The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students

Furkan Kaşıkcı; Burak Can Korkmaz

doi:10.52597/buje.1680133

EN TR

The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students

Öz

Social exclusion is a risk factor for the psychological well-being of university students. Because they pass through emerging adulthood characterized by pressure and uncertainty, interpersonal resources are more significant for them. However, social exclusion limits these resources. It also causes negative emotional states, such as guilt and sadness. At this point, self-forgiveness may play a significant role as an emotion-focused coping strategy. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-forgiveness on the relationship between social exclusion and psychological symptoms in university students. Data were analyzed through regression-based mediation analysis using the PROCESS macro (Model 4) with 5,000 bootstrap resamples. This study included 725 university students aged 18-24 years, with a mean age of 21.01 years. Of these university students, 481 (66.3%) were female, and 244 (33.7%) were male. The participants completed the Social Exclusion Scale, Self-Forgiveness Scale, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21. The findings revealed that social exclusion was significantly associated with psychological symptoms. Furthermore, self-forgiveness mediated the relationship between social exclusion and psychological symptoms. Therefore, psychological symptoms can be prevented by focusing on the self-forgiveness of university students experiencing social exclusion.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Social exclusion, self-forgiveness, psychological symptoms, mediating role

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Dışlanma ile Psikolojik Semptomlar Arasındaki İlişkide Kendini Affetmenin Aracılık Rolü

Öz

Sosyal dışlanma, üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik iyi oluşları için bir risk faktörüdür. Beliren yetişkinlik döneminde bulunan üniversite öğrencileri için kişilerarası ilişkiler çok önemlidir. Fakat sosyal dışlanma bu ilişkileri baltalar. Ayrıca suçluluk ve üzüntü gibi olumsuz duygusal durumlara sebebiyet verir. Bu noktada, kendini affetme, duygu odaklı bir başa çıkma stratejisi olarak önemli bir rol oynayabilir. Bu nedenle, mevcut çalışma üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal dışlanma ile psikolojik semptomlar arasındaki ilişkide kendini affetmenin aracılık rolünü araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Veriler, SPSS ortamında Hayes PROCESS Makrosu (Model 4) kullanılarak 5.000 Bootstrap örneklemesiyle aracılık analizi kapsamında incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya 18-24 yaş aralığında, yaş ortalaması 21,01 olan 725 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Bu üniversite öğrencilerinin 481'i (%66,3) kadın, 244'ü (%33,7) erkektir. Katılımcılar Sosyal Dışlanma Ölçeği, Kendini Affetme Ölçeği ve Depresyon Anksiyete Stres Ölçeği-21'i doldurmuştur. Bulgular sosyal dışlanmanın psikolojik semptomlarla anlamlı şekilde ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, kendini affetme sosyal dışlanma ile psikolojik semptomlar arasındaki ilişkiye aracılık etmiştir. Bu nedenle, sosyal dışlanma yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin kendini affetmesine odaklanılarak psikolojik semptomlar önlenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sosyal dışlanma, kendini affetme, psikolojik semptomlar, aracı rol

Kaynakça

Allen, S. F., Gilbody, S., Atkin, K., & van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. (2020). The associations between loneliness, social exclusion and pain in the general population: A N= 502,528 cross-sectional UK Biobank study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 130, 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.06.028
Arslan, G. (2018a). Social exclusion, social support and psychological wellbeing at school: A study of mediation and moderation effect. Child Indicators Research, 11(3), 897–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9451-1
Arslan, G. (2018b). School-based social exclusion, affective wellbeing, and mental health problems in adolescents: A study of mediator and moderator role of academic self-regulation. Child indicators research, 11(3), 963–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9486-3
Arslan, G. (2019). Mediating role of the self–esteem and resilience in the association between social exclusion and life satisfaction among adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109514
Arslan, G., & Coskun, M. (2021). Social exclusion, self-forgiveness, mindfulness, and internet addiction in college students: A moderated mediation approach. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(4), 2165–2179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00506-1
Arslan, G., & Yıldırım, M. (2021). Coronavirus stress, meaningful living, optimism, and depressive symptoms: A study of moderated mediation model. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1882273
Ayseli, C., & Yıldırım, A. (2023). Basic need satisfaction and self-forgiveness: The mediating role of emotion regulation difficulties. Current Research in Social Sciences, 9(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.30613/curesosc.1123701
Balestrieri, S. G., DiGuiseppi, G. T., Meisel, M. K., Clark, M. A., Ott, M. Q., & Barnett, N. P. (2018). US college students’ social network characteristics and perceived social exclusion: A comparison between drinkers and nondrinkers based on past-month alcohol use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 79(6), 862–867. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2018.79.862
Bugay, A., & Demir, A. (2010). A Turkish version of heartland forgiveness scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1927–1931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.390
Cheavens, J. S., Cukrowicz, K. C., Hansen, R., & Mitchell, S. M. (2016). Incorporating resilience factors into the interpersonal theory of suicide: The role of hope and self‐forgiveness in an older adult sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22230

