Baryum Sülfatın Ticari Kıvam Arttırıcılarla Hazırlanan Sıvıların Reolojisi ve IDDSI Sınıflandırması Üzerine Etkisi
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 397 - 423, 31.12.2025
Behiç Mert
,
Selen Serel Arslan
,
Numan Demır
,
Tuncay Yılmaz
Öz
Amaç: Bu çalışma, beş farklı ticari kıvam arttırıcı ürün kullanılarak hazırlanan sıvılarda, farklı baryum sülfat oranlarının (%0, %20, %30, v/w) reolojik özellikler ve Uluslararası Disfaji Diyeti Standardizasyonu Girişimi (International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative, IDDSI) kıvam sınıflandırmaları üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Numuneler, IDDSI Seviye 1, 2 ve 3'e uygun oranlarda kıvam arttırıcı içerecek şekilde hazırlanmış ve viskozite ölçümleri sabit 50 s⁻¹ kayma oranında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Şırınga testi ile 10 saniye sonunda şırıngada kalan sıvı hacimleri ölçülmüş ve IDDSI akış seviyeleri belirlenmiştir.
Bulgular: Sonuçlar, baryum sülfat oranının artmasıyla birlikte viskozite ve şırıngada kalan sıvı hacimlerinin sistematik biçimde yükseldiğini ortaya koymuştur. Seviye 1 ve 2 olarak formüle edilen karışımlar, %30 baryum içeriği ile IDDSI Seviye 2 ve 3'e geçiş yapmıştır. Seviye 3 olarak hazırlanan numunelerde ise %30 baryum ile Seviye 4 özellikleri gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, kıvam arttırıcı oranı %10 ve %20 azaltıldığında bile baryumun varlığında kıvamın hedeflenen seviyeden yüksek kaldığı gözlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, baryum sülfatın yalnızca radyopak ajan olarak değil, aynı zamanda sıvıların reolojik profiline doğrudan katkı sağlayan bir bileşen olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, baryum sülfatın yüksek oranlarda kullanılması gerektiği Videofloroskopik Yutma Çalışması (VFSS) gibi uygulamalarda kıvam ayarlaması yapılırken baryum sülfat kaynaklı kıvam artışının da formülde dikkate alınması gerektiği ve bu çerçevede kullanılacak olan kıvam artırıcı miktarının optimize edilmesi gerekliliği ortaya konmuştur.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışma kapsamında herhangi bir insan veya hayvan deneği kullanılmamış olup yalnızca ticari olarak temin edilen ürünlerle laboratuvar ölçekli analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu nedenle çalışma, etik kurul izni gerektirmemektedir. Araştırma sürecinde akademik ve bilimsel etik kurallarına uygun hareket edilmiştir.
Destekleyen Kurum
TÜBİTAK-TEYDEB
Proje Numarası
2230023 YUTMA GÜÇLÜĞÜ ÇEKEN DİSFAJİ HASTALARI İÇİN JEL FORMDA KIVAM VERİCİLERİN ÜRETİLMESİ
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma, TÜBİTAK TEYDEB tarafından desteklenen “Yutma Güçlüğü Çeken Disfaji Hastaları İçin Jel Formda Kıvam Vericilerin Üretilmesi” başlıklı 2230023 numaralı proje kapsamında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sağladığı maddi destek için Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu’na (TÜBİTAK) teşekkür ederiz. Bu yayında yer alan içerik yalnızca yazarların sorumluluğundadır ve TÜBİTAK’ın görüşlerini yansıtmamaktadır.
