The Failure of the Transition to Democracy in Egypt
Yıl 2024,
, 585 - 615, 30.09.2024
Şuayip Turan
,
Yılmaz Bingöl
Öz
Democracy is one of the most demanded regimes not only in Egypt but also in the Arap region. By the end of 2010, the Egyptian people supported the mass demonstration against authoritarian rulers. The people in the region noticed that when they become a large and decisive mass, their oppressive rulers were forced to abandon an undemocratic understanding of government. In this study, the effect of domestic and external factors on the transition to democracy in Egypt was examined. The domestic factors paved the way for the failure of Morsi administreation namely the failure of the democratic transition process at that time. Both regional and global actors supported the coup and provided them financial aid immediately after the counter-revolution. The main aim of this article is to reveal the reasons for the failure of the transition to democracy in Egypt.
Kaynakça
- Aslan, H. K. ve Durmuş K. T. (2015). Arap Ayaklanmalarının Politik Ekonomisi: Mısır ve Tunus Örnekleri, Orsam- Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi
- Bekaroğlu, E. ve Kurt, V. (2015) Mısır’da Otoriter Rejimin Sürekliliği ve Ordu: ‘Arap Baharı’ ve Sonrası Sürecin Analizi, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalişmalari Dergisi Cilt: 2, Sayı: 2.
- Bloomberght (2012). Mısır'da seçimleri Muhammed Mursi kazandı, Retrieved April 04, 2017 from https://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/haber/1168579-misirda-secimleri-muhammed-mursi-kazandi
- Diamond, L. J. (1999). Developing democracy: toward consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Goldsmith, A. (2007). Muslim exceptionalism? Measuring the “Democracy Gap”. Middle East Policy, vol. XIV, no. 2, pp. 86-96.
- Hamzawy, A. (2017). Seven Years On: Why Egypt Failed to Become a Democracy Retrieved July 31, 2018 from https://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/why-egypt-failed-be-democracy-1109856918
- Huntington, S. P. (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
- Huntington, S. P. (1991). “Democracy’s Third Wave,” Journal of Democracy 2, no. 2 pp. 33–34.
- Huntington, S. P. (1991). “How Countries Democratize”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 106, No. 4.
- Huntington, S. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22-49. doi:10.2307/20045621
- Huntington, S. P. (1995). “Armed Forces and Democracy: Reforming Civil-Military Relations,” Journal of Democracy 6.
- Maghraoui, A. (2014). Egypt’s Failed Transition to Democracy: Was Political Culture a Major Factor? E-International Relations. Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/2014/04/29/egypts-failed-transition-to-democracy-was-political-culture-a-major-factor/
- Meital, Y. (2006) “The Struggle Over Political Order in Egypt: The 2005 Elections”, Middle East Journal, Vol: 60/2, pp. 257-279.
- Özçelik, S. (2020). “Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Türkiye’nin Orta doğu ve Kuzey Afrika Stratejisi”, Pınar Yürür v.d., Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Türkiye’nin Orta doğu ve Kuzey Afrika Siyaseti, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 1-27.
- Özkan, M. (2014). Misir Diş Politikasi Dünü, Bugünü, Sorunlari, Sayı 88, SETA- Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştirmalari Vakfi
Schumpeter, J. A. (2003). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Retrieved November 15, 2015 from https://ebookee.org/CapitalismSocialism-andDemocracy_264011.html
- Pearson, F. & Salamey, I. (2012). The Collapse of Middle Eastern Authoritarianism: Breaking the barriers of fear and power. Third World Quarterly, 33(5), 931-948.
- Perlmutter, A. (1981). Modem Authoritarianism: A Comparative Institutional Analysis (New Heaven and London: Yale University Press), p. 8.
- Robbins, M. (2018). A Decade of Public Opinion Research in MENA. the Arap Barometer Project. Retrieved July 29, 2018 from http://www.arapbarometer.org/publication/a-decade-of-public-opinion-research-in-mena-the-arap-barometer-project/
- Rustow, D. A. (1970). “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model,” Comparative Politics 2, no. 3, Retrieved October 19, 2017 from http://biblio.institutoelcano.org/docs/VVidapolitica/Acienciapolitica/3Democratizacion/Transicionpolitica/Rustow_TransitionstoDemocracy.pdf
- Tığlı, İ. (2011). “Mısır’da Sosyal Hareketler: Kifaye Hareketi ve Müslüman Kardeşler”, Dünya Bülteni Araştırma Masası, p. 7.
- Stacher, J. A. (2004). “Parties Over: The Demise of Egypt’s Opposition Parties”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol: 31, No: 2, p. 220.
- UDHR. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights. Retrieved January 20, 2016 from http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html
- Zakaria, F. (2003). The future of freedom. London: W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
- Zakaria, F. (2014). “Why democracy took root in Tunisia and not Egypt” Retrieved NoveMüslüman Kardeşlerer 28, 2014 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fareed-zakaria-why-democracy-took-root-in-tunisia-and-not-egypt/2014/10/30/c5205adc-606a-11e4-9f3a-7e28799e0549_story.html
- Zaki, M. (1995). Civil society & democratization in Egypt, 1981-1994. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.
