Modern Kuramların Postmodern Yansımaları: Okur Odaklı Edebiyat Kuramlarında Okurun Konumlandırılışı

Öz

20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren edebiyat alanında önemli bir paradigma değişikliğinin gerçekleştiği söylenebilir. Bu değişiklik genel olarak edebiyat kuram ve eleştirilerinin o güne kadar ihmal ettiği ancak en başından itibaren edebiyatın en önemli parçası olan okurun yeni bir yönüyle keşfedilmesi ve yeniden tanımlanmasıyla gerçekleşir. Yazar ve onun yazdığı metin karşısında o güne kadar edilgen bir rol biçilen okur, dönemin koşullarının da elverişli olması nedeniyle aşama aşama etken bir role büründürülür. 1970’li yıllardan itibaren ise okurun bu özelliğini ele alan bir dizi yeni bakış açısı ve yaklaşım ortaya çıkar. Özellikle Almanya, Amerika ve Fransa’da ortaya çıkan bu yaklaşımların her birisi beslendikleri felsefi geleneğin etkisi altında farklı bir okur modeli geliştirirler. Bu çalışmada bu farklı okur modellerinden üç tanesi incelenerek okur kavramı ile neyi veya kimi kastettikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu üç farklı yaklaşımın ele alınmasındaki amaç ise, günümüzde edebiyat metnini anlamlandırmada etken bir rol üstlenen okuru tanımlamak üzere kullanılan “postmodern okur” modeline katkılarının olup olmadığını sorgulamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Okur,anlam,yorum,okuma,boş alan,okurun bilinçaltı,öngörülmüş okur,bilgi sahibi okur,Iser,Fish,Holland

The Postmodern Reflections of Modern Theories: The Role of the Reader in the Reader Response Literary Theory

Öz

From the second half of the 20^th century, it can be expressed that a paradigmatic change took place in the field of literature. This change came into view when the new role of the reader was discovered and when a new definition was put forward about the reader, who was generally ignored by the literary theorists and critics until that time but in fact who has played the most important role in literature from the very beginning. The reader, who had a passive status in front of the author and the literary work s/he produced, has gradually acquired an active position since the circumstances of the period were appropriate. From 1970s, a vast number of new perspectives and philosophical understandings dealing with the reader’s new role came to the fore. Each of these perspectives, particularly those emerging in Germany, America and France, under the effect of the philosophical traditions leading them to emerge, introduced a different reader model. In this study, three of these different reader models have been analysed in order to discuss how they describe and define the concept related to the reader. By dwelling on these three different perspectives, what is questioned in this article is whether or not these understandings have contributed to the “postmodern reader” model which has been employed to define the position of the reader, who has a significant role nowadays in identifying the literary texts.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Reader,meaning,interpretation,reading,gap,subconscious of the reader,implied reader,informed reader,Iser,Fish,Holland

Kaynakça

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