Chen, S. X., Ng, J. C. K., Hui, B. P. H., Au, A. K. Y., Wu, W. C. H., Lam, B. C. P., Mak, W. W. S., & Liu, J. H. (2021). Dual impacts of coronavirus anxiety on mental health in 35 societies. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 8925. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87771-1
Costa, L., Worthington, E. L., Cavadas Montanha, C., Couto, A. B., & Cunha, C. (2021). Construct validity of two measures of self-forgiveness in Portugal: a study of self-forgiveness, psychological symptoms, and well-being. Research in Psychotherapy (Milano), 24(1), 500. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2021.500
Couvillion, M. A. (2022). Social anxiety and the experience of belongingness on Facebook: The importance of active Facebook use. (Publication No. 2708763121) [Doctoral dissertation, Fielding Graduate University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Devassy, V. P., & Raj, J. M. (2014). The relationship between emotional competence, forgiveness, and happiness among adolescents. Research Journal of Social Science and Management, 4(5), 72–82.
Duru, E. (2015). Genel Aidiyet Ölçeğinin psikometrik özellikleri: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(44), 37–47
Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2020). Divine, interpersonal and self-forgiveness: Independently related to depressive symptoms?. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(4), 448–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1639798
Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course, (2nd ed., pp. 269–314). Information Age Publishing.
Fossati, P. (2019). Circuit based anti-correlation, attention orienting, and major depression. CNS spectrums, 24(1), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852918001402
Gençoğlu, C., Şahin, E., & Topkaya, N. (2018). General self-efficacy and forgiveness of self, others, and situations as predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress in university students. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 18(3). 605–626. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2018.3.0128
Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2020). A Dual-System Model of Social Anxiety Disorder: The Interplay of the Social-Rank and Affiliation Biopsychosocial Systems. Clinical Psychology and Special Education, 9(3), 15–33. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpse.2020090302
González-Cutre, D., Sicilia, Á., Sierra, A. C., Ferriz, R., & Hagger, M. S. (2016). Understanding the need for novelty from the perspective of self-determination theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.036
Hall, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2005). Self-forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100
Hui, S., & Tian, Z. (2021). The effectiveness of forgiveness intervention to decrease of rejection sensitivity: A study based on left-behind children. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 19(1), 111. https://psybeh.tjnu.edu.cn/EN/Y2021/V19/I1/111
Jankowski, K. F., Batres, J., Scott, H., Smyda, G., Pfeifer, J. H., & Quevedo, K. (2018). Feeling left out: depressed adolescents may atypically recruit emotional salience and regulation networks during social exclusion. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 13(8), 863–876. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsy055
Karasewich, T. A., & Kuhlmeier, V. A. (2020). Trait social anxiety as a conditional adaptation: A developmental and evolutionary framework. Developmental Review, 55, 100886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2019.100886
Kasikci, F. (2020). Üniversite yaşamına uyum ile iyi oluş arasında kişilik özelliklerinin aracı rolü. Turkish Studies – Educational Sciences, 15(5), 3445–3466. https://doi.org/10.47423/TurkishStudies.43683
Kavakli, M. (2021). Which one is more detrimental for humankind? Ostracism or social exclusion? Their effects on depression, anxiety, stress. Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapies and Research, 10(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBRP/63389
Kim, C. S., Shin, G. E., Cheong, Y., Shin, J. H., Shin, D. M., & Chun, W. Y. (2022). Experiencing social exclusion changes gut microbiota composition. Translational Psychiatry, 12(1), 254. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-022-02023-8
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
Ladd, G. W., & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2016). Research in educational psychology: Social exclusion in school. In P. Riva & J. Eck (Eds.), Social exclusion (pp. 109–132). Springer.
Lew, B., Huen, J., Yu, P., Yuan, L., Wang, D. F., Ping, F., Abu Talib, M., Lester, D., & Jia, C. X. (2019). Associations between depression, anxiety, stress, hopelessness, subjective well-being, coping styles and suicide in Chinese university students. PloS One, 14(7), e0217372. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217372
Li, H., Wade, N. G., & Worthington Jr, E. L. (2020). Understanding the processes associated with forgiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 628185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.628185
Li, Y., Zhao, J., Ma, Z., McReynolds, L. S., Lin, D., Chen, Z., Wang, T, Wang, D., Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Fan, F., & Liu, X. (2021). Mental health among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: A 2-wave longitudinal survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.109
Lijtmaer, R. M. (2022). Social trauma, nostalgia and mourning in the immigration experience. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 82(2), 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1057/s11231-022-09357-8
Lin, W., Wu, B., Chen, B., Lai, G., Huang, S., Li, S., Liu, K., Zhong, C., Huang, W., Yuan, S. & Wang, Y. (2021). Sleep conditions associate with anxiety and depression symptoms among pregnant women during the epidemic of COVID-19 in Shenzhen. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281, 567–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.114
Lincoln, S. H., Johnson, T., Winters, A., & Laquidara, J. (2021). Social exclusion and rejection across the psychosis spectrum: A systematic review of empirical research. Schizophrenia Research, 228, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.11.056
