Immigrant Entrepreneurs and Refugee Entrepreneurs with Similarities and Differences: A Typology Proposal

Öz

Migration, caused by war, disaster, political and economic conditions, can turn into commercial entrepreneurship due to the necessity situation or taking advantage of opportunities. The contribution of the interaction with immigration to economic development and institutional incentives are important in creating an entrepreneurship ecosystem. It is seen that there are problems with identification in academic studies, incentive programs and legal legislation on the entrepreneurship of those who have left their homeland. Concepts such as immigrant, refugee, ethnic, diaspora entrepreneurship are used intertwined in academic literature. The aim of this study is to try to define the entrepreneurship of people who migrated from their homeland, by the definition of immigration of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, by considering the similarities and differences in terms of physical, institutional and social capital, by determining the reasons for migration and starting a business, and to create a typology. In order to contribute to the theory and policies to be developed, a nomological and discretization-based approach to the classification of entrepreneurship of immigrants has been adopted. This study will constitute a legitimate basis for the theory, practice and policies to be developed in terms of the entrepreneurial characteristics, conditions, interactions and legal status of the people who immigrated from their homeland.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Immigrant Entrepreneurship
• Refugee Entrepreneurship
• Push-Pull Entrepreneurship Model
• Opportunity and Compulsory Entrepreneurship
• Ethnic Entrepreneurship

Benzerlikleri ve Farklılıklarıyla Göçmen Girişimciler ve Mülteci Girişimciler: Bir Tipoloji Önerisi

Öz

Savaş, afet, siyasi ve ekonomik koşulların neden olduğu göçmenlik, zorunluluk durumu veya fırsatların değerlendirilmesiyle ticari girişimciliğe dönüşebilmektedir. Göçmenlikle oluşan etkileşimin ekonomik kalkınmaya olan katkısı ve girişimcilik ekosistemi oluşturulmasında kurumsal teşvikler önemlidir. Anavatanından ayrılanların girişimciliklerine ilişkin yapılan akademik çalışmalarda, teşvik programlarında ve hukuki mevzuatta tanımlamayla ilgili sorunların olduğu görülmektedir. Göçmen, mülteci, etnik, diaspora girişimciliği gibi kavramlar akademik yazında birbirine geçmiş şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı anavatanından göçen insanların girişimciliğini Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteci Yüksek Komiserliğinin göçmenlik tanımı kapsamında fiziksel, kurumsal ve sosyal sermaye açısından benzerliklerini ve farklılıklarını göç etme ve iş kurma nedenleri çerçevesinde tanımlamaya çalışmak ve bir tipoloji oluşturmaktır. Geliştirilecek teori ve politikalara yardımcı olmak için göçen insanların girişimciliğinin sınıflandırılmasına yönelik nomolojik ve ayrıştırmaya dayalı bir yaklaşım benimsenmiştir. Bu çalışma, anavatanından göç eden kişilerin girişimcilik özellikleri, koşulları, etkileşimleri, hukuki durumları açısından geliştirilecek teori, uygulama ve politikalara meşru bir zemin teşkil edecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Göçmen Girişimciliği
• Mülteci Girişimciliği
• İtme-Çekme Girişimcilik Modeli
• Fırsat ve Zorunlu Girişimcilik
• Etnik Girişimcilik

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