Ancient Tomb Frescoes in Thrace and Macedonia

Öz

In particular over the past 50 years, the tumulus-type tombs unearthed in ancient Thrace and Macedonia have generated interest in frescoes in terms of understanding the art of antiquity. As a result of the study of the tomb paintings in the two neighbouring regions, with the aim of understanding in terms of painting techniques and iconographic features, both the similarities and differences in these regions and between each other. Furthermore; inferences are drawn the tomb finds and written sources relating to the sociocultural structure of the communities. Frescoes within the scope of this work are divided into two main groups according to whether they are figural or not. It is understood that the tombs in both regions, containing figures or not, have similar design schemes consisting of horizontal bands on top of each other. In the tombs in Thrace, dating from the middle of the first half of the Vth century B.C. to the middle of the Ist century A.D.; hunting scenes, the funeral dinner, funeral games, crowning, war dance and fighting scenes were depicted. In the Macedonian graves, the earliest of which is dated to around 340 B.C., the latest to the middle of the IInd century B.C.; the subjects depicted were of hunting, funeral games, crowning, trophe, the kidnapping of Persephone, judgement (transition to the afterlife), philosophers’ meeting and royal symposia. The burial frescoes, which are concentrated in the second half of the IVth century B.C. and the IIIrd century B.C. in both regions, are important for depicting new subjects developed in the Hellenistic Period and they include the earliest examples of some techniques that are employed in modern painting.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hellenistic
• Tumulus
• Mural
• Iconog¬raphy
• Painting Techniques

Trakya ve Makedonya’da Antikçağ Mezar Freskleri

Öz

Özellikle son 50 yılda antik Trakya ve Makedonya böl¬gele¬rinde açığa çıkarılan tümülüs tipi mezarlar, antikçağ resim sanatının daha iyi anlaşılması açısından fresklere olan merakı tetiklemiştir. Bu iki bölgede bulunan mezar fresklerini kapsayan çalışma sonucunda, re¬sim tekniği ve ikonografik özellikleri açısından bölgelerin kendi içinde ve birbirleriyle olan benzerliklerinin ve farklılıklarının anlaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca, mezarlardaki buluntulardan ve yazılı kaynaklardan da faydalanılarak toplulukların sosyokültürel yapısına ilişkin çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında freskler, figür içerip içermediklerine göre iki ana gruba ayrılmıştır. Her iki bölgedeki resimlerin de hem figür içerenlerinin hem de içermeyenlerinin benzer tasarım şemalarına sahip oldukları ve üst üste yatay bant sıralarından oluştukları anlaşılmıştır. MÖ V. yüzyılın ilk yarısı ile MS I. yüzyılın ortasına tarihlendirilen Trakya’daki mezarlarda; av sahneleri, cenaze yemeği, cenaze oyunları, askeri müzakere, taçlandırma, savaş dansı ve mücadele sah¬neleri işlenmiştir. En erkeni MÖ 340 civarına ve en geç olanı MÖ II. yüzyıl ortalarına tarihlendirilen Makedonya’daki mezarlarda ise avlar, cenaze oyunları, taçlandırma, trophe, Persephone’nin kaçırılması, yargılama (öbür dünyaya geçiş), filozoflar toplantısı ve kralî sympo¬sion işlenmiştir. Her iki bölgede de MÖ IV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı ile MÖ III. yüzyılda yoğunlaşan mezar freskleri, Hellenistik Dönem’le birlikte geliştirilen yeni konuların tasvir edilmesi ve modern resim sanatındaki bazı tekniklerin en erken örneklerini içermesi açısından önem arz etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hellenistik
• Tümülüs
• Duvar Resmi
• İkonografi
• Resim Teknikleri

Kaynakça

1. Aksan Z. M. 2015, Güneydoğu Thrakia Tümülüsleri: 1881 - 1964 Yıllarında Kazılan Tümülüslerin Yeniden Değerlendirilmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi. İstanbul.
2. Andronikos M. 1984, VERGINA: The Royal Tombs and the Ancient City. Athens.
3. Andronikos M. & Fotiadis M. 1978, “The Royal of Philip II: An Unlooted Macedonian Grave at Vergina”. Archaeology 31, 33-41.
