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The Philosophical and Physical Connections Between Galen’s Small Ball Exercise and Modern Bocce

Cilt: 14 7 Temmuz 2026
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The Philosophical and Physical Connections Between Galen’s Small Ball Exercise and Modern Bocce

Öz

This study investigates the philosophical, physical, and strategic parallels between the ancient exercise method described by the renowned 2nd century CE physician Galen in his work "On Exercise with the Small Ball" (De Parvae Pilae Exercitio) and the modern sport of bocce. Galen characterized small ball exercises as a "democratic" form of therapy due to their economic accessibility, "safe" because they provide balanced physical exertion without overstrain, and "holistic" for stimulating mental alertness (gnome). Today, the disciplines under the umbrella of bocce are considered modern reflections of this ancient ideal on the courts. The study demonstrates that the physical benefits offered by bocce (such as fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, and low injury risk) align precisely with Galen’s medical teachings. Furthermore, the emphasis of both activities on social inclusiveness across age and gender points toward a sustainable health model that has endured from antiquity to the present. In conclusion, the article argues that bocce is not merely a recreational sport but a comprehensive physical activity model that preserves Galen’s principle of mind-body integration.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Ajita R. 2015, “Galen and his contribution to anatomy: a review”. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 4/26, 4509–4516.
  2. Akdağ M. & Türkmen M. 2023, “Examination of Participation Motivation and Perceptions of Success of Athletes Engaged in Bocce and Dart Sports in the Provinces of Kilis and Gaziantep”. International Journal of Cultural and Social Research (UKSAD) 9/1, 66–79.
  3. Asghari P. & Ghaffari M. A. 2022, “Historical study of the role of exercise and physical activity in medicine from the perspective of Galenian medicine”. Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 15, 158–171.
  4. Asonitou Κ., Yiannaki S. & Koutsouki D. 2024, “Exercise Is Medicine through Time: Prescription of Adapted Physical Activity in Treatment and Rehabilitation”. Ed. Hidetaka Hamasaki, New Horizons of Exercise Medicine. London, 11–38.
  5. Bahçecioğlu H. & Yapıcıoğlu B. 2023, “The Effect of Four-Week Respiratory Muscle Training on Respiratory Muscle Strength, Functions, and Performance in National Bocce Athletes”. Journal of Sport Sciences Research 9/1, 34–49.
  6. Blaumeiser G. 1992, “Aktif Bewegungstherapie und Sport”. Ed. Jürgen Zeidler, Orthopädischrheumatologische Kurmedizin. Berlin & Heidelberg, 150–193.
  7. Baumeister A. 1885, Denkmaeler des Klassischen Altertums (Vol. 1). München & Leipzig.
  8. Berryman J. W. 2012, “Motion and rest: Galen on exercise and health”. The Lancet 380(9838), 210–211.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Spesifik Alanların Tarihi (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

7 Temmuz 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

2 Mayıs 2026

Kabul Tarihi

7 Temmuz 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 14

Kaynak Göster

APA
Özüdoğru, E. (2026). The Philosophical and Physical Connections Between Galen’s Small Ball Exercise and Modern Bocce. Cedrus, 14, 131-145. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21236650
AMA
1.Özüdoğru E. The Philosophical and Physical Connections Between Galen’s Small Ball Exercise and Modern Bocce. Cedrus. 2026;14:131-145. doi:10.5281/zenodo.21236650
Chicago
Özüdoğru, Ebru. 2026. “The Philosophical and Physical Connections Between Galen’s Small Ball Exercise and Modern Bocce”. Cedrus 14 (Temmuz): 131-45. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21236650.
EndNote
Özüdoğru E (01 Temmuz 2026) The Philosophical and Physical Connections Between Galen’s Small Ball Exercise and Modern Bocce. Cedrus 14 131–145.
IEEE
[1]E. Özüdoğru, “The Philosophical and Physical Connections Between Galen’s Small Ball Exercise and Modern Bocce”, Cedrus, c. 14, ss. 131–145, Tem. 2026, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21236650.
ISNAD
Özüdoğru, Ebru. “The Philosophical and Physical Connections Between Galen’s Small Ball Exercise and Modern Bocce”. Cedrus 14 (01 Temmuz 2026): 131-145. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21236650.
JAMA
1.Özüdoğru E. The Philosophical and Physical Connections Between Galen’s Small Ball Exercise and Modern Bocce. Cedrus. 2026;14:131–145.
MLA
Özüdoğru, Ebru. “The Philosophical and Physical Connections Between Galen’s Small Ball Exercise and Modern Bocce”. Cedrus, c. 14, Temmuz 2026, ss. 131-45, doi:10.5281/zenodo.21236650.
Vancouver
1.Ebru Özüdoğru. The Philosophical and Physical Connections Between Galen’s Small Ball Exercise and Modern Bocce. Cedrus. 01 Temmuz 2026;14:131-45. doi:10.5281/zenodo.21236650

Dergimiz 01.01.2026  tarihi itibariyle yayın hayatına Sürekli Yayın Modeli ile devam edecektir.  İlgili yılın sayısında en fazla 15 makale yayımlanacak olup  2024 yılı Ekim ayı itibariyle Cedrus sadece yabancı dilde makale kabul edecektir.