JOSEPH BOULOGNE, THE CHEVALIER DE ST GEORGE: MUCH FORGOTTEN BLACK COMPOSER OF THE 18TH CENTURY FRANCE

Öz

Joseph Boulogne, the Chevalier de St George is one of the interesting and fascinating characters of the 18th century France. He was one of the first black musicians of his time. He was a master of fencing, a classical music composer, personal music teacher to Marie Antoinette, an active abolitionist and a colonel to the Legion of Saint Georges, the first black regiment formed in France and Europe. The aim of this research to introduce this mostly forgotten and underestimated violinist and composer to the Turkish reader. Among the research done the course of this work, very little information was found in Turkish about this black composer. To be precise a badly translated version of what is found on Wikipedia. It is hoped that this black composer will be introduced to the Turkish music scene and his works will be of interest to the readers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 18th century French classical music
• Joseph Boulogne the Chevalier de St George
• Violin virtuoso
• black composers

JOSEPH BOULOGNE, THE CHEVALIER DE ST GEORGE: 18. YÜZYIL FRANSASININ UNUTULMUŞ SİYAHİ BESTECİSİ

Öz

Joseph Boulogne, the Chevalier de St George 18. yüzyıl Fransa’sının ve batı klasik müzik dünyasının ilk siyahî müzisyenlerinden birisidir. Çok tanınan bir kılıç ustası, klasik müzik bestecisi, Maire Antoinette’in müzik hocası, aktif olarak ırkçılığa karşı savaşmış bir birey ve Fransa’da ve Avrupa’da kurulan ilk siyahî birlik olan Legion de Saint George’un ilk komutanı. Bu araştırmanın amacı bu çok yönlü siyahî besteciyi müzik severlere tanıtmaktır. St.George hakkında Türkçe kaynaklar araştırıldığında, Wikipedia sayfasından son derece kötü bir çeviri ile Türkçe’ye aktarılmış bir yazıdan fazlası bulunamamıştır. Bu araştırmamızla St George’u ve eserlerini klasik müzik dünyasına ve icracılara tanıtmak amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 18. Yüzyıl Fransa’sında Klasik Müzik
• Joseph Boulogne the Chevalier de St George
• Keman Virtüözleri
• Siyahî Besteciler

Kaynakça

1. Banat, G. (1981). Masters of Violin. (Ed). New York, New York: Johnson Reprint.
2. Banat, G. (1990). Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges, Man of Music and Gentleman-at-Arms: The Life and Times of an Eighteenth-Century Prodigy. Black Music Research Journal, 10(2), 177–212. https://doi.org/10.2307/779385
3. Banat, G. (2006). The chevalier de Saint-Georges: Virtuoso of the sword and the bow. New York, New York: Pendragon Press.
4. Balter, M. (2020). His name is Joseph Boulogne, not Black Mozart. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/arts/music/black-mozart
5. de La Laurencie, L., & Martens, F. H. (1919). The Chevalier de Saint-George: Violinist. The Musical Quarterly, 5(1), 74–85. Retrived from http://www.jstor.org/stable/737927
6. de Lerma, D.R. (1976). The Chevalier de Saint-Georges. The Black Perspective in Music, 4(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.2307/1214399
7. Ducheni, J. (2016). Chevalier de Saint-Georges: The man who got under Mozart's skin. The Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/features/chevalier-de-saintgeorges-the-man-who-got-under-mozart-s-skin-a6859191.ht
8. Garnier-Panafieu, M. (2011). Un contemporain atypique de Mozart: Le chevalier de Saint-George [An atypical contemporary of Mozart: The chevalier of Saint George]. Paris: YP Éditions.

9. Ledord, J. A. (2020). Joseph Boulogne, the Chevalier de Saint-George and the Problem with Black Mozart. Journal of Black Studies, Vol. (1), 60-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934719892239
10. Ribbe, C. (2010a, October 9). Le Blog de Claude Ribbe [Claude Ribbe’s Blog]. http:// www.claude-ribbe.com/dotclear/index.php?2010/10/09/220-le-mystere-de-larue-du-chevalier-de-saint-george
11. Ribbe, C. (2010b). Mémoires du chevalier de Saint-George, roman [Memoirs of the chevalier de Saint-George, a novel]. Éditions Alphée. RhNegativ,
12. Smith, W. E. (2004). The Black Mozart: Le Chevalier de Saint Georges. Bloomington, Indiana: Author House.
13. Zick, W. J. (2009, January 15). Biographer Pierre Bardin discovers death report of Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges (1745-1799). AfriClassical. https://africlassical. blogspot.com/2009/01/biographer-pierre-bardin-discovers.html