4. Arrington N. 2018, “Touch and Remembrance in Greek Funerary Art”. The Art Bulletin 100/3, 7-27.
5. Avramova M. 2015, “Image of Horseman in Battle on Work of Thracian Art”. Chronika V, 66-77.
6. Bartsiokas A. 2000, “The Eye Injury of King Philip II and the Skeletal Edidence from the Royal Tomb II at Vergina”. Science 288/5465, 511-514.
7. Bernabé A. 2007, “The Derveni Theogony: Many Questions and Some Answers”. Harvard Studies in Clas¬sical Philology 103, 99-133.
8. Barnett R. D. 1976, Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668-627 BC). London.

9. Betegh G. 2004, The Derveni Papyrus. Cosmology, Theology and Interpretation. Cambridge.
10. Bingöl O. 2015, Arkeolojik Mimaride Resim (MÖ 30.000 - 500). Ankara.
11. Bloedow E. F. 1999, “On Hunting Lions in Bronze Age Greece”. Eds. P. P. Betancourt et al., Aegaeum 20: Annales D'Archéologie Êgéenne de L'Université de Liège et UT-PASP, vol. 1. Austin, 53-61.
12. Borza E. N. & Palagia O. 2007, “The Chronology of the Macedonian Royal Tombs at Vergina”. Jahrbuch Des Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts 122, 81-126.
13. Brécoulaki H. 2006, La Peinture Funeraire de Macedoine: Emplois et Fonctions de la Couleur IVe-IIe s. av. J.-C. 2 vols. Paris.
14. Bruns-Özgan C. 1987, Lykische Grabreliefs des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. Tübingen.
15. Cohen A. 2010, Art in the Era of Alexander the Great: Paradigms of Manhood and Their Cultural Traditi¬ons. Cambridge.
16. Cook A. B. 1925, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion. Band II. Cambridge.
17. Çetinkaya İ. 2019, “Aşı Boyası ve Kırmızı Rengin Ritüellerde Kullanımı”. Tematik Arkeoloji Sempozyumu (TAS) V, 203-214.
18. Darga A. M. 1992, Hitit Sanatı. İstanbul.
19. Davies G. 2018, Gender and Body Lenguage in Roman Art. Cambridge.
20. Dentzer J-M. 1982, Le Motif du Banquet Couche dans le Porche-Orient et le Monde Grec du VIIe au IVe siecle avant J.-C. Paris.
21. Dimitrova D. 2015, The Tomb of King Seuthes III in Golyama Kosmatka Tumulus-Stages of Construc¬tion and Use”. ISTROS 21, 199-234.
22. Doğan N. 2006, İkiztepe İlk Tunç Çağı Mezarlık Buluntularının Sosyokültürel Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi. İstanbul.
23. Drougou S. & Saatsoglou-Paliadeli C. 2005, Vergina: The Land and its History. Athens.
24. Eliade M. 2006, Zalmoksis’ten Cengiz Han’a: Daçya ve Doğu Avrupa Folkloru ve Dini Üzerine Karşılaştır¬malı Bir İnceleme. Çev. A. Berktay, İstanbul.
25. Errington R. M. 2006, “Macedonia, Macedones”. Eds. H. Cancik & H. Schneider, Brill’s New Pauly: Encyc¬lopedia of the Ancient World, vol. 8. Leiden, 57-70.
26. Erzen A. 1994, İlkçağ Tarihinde Trakya. İstanbul.
27. Fol A. 2010, Thracian Culture: Told and Untold. Sofia.
28. Fol A. & Totya I. & Chichikova M. 1986, The Thracian Tomb Near the Village of Sveshtari. Sofia.
29. Fol A. & Fol V. 1986, The Thracians. Sofia.
30. Fox R. J. L. 2011 (ed.), “Introduction: Dating The Royal Tombs At Vergina”. Brill’s Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC - 300 AD. Leiden, 1-34.
31. Franks H. M. 2012, Hunters, Heroes, Kings: The Frieze of Tomb II at Vergina. Princeton.
32. Guirdzhiiska D., Zlateva B. & Glavcheva Z. 2017, “Polished Decorative Fields in Thracian Fresco Tombs from the Hellenistic Period Archaeometrical Research”. STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research III/2, 428-436.