Kaynakça
-
An, S., LAee, W., & Yoo, B. (2023). Comparison of national dysphagia diet and international dysphasia diet standardization initiative levels for thickened drinks prepared with a commercial xanthan gum-based thickener used for patients with dysphagia. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 28(1), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2023.28.1.83
-
Barbon, C. E. A., & Steele, C. M. (2019). Characterizing the flow of thickened barium and non-barium liquid recipes using the IDDSI flow test. Dysphagia, 34(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-018-9915-6
-
Calmarza-Chueca, F., Sánchez-Gimeno, A. C., Raso-Pueyo, J., Arbones-Mainar, J. M., Caverni-Muñoz, A., Sanz-Arque, A., & Sanz-Paris, A. (2022). Rheological properties and stability of thickeners for clinical use. Nutrients, 14(17), 3455. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173455
-
Cheng, C. H., Chen, H. C., Chen, J. Y., Chang, Y. C., & Wang, T. G. (2022). The standardizing texture of thickened barium stimuli in the videofluoroscopic swallowing study at a medical center in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 121(2), 563–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2021.07.020
-
Cichero, J. A. Y., & Murdoch, B. E. (Eds.). (2006). Dysphagia: Foundation, theory and practice (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
-
Cichero, J. A. Y., Lam, P., Steele, C. M., Hanson, B., Chen, J., Dantas, R. O., Duivestein, J., Kayashita, J., Lecko, C., Murray, J., Pillay, M., Riquelme, L., & Stanschus, S. (2017). Development of international terminology and definitions for texture-modified foods and thickened fluids used in dysphagia management: The IDDSI framework. Dysphagia, 32(2), 293–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-016-9758-y
-
Ekberg, O., Bulow, M., Ekman, S., Hall, G., Stading, M., & Wendin, K. (2009). Effect of barium sulfate contrast medium on rheology and sensory texture attributes in a model food. Acta Radiologica, 50(2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/02841850802555638
-
Gallardo, V., Zurita, L., Ontiveros, A., & Durán, J. D. G. (2000). Interfacial properties of barium sulfate suspensions: Implications in their stability. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 89(9), 1134–1142. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6017(200009)89:9<1134::AID-JPS5>3.0.CO;2-D
-
Kongjaroen, A., Methacanon, P., & Gamonpilas, C. (2023). Effects of barium sulfate on rheological properties and IDDSI flow consistency of liquid stimuli prepared using commercial thickening powders. Journal of Texture Studies, 54(4), e12784. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12784
-
Koçak, A. N., Bengisu, S., & Altun, M. B. (2022). Dil ve konuşma terapistlerinin yatak başı yutma değerlendirmesine yönelik bilgilerinin incelenmesi. Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 184–195. https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.1111230
-
Kumai, Y., Suzuki, I., Tousen, Y., Kondo, T., Kayashita, J., Chiba, T., ... & Takebayashi, J. (2022). Reliability in viscosity measurement of thickening agents for dysphagia management: Are results obtained by cone‐and‐plate rheometers reproducible between laboratories? Journal of Texture Studies, 53(2), 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12672
-
Logemann, J. A. (1998). Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders (2nd ed.). Pro-Ed. https://doi.org/10.1097/00020840-199812000-00008
-
Marik, P. E., & Kaplan, D. (2003). Aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia in the elderly. Chest, 124(1), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.1.328
-
Martin-Harris, B., Brodsky, M. B., Michel, Y., Castell, D. O., Schleicher, M., Sandidge, J., Maxwell, R., & Blair, J. (2008). MBS measurement tool for swallow impairment-MBSImp: Establishing a standard. Dysphagia, 23(4), 392–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-008-9185-9
-
Methacanon, P., Gamonpilas, C., Kongjaroen, A., & Buathongjan, C. (2021). Food polysaccharides and roles of rheology and tribology in rational design of thickened liquids for oropharyngeal dysphagia: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(4), 4101–4119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12791
-
Min, Y.-K., Baek, S., Kang, E. K., & Nam, S. (2020). Characteristics of patients with esophageal dysphagia assessed by chest X-ray imaging after videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(1), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2020.44.1.38
-
Muthukumar, B. S., KR, R., & Anandan, H. (2018). Evaluation of patients with swallowing difficulties by modified barium swallow. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research, 5(11), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.21276/ijcmr.2018.5.11.3
-
Nishinari, K., Turcanu, M., Nakauma, M., & Fang, Y. (2019). Role of fluid cohesiveness in safe swallowing. NPJ Science of Food, 3(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-019-0038-8
-
Nyström, M., Qazi, W. M., Bülow, M., Ekberg, O., & Stading, M. (2015). Effects of rheological factors on perceived ease of swallowing. Applied Rheology, 25(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3933/ApplRheol-25-63876
-
Ould Eleya, M. M., & Gunasekaran, S. (2007). Rheology of barium sulfate suspensions and pre-thickened beverages used in diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia. Applied Rheology, 17(3), 33137-1–33137-8. https://doi.org/10.1515/arh-2007-0008
-
Park, J., & Yoo, B. (2021). Rheological properties of thickened barium liquids prepared with xanthan gum‐based thickener and barium powder used in the diagnosis of dysphagia: Effect of thickener concentration and serving temperature. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 45(4), e15234. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15234
-
Park, J., Yoo, W., & Yoo, B. (2019). Standard recipes for the preparation of thickened barium liquids used in the diagnosis of dysphagia. Clinical Nutrition Research, 8(4), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2019.8.4.265
-
Popa Nita, S., Murith, M., Chisholm, H., & Engmann, J. (2013). Matching the rheological properties of videofluoroscopic contrast agents and thickened liquid prescriptions. Dysphagia, 28(2), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-012-9441-x
-
Sireci, S. (2021). Clinical utility of barium sulfate products: Formulation determines appropriate use. Applied Radiology, 50(4), 1–7. Retrieved from https://appliedradiology.com/articles/clinical-utility-of-barium-sulfate-products-formulation-determines-appropriate-use
-
Steele, C. M., Molfenter, S. M., Péladeau-Pigeon, M., & Stokely, S. (2013). Challenges in preparing contrast media for videofluoroscopy. Dysphagia, 28(3), 464–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-013-9476-7
The Effect of Barium Sulfate on the Rheology and IDDSI Classification of Liquids Prepared with Commercial Thickeners
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 397 - 423, 31.12.2025
Behiç Mert
,
Selen Serel Arslan
,
Numan Demır
,
Tuncay Yılmaz
Öz
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different barium sulfate concentrations (%0, %20, and %30, v/w) on the rheological properties and International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) classifications of thickened liquids prepared with five commercial thickening agents (TUC, NUC, PRA, TUS, NUP).