Longobardi, C., Morese, R., & Fabris, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 emergency: Social distancing and social exclusion as risks for suicide ideation and attempts in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 551113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.551113
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
Malone, G. P., Pillow, D. R., & Osman, A. (2012). The general belongingness scale (GBS): Assessing achieved belongingness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.027
Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C., Delgado, B., Díaz-Herrero, Á., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2020). Relationship between suicidal thinking, anxiety, depression and stress in university students who are victims of cyberbullying. Psychiatry Research, 286, 112856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112856
McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2010). Research in education: Evidence based inquiry. My Education Lab Series. Pearson.
Niu, G. F., Shi, X. H., Yao, L. S., Yang, W. C., Jin, S. Y., & Xu, L. (2022). Social exclusion and depression among undergraduate students: The mediating roles of rejection sensitivity and social self-efficacy. Current Psychology, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03318-1
O’Beirne, S., Katsimigos, A. M., & Harmon, D. (2020). Forgiveness and chronic pain: A systematic review. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-), 189(4), 1359–1364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02200-y
Pang, H., Ruan, Y., & Wang, L. (2024). How can mobile social media sustain consumers? Assessing the dynamic influences of differentiated perceived interactivity on attitudes, belongingness, and stickiness. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 19(4), 2783–2798. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer19040134
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.
Raabe, I. J. (2019). Social exclusion and school achievement: Children of immigrants and children of natives in three European countries. Child Indicators Research, 12(3), 1003–1022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-018-9565-0
Sakız, H., & Jencius, M. (2024). Inclusive mental health support for international students: Unveiling delivery components in higher education. Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health, 11, e8. http://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2024.1
Sakız, H., & Sarıçam, H. (2015). Self-compassion and forgiveness: The protective approach against rejection sensitivity. International Journal of Human and Behavioral Science, 1(2), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.19148/ijhbs.58217
Sakız, H., Mert, A., & Sarıçam, H. (2021). Self-esteem and perceived social competence protect adolescent students against ostracism and loneliness. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 31(1), 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2020.25
Sarıçam, H. (2018). The psychometric properties of Turkish version of depression anxiety stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 7(1), 19–30.
Satici, B. (2020). Social exclusion and adolescent wellbeing: Stress, school satisfaction, and academic self-efficacy as multiple mediators. The Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 37(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/edp.2020.7
Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, E. S., Roberts, J. C., & Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
Timeo, S., Riva, P., & Paladino, M. P. (2019a). Dealing with social exclusion: An analysis of psychological strategies. Current directions in ostracism, social exclusion, and rejection research, 65–81. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351255912
Timeo, S., Riva, P., & Paladino, M. P. (2019b). Learning to cope with everyday instances of social exclusion: A review of emotional and cognitive strategies for children and adolescents. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 24(4), e12173. https://doi.org/10.1111/jabr.12173
Toussaint, L. (2022). Forgiveness and flourishing. Spiritual Care. https://doi.org/10.1515/spircare-2022-0042
Tunçel, N., & Kavak, B. (2022). Being an ethical or unethical consumer in response to social exclusion: The role of control, belongingness and self‐esteem. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 46(2), 459–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12693
Wang, Y., Shi, L., Que, J., Lu, Q., Liu, L., Lu, Z., Xu, Y., Liu, J., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Yuan, K., Ran, M., Lu, L., Bao, Y., & Shi, J. (2021). The impact of quarantine on mental health status among general population in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Molecular Psychiatry, 26(9), 4813–4822. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01019-y
Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism: The kiss of social death. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 236–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00004.x
Williams, K. D., & Sommer, K. L. (1997). Social ostracism by coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation?. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(7), 693–706. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297237003
World Health Organization. (2022a). Health and Well-Being. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/major-themes/health-and-well-being.
World Health Organization. (2022b). Depression. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression
Yaakobi, E. (2021). Personality as a moderator of immediate and delayed ostracism distress. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(4), 1454–1477. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12484
Yao, S., Chen, J., Yu, X., & Sang, J. (2017). Mediator roles of interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness between self-esteem and subjective well-being. Current Psychology, 36(3), 585–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9447-x
Yu, X., Du, H., Li, D., Sun, P., & Pi, S. (2023). The influence of social exclusion on high school students’ depression: a moderated mediation model. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 4725–4735. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S431622