33. Gündoğan Ş. 1985, “Çatalhöyük Kült Odalarında Duvar Resimleri”. Turizm Yıllığı. Ankara, 219-240.
34. Hammond N. G. L. 1982, “The Evidence for the Identity of the Royal Tombs at Vergina”. Eds. W. L. Adams & E. N. Borza, Philip II, Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Heritage. Washington, 111-127.
35. Hammond N. G. L. 1991, “The Royal Tombs at Vergina: Evolution and Identities”. The Annual of the British School at Athens 86, 69-82.
36. Hansen D. P. 2003, “Art of the Early City-States”. Ed. J. Aruz, Art of the First Cities. The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. New York, 21-42.
37. Helbig W. 1969, Führer durch die Öffentlichen Sammlungen Klassischer Altertümer in Rom, vol. 2. Tübin¬gen.
38. Hurwit J. M. 2002, "Reading the Chigi Vase". Hesperia 71, 1-22.
39. Kakoulli I. 2002, “Late Classical and Hellenistic Painting Techniques and Materials: A Review of the Tech¬nical Literature”. Reviews in Conversation 3, 56-67.
40. Kekeç E. 2020, Trakya ve Makedonya Tümülüslerinde Bulunan Freskli Tümülüsler. Yayımlanmamış Yük¬sek Lisans Tezi, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi. İstanbul.
41. Kızgut İ. 2018, “Payava Lahti”. Cedrus VI, 65-104.
42. Kitov G. 1997, “The Valley of the Thracian Kings”. Il Mar Nero. Journal of Archaeology and History III, 9-36.
43. Kitov G. 2001, A Newly Found Thracian Tomb with Frescoes”. Archaeologia Bulgarica V, 15-29.
44. Kitov G. 2003, Гробницата в Александрово”. Известия на Исторически музей II, 149-175.
45. Kitov G. 2009, Александровската гробница. Varna.
46. Kitov G. & Dimitrova D. 1998, “New Discoveries in the Thracian Valley of the Kings in the Region of Kazanluk. Excavations by a Thracian Expedition for Tumuli Investigations ‘TEMP’ in the Region of Kazanluk from 1995 till 1997”. TALANTA 30/31, 31-54.
47. Kitov G. & Krasteva M. 1994, “The Thracian Grave and Cult Complex in the Ostrousha Tumulus Near Shipka”. TALANTA 26/27, 7-28.
48. Kolonkaya-Bostancı N. 2012, “Anadolu’da Erken Prehistorik Dönem Kırmızı Aşı Boyası Kullanımı”. Anadolu 38, 29-51.
49. Kottaridi A. 2007, “L’Êpiphanie Des Dieux Des Enfers Dans La Nêcropole Royale D’Aigai”. Ed. S. Des¬camps-Lequime, Peinture Et Couleur Dans Le Monde Grec Antique. Paris, 27-45.
50. Kottaridi A. 2011, “Burial Customs And Beliefs In The Royal Necropolis Of Aegae”. Heracles to Alexander the Great: Treasures from the Royal Capital of Macedon, A Hellenistic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy. Oxford, 131-152.
51. Lawton C. L. 1995, Attic Document Reliefs: Art and Politics in Ancient Athens. Oxford.
52. Layard A. H. 1853, The Monuments of Nineveh. From Drawings Made on the Spot. London.
53. Lippold G. 1950, Die Griechische Plastik, Handbuch der Archäologie im Rahmen des Handbuchs der Alter¬tumswissenschaft (1. Lieferung des 3. Bandes). München.
54. Mansel A. M. 1940, “Trakya Hafriyatı”. Belleten 13, 89-139.
55. Mellaart J. 1962, “The Beginnings of Mural Paintings”. Archaeology 15, 2-12.
56. Mellaart J. 1967, Çatalhöyük, A Neolitic Town in Anatolia. London.
57. Mellink M. J. 1998, An Archaic Painted Tomb Chamber in Northern Lycia. Philadelphia.
58. Mikov V. 1954, Le Tombeau Antique près de Kazanlǎk. Sofia.
59. Mikov V. 1960, “Das Antike Grab bei Kazanlâk”. Eds.: H. von Besevliev – J. Irmscher, Antike und Mitte¬lalter in Bulgarien Berlin Berliner Byzantinistische Arbeiten. Band 21. Berlin, 291-292.