Method: Samples were formulated to meet IDDSI Levels 1, 2, and 3 and tested at a fixed shear rate of 50 s⁻¹, which is widely used in the literature to simulate swallowing behavior in dysphagia patients. Additionally, the IDDSI syringe test was conducted to assess the volume of fluid remaining in the syringe after 10 seconds.
Results: The results revealed that increasing barium sulfate concentrations led to a systematic rise in both viscosity and residual syringe volume. Some Level 1 and 2 formulations shifted to higher IDDSI levels (Level 2 or 3) when barium was added at 30%. Level 3 formulations often reached Level 4, with no visible flow at all.
Conclusion: These findings highlight that barium sulfate acts not only as a radiopaque agent but also as a physical modifier that significantly affects fluid flow behavior. Even with a 10% or 20% reduction in thickener concentration, the impact of barium was not completely offset in some formulations. Particularly with xanthan-based products, the increase in viscosity due to barium was more pronounced. These results underline the need for formulation-specific calibration of barium-containing liquids used in VFSS procedures to ensure alignment with real-life dietary recommendations.
Proje Numarası
2230023 YUTMA GÜÇLÜĞÜ ÇEKEN DİSFAJİ HASTALARI İÇİN JEL FORMDA KIVAM VERİCİLERİN ÜRETİLMESİ
Kaynakça
-
An, S., LAee, W., & Yoo, B. (2023). Comparison of national dysphagia diet and international dysphasia diet standardization initiative levels for thickened drinks prepared with a commercial xanthan gum-based thickener used for patients with dysphagia. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science, 28(1), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2023.28.1.83
-
Barbon, C. E. A., & Steele, C. M. (2019). Characterizing the flow of thickened barium and non-barium liquid recipes using the IDDSI flow test. Dysphagia, 34(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-018-9915-6
-
Calmarza-Chueca, F., Sánchez-Gimeno, A. C., Raso-Pueyo, J., Arbones-Mainar, J. M., Caverni-Muñoz, A., Sanz-Arque, A., & Sanz-Paris, A. (2022). Rheological properties and stability of thickeners for clinical use. Nutrients, 14(17), 3455. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14173455
-
Cheng, C. H., Chen, H. C., Chen, J. Y., Chang, Y. C., & Wang, T. G. (2022). The standardizing texture of thickened barium stimuli in the videofluoroscopic swallowing study at a medical center in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 121(2), 563–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2021.07.020
-
Cichero, J. A. Y., & Murdoch, B. E. (Eds.). (2006). Dysphagia: Foundation, theory and practice (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
-
Cichero, J. A. Y., Lam, P., Steele, C. M., Hanson, B., Chen, J., Dantas, R. O., Duivestein, J., Kayashita, J., Lecko, C., Murray, J., Pillay, M., Riquelme, L., & Stanschus, S. (2017). Development of international terminology and definitions for texture-modified foods and thickened fluids used in dysphagia management: The IDDSI framework. Dysphagia, 32(2), 293–314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-016-9758-y
-
Ekberg, O., Bulow, M., Ekman, S., Hall, G., Stading, M., & Wendin, K. (2009). Effect of barium sulfate contrast medium on rheology and sensory texture attributes in a model food. Acta Radiologica, 50(2), 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/02841850802555638
-
Gallardo, V., Zurita, L., Ontiveros, A., & Durán, J. D. G. (2000). Interfacial properties of barium sulfate suspensions: Implications in their stability. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 89(9), 1134–1142. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6017(200009)89:9<1134::AID-JPS5>3.0.CO;2-D
-
Kongjaroen, A., Methacanon, P., & Gamonpilas, C. (2023). Effects of barium sulfate on rheological properties and IDDSI flow consistency of liquid stimuli prepared using commercial thickening powders. Journal of Texture Studies, 54(4), e12784. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12784
-