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Eğitim Psikolojisi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Furkan Kaşıkcı ^*
0000-0002-1042-1920
Türkiye

Burak Can Korkmaz
0000-0002-7122-9289
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

31 Aralık 2025

Gönderilme Tarihi

20 Nisan 2025

Kabul Tarihi

6 Temmuz 2025

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2025 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.52597/buje.1680133

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA79UE94JM

APA

Kaşıkcı, F., & Korkmaz, B. C. (2025). The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students. Bogazici University Journal of Education, 42(3), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.52597/buje.1680133

AMA

1.Kaşıkcı F, Korkmaz BC. The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students. BUJE. 2025;42(3):35-47. doi:10.52597/buje.1680133

Chicago

Kaşıkcı, Furkan, ve Burak Can Korkmaz. 2025. “The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students”. Bogazici University Journal of Education 42 (3): 35-47. https://doi.org/10.52597/buje.1680133.

EndNote

Kaşıkcı F, Korkmaz BC (01 Aralık 2025) The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students. Bogazici University Journal of Education 42 3 35–47.

IEEE

[1]F. Kaşıkcı ve B. C. Korkmaz, “The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students”, BUJE, c. 42, sy 3, ss. 35–47, Ara. 2025, doi: 10.52597/buje.1680133.

ISNAD

Kaşıkcı, Furkan - Korkmaz, Burak Can. “The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students”. Bogazici University Journal of Education 42/3 (01 Aralık 2025): 35-47. https://doi.org/10.52597/buje.1680133.

JAMA

1.Kaşıkcı F, Korkmaz BC. The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students. BUJE. 2025;42:35–47.

MLA

Kaşıkcı, Furkan, ve Burak Can Korkmaz. “The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students”. Bogazici University Journal of Education, c. 42, sy 3, Aralık 2025, ss. 35-47, doi:10.52597/buje.1680133.

Vancouver

1.Furkan Kaşıkcı, Burak Can Korkmaz. The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students. BUJE. 01 Aralık 2025;42(3):35-47. doi:10.52597/buje.1680133

Aksi belirtilmedikçe bu sitedeki tüm içerik Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY 4.0) kapsamında lisanslanmıştır.

The Mediating Role of Self-Forgiveness in the Relationship Between Social Exclusion and Psychological Symptoms in University Students

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sosyal Dışlanma ile Psikolojik Semptomlar Arasındaki İlişkide Kendini Affetmenin Aracılık Rolü

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Konular

Bölüm

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

Gönderilme Tarihi

Kabul Tarihi

Yayımlandığı Sayı

DOI

IZ

Kaynak Göster