60. Miller S. G. 1982, “Macedonian Tombs: Their Architecture and Architectural Decoration”. Studies in the History of Art, Symposium Series 1: Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times 10, 153-171.
61. Miller S. G. 1993, The Tomb of Lyson and Kallikles: A Painted Macedonian Tomb. Mainz.
62. Miller S. G. 2014, “Hellenistic Painting in the Eastern Mediterranean, Mid-Fourth to Mid-First Century B.C.”. Ed. J. J. Pollitt, The Cambridge History of Painting in the Classical World. Cambridge, 170-237.
63. Mitchell T. C. & Searight A. 2008, Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum. Leiden.
64. Moormann E. M. 2018, “Beyond the Four Styles. Reflections on Periodization and Other Matters in Ro¬man Wall Painting”. Eds.: Y. Dubois & U. Niffeler, Pictores Per Provincias II – Status Quaestionis: Actes du 13e Colloque de L'Association Internationale pour la Peinture Murale Antique (AIPMA), 12-16 Sep¬tembre 2016. Basel, 389-404.
65. Nekhrizov G., & Avdeev G. V., Tarasova E. & Tarasov M. & Titorenkova & Petrova N. & Stamboliyska B. & Rogozherov M. & Yancheva D. & Kukeva R. & Markov P. & Nihtyanova D. & Dimitrov T. & Sto¬yanova R. 2017, “Сравнителен анализ на пигменти, пигментирани мазилки и строителни материали, използвани при изграждането на тракийски култови съоръжения”. ТРАКИЙСКАТА ДРЕВНОСТ: технологични и генетични изследвания, история и нематериално наследство. София, 84-100.
66. Niemeyer H. G. 2006, “Classical Archaeology”. Ed.: M. Landfester, Brill’s New Pauly: Encyclopedia of An¬cient World, vol. 1. Leiden, 845-846.
67. Onurkan S. 1988, Doğu Trakya Tümülüsleri Maden Eserleri: İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzelerindeki Trakya Toplu Buluntuları. Ankara.
68. Osman Hamdi Bey & Reinach T. 1892, Une Nécropole Royale à Sidon: Fouilles de Hamdy Bey. Paris.
69. Palagia O. 2011, “Hellenistic Art”. Ed. R. J. L. Fox, Brill’s Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC - 300 AD. Leiden, 477-493.
70. Palagia O. 2014, “The Frescoes from the Villa of P. Fannius Synistor in Boscoreale as Reflections of Mace¬donian Funerary Paintings of the Early Hellenistic Period”. Eds. H. Hauben & A. Meeus, STUDIA HELLENISTICA 53: The Age Of Successors And The Creation Of The Hellenistic Kingdoms (323-276 B.C.). Leuven, 207-234.
71. Palagia O. 2016, “Commemorating the Dead: Grave Markers, Tombs, and Tomb Paintings, 400-30 BCE”. Ed. M. M. Miles, A Companion to Greek Architecture. Sussex, 374-390.
72. Palairet M. 2015, Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 1, From Ancient Times to the Ottoman Inva¬sions). Newcastle.
73. Pollitt J. J. 1986, Art in the Hellenistic Age. Cambridge.
74. Petsas Ph. M. 1978, Alexander the Great’s Capital. Thessaloniki.
75. Rhomiopoulou K. 1997, Lefkadia: Ancient Mieza. Çev. D. Hardy. Athens.
76. Richter G. M. A. 1953, Handbook of Greek Collection. Cambridge.
77. Saatsoglou-Paliadeli C. 2011, The Arts at Vergina-Aegae, the Cradle of the Macedonian Kingdom”. Ed. R. J. L. Fox, Brill’s Companion to Ancient Macedon: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Macedon, 650 BC-300 AD. Leiden, 271-296.
78. Schmidt-Dounas B. 2016, “Macedonian Grave Tumuli”. Eds.: O. Henry – U. Kelp, Tumulus as Sema: Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC, Part 1. Berlin, 101-142.
79. Smith R. R. R. 1995, Hellenistic Sculpture. London.
80. SNG Cop. 2, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: Denmark. The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals Danish National Museum. Thrace and Macedonia. Copenhagen 1942.
