Araştırma Makalesi
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SDH for Child Audiences in Turkey: Practice of Plain Subtitling

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 29, 139 - 160, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.824787

Öz

In light of the recent developments in Turkey and the new studies in the AVT sector, the study provides insight into the findings of the subtitling for the D/deaf and Hard of Hearing (SDH) module of a project completed by the Audio Description Association (SEBEDER) in August 25- October 9, 2020 entitled ‘Project for Accessibility to Television Programs for Blind, D/deaf and Hard of Hearing Children’. The study concentrates on a part of the translator and translation guideline prepared to standardize translation activity and provide quality assurance. The first part of the study provides information about subtitling for the D/deaf and Hard of Hearing and practices for child audiences. The second part entails a summary of the project, including partners and processes. The following section that forms the core of the study details recommendations as regards the approaches, methods, practices, and other features for subtitling for the D/deaf and Hard of Hearing for child audiences. Strategies and examples from practice are provided about the section of the guidelines on plain subtitling for children. The results of the project, the recent developments in the field in Turkey are briefly referred to in the conclusion alongside recommendations for future projects. 

Kaynakça

  • ABC. (2010). Industry guidelines on captioning television programs. https://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/1105_freetvguidelines.pdf
  • Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • Allen, T. E. (1986). Patterns of academic achievement among hearing impaired students: 1974 and 1983. A. N. Schildroth & M.A. Karchmer (Eds.), Deaf children in America (ss. 161-206). San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press.
  • Baker, R. G., Lambourne, A. D. & Rowston, G. (1984). Handbook for television subtitlers (revised edition). Winchester: IBA Engineering Division.
  • BBC. (2018). BBC subtitle guidelines. London: The British Broadcasting Corporation. http://bbc .github.io/ subtitleguidelines/.
  • Cambra i Verges, C., Leal Garcia, A. & Silvestre, N. (2013). The Interpretation and visual attention of hearing impaired children when watching a subtitled cartoon. The Journal of Specialised Translation, 20, 134-146.
  • Chaume, V. F. (2012). Audiovisual translation: Dubbing. Londra & New York: Routledge.
  • Chesterman, A. & Wagner E. (2002). Can theory help translators? A dialogue between the ivory tower and the wordface. Manchester, UK, Northampton, MA: St. Jerome.
  • Chiaro, D. (2009). Issues in audiovisual translation. J. Munday (Ed.), The Routledge companion to translation studies (ss. 141-165). Londra & New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Çankaya, Ö. (1992). Türk televizyonunun program yapısı. İstanbul: Mozaik Basım ve Yayıncılık.
  • Danan, Martine. (2004). Captioning and subtitling: Undervalued language learning strategies. Meta, 49(1), 67-77.
  • De Higes Andino, I & Cerezo Merchan, B. (2018). Using evaluation criteria and rubrics as learning tools in subtitling for the D/deaf and hard of hearing. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 12(1), 68-88.
  • De Linde, Z. & Kay, N. (1999). The semiotics of subtitling. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome.
  • Delabastita, D. (1989). Translation and mass- communication: Film and tv translation as evidence of cultural dynamics. Babel, 35(4), 193–218.
  • Diaz-Cintas, J. & Remael. A. (2007). Audiovisual translation: Subtitling. Manchester: St. Jerome.
  • Diaz-Cintas J., Matamala, A. & Neves, J. (2010). Media for all: New Developments. J. Diaz-Cintas, A. Matamala & J. Neves (Ed.), New insights into audiovisual translation and media accessibility (ss. 11-22). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  • Doherty, S., ve Kruger, J. L. (2018). The development of eye tracking in empirical research on subtitling and captioning. J. Sita, T. Dwyer, S. Redmond, & C. Perkins (Ed.), Seeing into screens. Londra: Bloomsbury.
  • EFHOH. (2011). State of Subtitling Access in EU. 2011 Report. Stockholm: EFHOH. http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/consultations/2011/audiovisual/nonregistered organisations/european-federation-of-hard-of-hearing-peopleefhoh-_en.pdf
  • Gregory, S. ve Sancho-Aldridge, J. (1996). Dial 888: Subtitling for deaf children. Londra: Independent Television Commission.
