Gündoğdu). Dipnot Yayınları. (Orijinal Yayın Tarihi: 2009).
68. Stein, E. (2017). İdeological codependecy and regional order: İran, Syria, and the axis of refusal. Political Science & Politics, 50 (3), American Political Science Association. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049096517000385
69. The Meir Amit İntelligence and Terrorism İnformation Center (2019). Hezbollah’s media empire. https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/hezbollahs-media-empire/
70. Vakil, S and Quilliam, N. (2021, Nisan 1 ). Steps to enable a middle east regional security process. Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/04/steps-enable-middle-east-regional-security-process/06-addressing-irans-regional-role
71. Vreese, H, C. (2005). News framing: theory and yypology. ınformation Design Journal, 13(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1075/idjdd.13.1.06vre
72. Zywietz, B. (2020). Einführung: der ıslamische staat und seine propaganda. İçinde B. Zywietz (Ed.), Propaganda des „ıslamischen staats“: formen und formate (s. 1-20). Springer VS. Johannes Gutenberg Üniversitat.