81. Spawforth A. & Hornblower S. 2003, The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford.
82. Steingräber S. 2006, Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting. Los Angeles.
83. Stoyanov T. 1998, “Who was buried in the Caryatids’ Tomb at Sveshtari?”. Thracia 12, 103-107.
84. Stoyanov T. & Stoyanova D. 2016, “Early Tombs of Thrace. Questions of Chronology and Cultural Con¬text”. Eds.: O. Henry & U. Kelp, Tumulus as Sema: Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC, Part 1. Berlin, 281-312.
85. Summerer L. 2010, “Duvar Resimleri”. Eds. L. Summerer & A. Kienlin, TATARLI: Renklerin Dönüşü. İs¬tanbul, 120-185.
86. Theodossiev N. 2011, “Ancient Thrace during the First Millennium BC”. Ed. G. R. Tsetskhladze, The Black Sea, Greece, Anatolia and Europe in the First Millennium BC. Leuven, 1-60.
87. Todorov V. 2011, “The Thracian Tomb at Alexandrovo, SE Bulgaria: Preliminary Observations On Its Painting Technique”. Eds. V. Nikolov et al., Interdisziplinare Forschungen zum Kulturerbe auf der Bal¬kanhalbinsel. Sofia, 323-334.
88. Trankova D. & Vasileva M. & Georgieff A. 2015, A Guide to Thracian Bulgaria. Plovdiv.
89. Tsimbidou-Avloniti M. 2000, Oι Mακεδονικοί Tάφου του Aγίου Aθανασίου και Φοινικά Θεσσαλονικης. Διδακτορική Διατριβή, Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης (ΑΠΘ), Τμήμα Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας. Θεσσαλονίκη.
90. Tsimbidou-Avloniti M. 2004, “The Macedonian Tomb at Aghios Athanasios”. Ed. P. Barr, Alexander The Great: Treasures From An Epic Era Of Hellenism. New York, 149-151.
91. Tsimbidou-Avloniti M. 2005, Μακεδόνικοι τάφοι στον Φοίνικα και στον Αγιο Αθανάσιο Θεσσαλονίκης. Αθήνα.
92. Tsimbidou-Avloniti M. 2006, “Le Tombe Macédonienne d'Hagios Athanasios pres de Thessalonique (Pl. 63-65)”. Rois, Cités, Nécropoles: Institutions, Rites et Monuments en Macédoine: Actes des Colloques de Nanterre, Décembre 2002 et d'Athènes, Janvier 2004, MEΛETHMATA 45. Paris, 321-330.
93. Tsimbidou-Avloniti M. & Nasioula M. 2012, “Άγιος Αθανάσιος 2008-2012. Προς το τέλος μιας Οδύσσειας (Aghios Athanassios 2008-2012. Towards the End of an Odyssey)”. Το αρχαιολογικό έργο στη Μακεδονία και Θράκη (ΑΕΜΘ) 26. Θεσσαλονίκη, 283-290.
94. Valeva J. 1997, “Mythology and History. The Painted Frieze of the Sveshtary Tomb with Cariatids”. I Temi Figurativi Nella Pittura Parietale Antica (IV sec. A.C. – IV sec. D.C.): Atti del VI Convegno Internazio¬nale sulla Pittura Parietale Antica, 20-23 Settembre 1995. Imola, 295-298.
95. Valeva J. 2015, “The Decoration of Thracian Chamber Tombs”. Eds. J. Valeva et al., A Companion to An¬cient Thrace. Malden, 180-196.
96. Vello J. 1984, “Ochre as Medicine: A Suggestion for the Interpretation of the Archaeological Report”. Cur¬rent Anthropology 25/5, 674.
97. Verdiani C. 1945, “Original Hellenistic Paintings in a Thracian Tomb (Excerpted from the Italian by Rhys Carpenter)”. American Journal of Archaeology 49/4, 402-415.
98. Wagner-Durand E. 2019, “Narration. Description. Reality: The Royal Lion Hunt in Assyria”. Image - Nar¬ration - Context: Visual Narration in Cultures and Societies of the Old World (FAVis 1). Heidelberg, 235-272.
99. Yalouris N. 1982, “Painting in the Age of Alexander the Great and the Successors”. Studies in the History of Art, Symposium Series 1: Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times 10. Washington, 263-268.
100. Yıldırım Ş. 2008, Doğu Trakya’da Mezar Tepelerinin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Gelişimi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi. Ankara.