YAPILANDIRMACILIKTAN İNŞACILIĞA ÖĞRENMENİN EVRİMİ: ÜRETEREK ÖĞRENME

Öz

Bu çalışma, özellikle erken çocukluk yıllarında öğrenmeye ilişkin yaklaşımlarda yaşanan kuramsal ve pratik dönüşümü odağına almaktadır. Erken çocukluk dönemi, bireyin bilişsel, sosyal-duygusal ve dil gelişiminin en hızlı gerçekleştiği; öğrenmeye yönelik tutum ve becerilerin temellendiği kritik bir evredir. Bu nedenle, bu dönemde benimsenen öğrenme yaklaşımlarının niteliği, çocuğun yaşam boyu öğrenme sürecini doğrudan etkilemektedir. Günümüzde erken çocukluk eğitiminde, bilgi aktarımına dayalı geleneksel modellerin yerini, çocuğun aktif katılımını, araştırma ve keşfetme isteğini destekleyen daha etkileşimli ve esnek yaklaşımlar almaktadır. Bu bağlamda yapılandırmacı ve inşacı öğrenme kuramları, erken çocukluk döneminde öğrenmenin doğasını anlamada temel bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Çalışma, öğrenme yaklaşımlarının tarihsel gelişimini inceleyerek, özellikle bilişsel temelli bir kuram olan yapılandırmacı öğrenme yaklaşımının eğitimdeki yeri, önemi ve geçirdiği dönüşümü kapsamlı biçimde ele almaktadır. Yapılandırmacı yaklaşım, bireyin bilgiyi kendi yaşantıları ve deneyimleri aracılığıyla yapılandırdığını savunarak, öğrenenin pasif bilgi alıcısı değil, aktif bir bilgi üreticisi olduğunu vurgular. Bu anlayış, dijital çağın sunduğu imkânlarla birlikte paradigma değişimi geçirerek daha çağdaş ve işlevsel bir boyut kazanmış; bireyin sadece bilgiyi alan değil, aynı zamanda dijital araçlarla bilgi üreten, paylaşan ve yeniden inşa eden bir özneye dönüştüğü inşacı (constructivist) yaklaşıma everilmiştir. Bu dönüşüm, özellikle tasarım temelli öğrenme süreçleriyle daha da pekişmektedir. Tasarım süreci; problem çözme, yaratıcılık, eleştirel düşünme ve deneme-yanılma gibi becerileri destekleyerek, bireyin öğrenme sürecine aktif katılımını sağlamaktadır. Öğrencinin gerçek yaşamla ilişkili, çok adımlı ve açık uçlu görevlerle karşılaştığı bu süreçler, bilgiyi anlamlı biçimde yeniden yapılandırmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. İnşacılık ve tasarım temelli öğrenme yaklaşımlarının bütünleşmesi, çocuklar için gelişimsel olarak uygun bir öğrenme yaşantısı sunmanın yanında onların potansiyelini açığa çıkaran yenilikçi bir öğrenme ortamı oluşturmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, yapılandırmacı öğrenme yaklaşımının dijital çağda geçirdiği dönüşümü inşacı bir perspektifle ele almakta ve bu dönüşümün özellikle tasarım temelli öğrenme süreçleriyle nasıl pekiştiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, tasarım süreciyle bütünleşen inşacı yaklaşımlar, erken çocukluk döneminde gelişimsel olarak uygun, yaratıcı ve katılımcı öğrenme ortamları sunarak çocukların bilişsel, sosyal-duygusal ve dil gelişimlerini desteklemekte; aynı zamanda onların yaşam boyu öğrenme süreçlerine yön veren kritik bir paradigma oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yaparak Öğrenme
• Üreterek Öğrenme
• Tasarım Temelli Düşünme
• Dijital Çağ

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma, “Okul Öncesinde Tasarım Yoluyla Anlama Yaklaşımı Temelli Bilgi İşlemsel Düşünme ve Kodlama Beceri Eğitim Modelinin Geliştirilmesi” başlıklı proje kapsamında Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK) tarafından finanse edilmiştir.

Proje Numarası

TÜBİTAK 1001/122K975 nolu proje

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmada, "Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi"nde belirtilen kurallara uyulduğunu ve "Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine Aykırı Eylemler" kapsamında herhangi bir işlem yapmadığımızı beyan ederiz. Aynı zamanda, yazarlar arasında çıkar çatışması olmadığını, tüm yazarların çalışmaya katkıda bulunduğunu ve tüm etik ihlalleri durumunda tüm sorumluluğun makale yazarlarına ait olduğunu beyan ederiz.

THE EVOLUTION OF LEARNING FROM CONSTRUCTIVISM TO CONSTRUCTIONISM: LEARNING BY CREATING

Öz

This study focuses on the theoretical and practical transformation in approaches to learning, particularly during the early childhood years. Early childhood is a critical stage during which an individual’s cognitive, social-emotional, and language development occurs most rapidly, and in which attitudes and skills toward learning are established. Therefore, the nature of the learning approaches adopted during this period directly influences the child’s lifelong learning process. In early childhood education today, traditional models based on knowledge transmission are being replaced by more interactive and flexible approaches that support the child’s active participation and desire to explore and discover. In this context, constructivist and constructional learning theories provide a fundamental framework for understanding the nature of learning during the early childhood period. This study examines the historical development of learning approaches, comprehensively addressing the role, importance, and transformation of the constructivist learning approach, a cognitive-based theory, in education. The constructivist approach argues that individuals construct knowledge through their own experiences and interactions, emphasizing that the learner is not a passive recipient of information but an active producer of knowledge. This understanding has undergone a paradigm shift alongside the opportunities offered by the digital age, gaining a more contemporary and functional dimension; it has evolved into a constructivist approach where the individual is not merely a recipient of knowledge but also a subject who produces, shares, and reconstructs knowledge using digital tools. This transformation is further reinforced by design-based learning processes. The design process supports skills such as problem-solving, creativity, critical thinking, and trial and error, thereby ensuring the individual’s active participation in the learning process. These processes, in which students encounter real-life, multi-step, and open-ended tasks, enable them to meaningfully reconstruct knowledge. The integration of constructivism and design-based learning approaches not only provides children with a developmentally appropriate learning experience but also creates an innovative learning environment that unlocks their potential. Consequently, this study examines the transformation of the constructivist learning approach in the digital age from a constructivist perspective and highlights how this transformation is reinforced, particularly through design-based learning processes. In this context, constructivist approaches integrated with the design process support children’s cognitive, social-emotional, and language development by providing developmentally appropriate, creative, and participatory learning environments during early childhood; simultaneously, they establish a critical paradigm that guides their lifelong learning processes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Learning by Doing
• Learning by Producing
• Design Based Thinking
• Digital Age

Proje Numarası

TÜBİTAK 1001/122K975 nolu proje

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