Koçak, A. N., Bengisu, S., & Altun, M. B. (2022). Dil ve konuşma terapistlerinin yatak başı yutma değerlendirmesine yönelik bilgilerinin incelenmesi. Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 184–195. https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.1111230
-
Kumai, Y., Suzuki, I., Tousen, Y., Kondo, T., Kayashita, J., Chiba, T., ... & Takebayashi, J. (2022). Reliability in viscosity measurement of thickening agents for dysphagia management: Are results obtained by cone‐and‐plate rheometers reproducible between laboratories? Journal of Texture Studies, 53(2), 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12672
-
Logemann, J. A. (1998). Evaluation and treatment of swallowing disorders (2nd ed.). Pro-Ed. https://doi.org/10.1097/00020840-199812000-00008
-
Marik, P. E., & Kaplan, D. (2003). Aspiration pneumonia and dysphagia in the elderly. Chest, 124(1), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.1.328
-
Martin-Harris, B., Brodsky, M. B., Michel, Y., Castell, D. O., Schleicher, M., Sandidge, J., Maxwell, R., & Blair, J. (2008). MBS measurement tool for swallow impairment-MBSImp: Establishing a standard. Dysphagia, 23(4), 392–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-008-9185-9
-
Methacanon, P., Gamonpilas, C., Kongjaroen, A., & Buathongjan, C. (2021). Food polysaccharides and roles of rheology and tribology in rational design of thickened liquids for oropharyngeal dysphagia: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(4), 4101–4119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12791
-
Min, Y.-K., Baek, S., Kang, E. K., & Nam, S. (2020). Characteristics of patients with esophageal dysphagia assessed by chest X-ray imaging after videofluoroscopic swallowing study. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 44(1), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2020.44.1.38
-
Muthukumar, B. S., KR, R., & Anandan, H. (2018). Evaluation of patients with swallowing difficulties by modified barium swallow. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research, 5(11), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.21276/ijcmr.2018.5.11.3
-
Nishinari, K., Turcanu, M., Nakauma, M., & Fang, Y. (2019). Role of fluid cohesiveness in safe swallowing. NPJ Science of Food, 3(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-019-0038-8
-
Nyström, M., Qazi, W. M., Bülow, M., Ekberg, O., & Stading, M. (2015). Effects of rheological factors on perceived ease of swallowing. Applied Rheology, 25(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3933/ApplRheol-25-63876
-
Ould Eleya, M. M., & Gunasekaran, S. (2007). Rheology of barium sulfate suspensions and pre-thickened beverages used in diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia. Applied Rheology, 17(3), 33137-1–33137-8. https://doi.org/10.1515/arh-2007-0008
-
Park, J., & Yoo, B. (2021). Rheological properties of thickened barium liquids prepared with xanthan gum‐based thickener and barium powder used in the diagnosis of dysphagia: Effect of thickener concentration and serving temperature. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 45(4), e15234. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15234
-
Park, J., Yoo, W., & Yoo, B. (2019). Standard recipes for the preparation of thickened barium liquids used in the diagnosis of dysphagia. Clinical Nutrition Research, 8(4), 265–273. https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2019.8.4.265
-
Popa Nita, S., Murith, M., Chisholm, H., & Engmann, J. (2013). Matching the rheological properties of videofluoroscopic contrast agents and thickened liquid prescriptions. Dysphagia, 28(2), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-012-9441-x
-
Sireci, S. (2021). Clinical utility of barium sulfate products: Formulation determines appropriate use. Applied Radiology, 50(4), 1–7. Retrieved from https://appliedradiology.com/articles/clinical-utility-of-barium-sulfate-products-formulation-determines-appropriate-use
-
Steele, C. M., Molfenter, S. M., Péladeau-Pigeon, M., & Stokely, S. (2013). Challenges in preparing contrast media for videofluoroscopy. Dysphagia, 28(3), 464–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-013-9476-7