Mısır’da Demokrasiye Geçiş Sürecinin Başarısızlığı
Yıl 2024,
, 585 - 615, 30.09.2024
Şuayip Turan
,
Yılmaz Bingöl
Öz
Demokrasi sadece Mısır'da değil, Arap bölgesinde de en çok talep edilen rejimlerden biridir. 2010'un sonuna gelindiğinde, Mısır halkı otoriter yöneticilere karşı kitlesel gösteriyi destekledi. Bölgedeki insanlar, büyük ve belirleyici bir kitle olduklarında, baskıcı yöneticilerinin demokratik olmayan bir yönetim anlayışını bırakmak zorunda kaldıklarını fark ettiler. Bu nedenle Mısır'daki ayaklanma, bölgede insanların siyasi liderlerine özgürce oy verdiği yeni bir siyaset için büyük umutlar taşıyordu. Bu çalışmada Mısırdaki iç ve dış aktörlerin demokrasiye geçişe etkisi incelenmiştir. Mısırdaki iç faktörler Mursi yönetiminin diğer bir ifadeyle o dönem için demokrasiye geçişin başarısızlığına sebep olmuştur. Hem bölgesel hem de küresel aktörler darbeyi desteklediler ve karşı devrimden hemen sonra Mısır’a mali yardımlarda bulundular. Bu makalenin ana amacı Mısır'da demokrasiye geçişin başarısızlık nedenlerini ortaya koymaktır.
Kaynakça
- Aslan, H. K. ve Durmuş K. T. (2015). Arap Ayaklanmalarının Politik Ekonomisi: Mısır ve Tunus Örnekleri, Orsam- Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi
- Bekaroğlu, E. ve Kurt, V. (2015) Mısır’da Otoriter Rejimin Sürekliliği ve Ordu: ‘Arap Baharı’ ve Sonrası Sürecin Analizi, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalişmalari Dergisi Cilt: 2, Sayı: 2.
- Bloomberght (2012). Mısır'da seçimleri Muhammed Mursi kazandı, Retrieved April 04, 2017 from https://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/haber/1168579-misirda-secimleri-muhammed-mursi-kazandi
- Diamond, L. J. (1999). Developing democracy: toward consolidation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Goldsmith, A. (2007). Muslim exceptionalism? Measuring the “Democracy Gap”. Middle East Policy, vol. XIV, no. 2, pp. 86-96.
- Hamzawy, A. (2017). Seven Years On: Why Egypt Failed to Become a Democracy Retrieved July 31, 2018 from https://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/why-egypt-failed-be-democracy-1109856918
- Huntington, S. P. (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
- Huntington, S. P. (1991). “Democracy’s Third Wave,” Journal of Democracy 2, no. 2 pp. 33–34.
- Huntington, S. P. (1991). “How Countries Democratize”, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 106, No. 4.
- Huntington, S. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22-49. doi:10.2307/20045621
- Huntington, S. P. (1995). “Armed Forces and Democracy: Reforming Civil-Military Relations,” Journal of Democracy 6.
- Maghraoui, A. (2014). Egypt’s Failed Transition to Democracy: Was Political Culture a Major Factor? E-International Relations. Available at: http://www.e-ir.info/2014/04/29/egypts-failed-transition-to-democracy-was-political-culture-a-major-factor/
- Meital, Y. (2006) “The Struggle Over Political Order in Egypt: The 2005 Elections”, Middle East Journal, Vol: 60/2, pp. 257-279.
- Özçelik, S. (2020). “Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Türkiye’nin Orta doğu ve Kuzey Afrika Stratejisi”, Pınar Yürür v.d., Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Türkiye’nin Orta doğu ve Kuzey Afrika Siyaseti, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 1-27.
- Özkan, M. (2014). Misir Diş Politikasi Dünü, Bugünü, Sorunlari, Sayı 88, SETA- Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştirmalari Vakfi
Schumpeter, J. A. (2003). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Retrieved November 15, 2015 from https://ebookee.org/CapitalismSocialism-andDemocracy_264011.html
- Pearson, F. & Salamey, I. (2012). The Collapse of Middle Eastern Authoritarianism: Breaking the barriers of fear and power. Third World Quarterly, 33(5), 931-948.
- Perlmutter, A. (1981). Modem Authoritarianism: A Comparative Institutional Analysis (New Heaven and London: Yale University Press), p. 8.
- Robbins, M. (2018). A Decade of Public Opinion Research in MENA. the Arap Barometer Project. Retrieved July 29, 2018 from http://www.arapbarometer.org/publication/a-decade-of-public-opinion-research-in-mena-the-arap-barometer-project/
- Rustow, D. A. (1970). “Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model,” Comparative Politics 2, no. 3, Retrieved October 19, 2017 from http://biblio.institutoelcano.org/docs/VVidapolitica/Acienciapolitica/3Democratizacion/Transicionpolitica/Rustow_TransitionstoDemocracy.pdf
- Tığlı, İ. (2011). “Mısır’da Sosyal Hareketler: Kifaye Hareketi ve Müslüman Kardeşler”, Dünya Bülteni Araştırma Masası, p. 7.
- Stacher, J. A. (2004). “Parties Over: The Demise of Egypt’s Opposition Parties”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol: 31, No: 2, p. 220.
- UDHR. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights. Retrieved January 20, 2016 from http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html
- Zakaria, F. (2003). The future of freedom. London: W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
- Zakaria, F. (2014). “Why democracy took root in Tunisia and not Egypt” Retrieved NoveMüslüman Kardeşlerer 28, 2014 from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/fareed-zakaria-why-democracy-took-root-in-tunisia-and-not-egypt/2014/10/30/c5205adc-606a-11e4-9f3a-7e28799e0549_story.html
- Zaki, M. (1995). Civil society & democratization in Egypt, 1981-1994. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.