  • Jelinek Lewis, M. S. & Jackson, D. W. (2001). Television literacy: Comprehension of programme content using closed captions for the deaf. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 6(1), 43-53.
  • Jensema, C. (2000). A study of the eye movement strategies used in viewing captioned television. Silver Spring, MD: Institute for Disability Research and Training. www.dcmp.org/caai/nadh130.pdf
  • Jensema, C. (2003). The relation between eye movement and reading captions and print by school-age deaf children. Wheaton, MD: Department of Education. www.dcmp.org/caai/nadh134.pdf
  • Marschark, M. (1993). Psychological development of deaf children. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Media Access Australia. (2012). Captioning guidelines. https://mediaaccess.org.au/practicalwebaccessibility/media/caption-guidelines
  • Neves, J. (2008). Training in subtitling for the D/deaf and the hard‐of‐hearing. J. Diaz-Cintas (Ed.), The didactics of audiovisual translation (ss. 171-189). John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/btl.77.17nev.
  • Ofcom. (2013). Television access services: Report for the first six months of 2013. http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/market-dataresearch/market-data/tv-sector-data/tv-access-services-reports/access-q1q2-
  • Okyayuz, A. Ş. & Kaya, M. (2017). Görsel-işitsel çeviri eğitimi. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Okyayuz, A. Ş. (2019a). Görsel-işitsel çeviri ve engelsiz erişim. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Okyayuz, A. Ş. (2019b). Ayrıntılı altyazı çevirisi. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Paivio, A. ve Lambert, W. (1981). Dual coding and bilingual memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20(5), 532-539.
  • Paivio, A. 1991. Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie, 45(3), 255.
  • Perego, E. (2016). Gains and losses of watching audio described films for sighted viewers. Target, 28(3), 424-444.
  • Powers, S., Gregory, S. ve Thoutenhoofd, E. (1998). The educational achievements of deaf children. Londra: DfEE.
  • Remael, A. (2007). Sampling subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing in Europe. J.Diaz Cintas, P. Orero & A. Remael (Ed.), Media for all: subtitling for the deaf, audio description and sign language (ss. 23-52). Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi.
  • Romero-Fresco, P. (2009). More haste less speed: Edited verbatim respoken subtitles. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics VIAL, 6, 109-133. http://webs.uvigo.es/vialjournal/pdf/Vial-2009-Article6.pdf
  • RTÜK. (2019a). Sağırların, işitme ve görme engellilerin görsel-işitsel medya hizmetlerine erişiminin iyileştirilmesi çalıştayı. RTÜK Radyo ve Televizyon Üst Kurulu. https://www.rtuk.gov.tr/assets/Galeri/Haberler/sagirlarin-isitme-vegorme-engellilerin-gorsel-isitsel-medya-hizmetlerine-erisiminin-iyilestirilmesi-calistayisonuc-bildirisi.pdf
  • RTÜK. (2019b). Sağırların, işitme ve görme engellilerin yayın hizmetlerine erişiminin iyileştirilmesine ilişkin usul ve esaslar hakkında yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete (11 Ekim 2019). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/10/20191011-15.htm.
  • Scognamillo, G. (2014). Türk sinema tarihi. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayıncılık.
  • SEBEDER (Sesli Betimleme Derneği). (2020). Hakkımızda. http://sebeder.org/Hakkimizda-3.html
  • Simpson. P. A., Harrison D. R. & Stuart, A. (1992). The reading abilities of a population of hearing-ımpaired children. Journal of the British Association of Teachers of the Deaf, 16, 47-53.
  • Talavan, N. (2006). Using subtitles to enhance foreign language learning. Porta Linguarum, 6, 41-52.
  • Verfaillie, K. & d’Ydewalle, G. (1987). Modality preference and message comprehension in deaf youngsters watching TV. (Psychological Reports No. 70). Belçika: University of Leuven.
  • Zárate, S. (2008). Subtitling for deaf children on British television. The Sign Language Translator and Interpreter, 2(1), 15-34.
  • Zárate, S. (2010). Bridging the gap between deaf studies and AVT for deaf children. J. Díaz Cintas, A. Matamala & J. Neves (Ed.), New insights into audiovisual translation and media accessibility (ss. 159-174). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  • Zárate, S. & Eliahoo, J. (2014). Word recognition and content comprehension of subtitles for television by deaf children. The Journal of Specialised Translation, 21, 133-152.

Türkiye’de Sağır ve İşitme Engelli Çocuklar için Ayrıntılı Altyazı Çevirisi Hakkında Bir Araştırma: Uygulamada Sadeleştirme

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 29, 139 - 160, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.824787

Öz

Çalışma, Türkiye’de yaşanan son toplumsal gelişmeler ve görsel-işitsel çevirideki son açılımlar ışığında, Sesli Betimleme Derneği (SEBEDER) tarafından 25 Ağustos-09 Ekim 2020 tarihleri arasında yürütülen ve tamamlanan ‘Sağır, İşitme Engelli ve Görme Engelli Çocukların Televizyon Programlarına Engelsiz Erişimi Projesi’nin ayrıntılı altyazı bileşeninde elde edilen çıktılardan hareketle hazırlanmıştır. Proje kapsamında tamamlanan, çeviri ve çevirmen kılavuzunun bir bölümü bu çalışmanın odağını oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu kılavuz çocuk programlarında ayrıntılı altyazı çevirisi uygulamalarını düzenlemek ve kalite yönetimini sağlamak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde ayrıntılı altyazı çevirisi ve çocuklar için altyazı çevirisi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise yukarıda sözü edilen proje özetlenerek paydaşları ve proje döngüsündeki süreçler anlatılmıştır. Daha sonra ise, çalışmanın ana konusu olan çocuklar için ayrıntılı altyazı çevirisinde benimsenmesi tavsiye edilen yaklaşım, yöntem ve uygulama açıklanmıştır. Projenin önemli bir kısmını oluşturan kılavuzda yer alan ayrıntılı altyazıda sadeleştirme ile ilgili bölüme atıfla S/sağır ve işitme engelli çocuklar için ayrıntılı altyazı uygulamalarına ilişkin bilgi paylaşılmış, S/sağır ve işitme engelli çocuklar hedeflenerek yapılan ayrıntılı altyazı uygulamalarında uygulanabilecek çeviri stratejileri ve sadeleştirme ilkeleri örneklendirilerek anlatılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise projenin sonuçlarıyla birlikte, Türkiye’de görsel-işitsel çeviride yaşanan son gelişmeler ve bu alanda ülkemizde yapılacak çalışmaların çoğalmasının önemine değinilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • ABC. (2010). Industry guidelines on captioning television programs. https://www.abc.net.au/mediawatch/transcripts/1105_freetvguidelines.pdf
  • Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  • Allen, T. E. (1986). Patterns of academic achievement among hearing impaired students: 1974 and 1983. A. N. Schildroth & M.A. Karchmer (Eds.), Deaf children in America (ss. 161-206). San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press.
  • Baker, R. G., Lambourne, A. D. & Rowston, G. (1984). Handbook for television subtitlers (revised edition). Winchester: IBA Engineering Division.
  • BBC. (2018). BBC subtitle guidelines. London: The British Broadcasting Corporation. http://bbc .github.io/ subtitleguidelines/.
  • Cambra i Verges, C., Leal Garcia, A. & Silvestre, N. (2013). The Interpretation and visual attention of hearing impaired children when watching a subtitled cartoon. The Journal of Specialised Translation, 20, 134-146.
  • Chaume, V. F. (2012). Audiovisual translation: Dubbing. Londra & New York: Routledge.
  • Chesterman, A. & Wagner E. (2002). Can theory help translators? A dialogue between the ivory tower and the wordface. Manchester, UK, Northampton, MA: St. Jerome.
  • Chiaro, D. (2009). Issues in audiovisual translation. J. Munday (Ed.), The Routledge companion to translation studies (ss. 141-165). Londra & New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Çankaya, Ö. (1992). Türk televizyonunun program yapısı. İstanbul: Mozaik Basım ve Yayıncılık.
  • Danan, Martine. (2004). Captioning and subtitling: Undervalued language learning strategies. Meta, 49(1), 67-77.
  • De Higes Andino, I & Cerezo Merchan, B. (2018). Using evaluation criteria and rubrics as learning tools in subtitling for the D/deaf and hard of hearing. The Interpreter and Translator Trainer, 12(1), 68-88.
  • De Linde, Z. & Kay, N. (1999). The semiotics of subtitling. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome.
  • Delabastita, D. (1989). Translation and mass- communication: Film and tv translation as evidence of cultural dynamics. Babel, 35(4), 193–218.
  • Diaz-Cintas, J. & Remael. A. (2007). Audiovisual translation: Subtitling. Manchester: St. Jerome.
  • Diaz-Cintas J., Matamala, A. & Neves, J. (2010). Media for all: New Developments. J. Diaz-Cintas, A. Matamala & J. Neves (Ed.), New insights into audiovisual translation and media accessibility (ss. 11-22). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  • Doherty, S., ve Kruger, J. L. (2018). The development of eye tracking in empirical research on subtitling and captioning. J. Sita, T. Dwyer, S. Redmond, & C. Perkins (Ed.), Seeing into screens. Londra: Bloomsbury.
  • EFHOH. (2011). State of Subtitling Access in EU. 2011 Report. Stockholm: EFHOH. http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/consultations/2011/audiovisual/nonregistered organisations/european-federation-of-hard-of-hearing-peopleefhoh-_en.pdf
  • Gregory, S. ve Sancho-Aldridge, J. (1996). Dial 888: Subtitling for deaf children. Londra: Independent Television Commission.
  • Jelinek Lewis, M. S. & Jackson, D. W. (2001). Television literacy: Comprehension of programme content using closed captions for the deaf. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 6(1), 43-53.
  • Jensema, C. (2000). A study of the eye movement strategies used in viewing captioned television. Silver Spring, MD: Institute for Disability Research and Training. www.dcmp.org/caai/nadh130.pdf
  • Jensema, C. (2003). The relation between eye movement and reading captions and print by school-age deaf children. Wheaton, MD: Department of Education. www.dcmp.org/caai/nadh134.pdf
  • Marschark, M. (1993). Psychological development of deaf children. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Media Access Australia. (2012). Captioning guidelines. https://mediaaccess.org.au/practicalwebaccessibility/media/caption-guidelines
  • Neves, J. (2008). Training in subtitling for the D/deaf and the hard‐of‐hearing. J. Diaz-Cintas (Ed.), The didactics of audiovisual translation (ss. 171-189). John Benjamins Publishing Company. 10.1075/btl.77.17nev.
  • Ofcom. (2013). Television access services: Report for the first six months of 2013. http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/market-dataresearch/market-data/tv-sector-data/tv-access-services-reports/access-q1q2-
  • Okyayuz, A. Ş. & Kaya, M. (2017). Görsel-işitsel çeviri eğitimi. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Okyayuz, A. Ş. (2019a). Görsel-işitsel çeviri ve engelsiz erişim. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Okyayuz, A. Ş. (2019b). Ayrıntılı altyazı çevirisi. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Paivio, A. ve Lambert, W. (1981). Dual coding and bilingual memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20(5), 532-539.
  • Paivio, A. 1991. Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology/Revue Canadienne De Psychologie, 45(3), 255.
  • Perego, E. (2016). Gains and losses of watching audio described films for sighted viewers. Target, 28(3), 424-444.
  • Powers, S., Gregory, S. ve Thoutenhoofd, E. (1998). The educational achievements of deaf children. Londra: DfEE.
  • Remael, A. (2007). Sampling subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing in Europe. J.Diaz Cintas, P. Orero & A. Remael (Ed.), Media for all: subtitling for the deaf, audio description and sign language (ss. 23-52). Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi.
  • Romero-Fresco, P. (2009). More haste less speed: Edited verbatim respoken subtitles. Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics VIAL, 6, 109-133. http://webs.uvigo.es/vialjournal/pdf/Vial-2009-Article6.pdf
  • RTÜK. (2019a). Sağırların, işitme ve görme engellilerin görsel-işitsel medya hizmetlerine erişiminin iyileştirilmesi çalıştayı. RTÜK Radyo ve Televizyon Üst Kurulu. https://www.rtuk.gov.tr/assets/Galeri/Haberler/sagirlarin-isitme-vegorme-engellilerin-gorsel-isitsel-medya-hizmetlerine-erisiminin-iyilestirilmesi-calistayisonuc-bildirisi.pdf
  • RTÜK. (2019b). Sağırların, işitme ve görme engellilerin yayın hizmetlerine erişiminin iyileştirilmesine ilişkin usul ve esaslar hakkında yönetmelik. Resmi Gazete (11 Ekim 2019). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2019/10/20191011-15.htm.
  • Scognamillo, G. (2014). Türk sinema tarihi. İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayıncılık.
  • SEBEDER (Sesli Betimleme Derneği). (2020). Hakkımızda. http://sebeder.org/Hakkimizda-3.html
  • Simpson. P. A., Harrison D. R. & Stuart, A. (1992). The reading abilities of a population of hearing-ımpaired children. Journal of the British Association of Teachers of the Deaf, 16, 47-53.
  • Talavan, N. (2006). Using subtitles to enhance foreign language learning. Porta Linguarum, 6, 41-52.
  • Verfaillie, K. & d’Ydewalle, G. (1987). Modality preference and message comprehension in deaf youngsters watching TV. (Psychological Reports No. 70). Belçika: University of Leuven.
  • Zárate, S. (2008). Subtitling for deaf children on British television. The Sign Language Translator and Interpreter, 2(1), 15-34.
  • Zárate, S. (2010). Bridging the gap between deaf studies and AVT for deaf children. J. Díaz Cintas, A. Matamala & J. Neves (Ed.), New insights into audiovisual translation and media accessibility (ss. 159-174). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  • Zárate, S. & Eliahoo, J. (2014). Word recognition and content comprehension of subtitles for television by deaf children. The Journal of Specialised Translation, 21, 133-152.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sinem Bozkurt 0000-0003-0376-0358

Şirin Okyayuz 0000-0001-7512-2764

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 29

Kaynak Göster

APA Bozkurt, S., & Okyayuz, Ş. (2020). Türkiye’de Sağır ve İşitme Engelli Çocuklar için Ayrıntılı Altyazı Çevirisi Hakkında Bir Araştırma: Uygulamada Sadeleştirme. Çeviribilim Ve Uygulamaları Dergisi(29), 139-160. https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.824787