TR
EN
Forming Analysis of an Inner Tie-Rod End Stud Using Finite Element Modeling and Experiments
Öz
This study presents the finite element modeling of the forming process of an inner tie-rod end stud, complemented by experimental tests. Three rod-end stud designs made from two materials, SAE 1040 and 16MnCr5, were analyzed using both numerical and experimental methods. A nonlinear, displacement-based modeling technique is employed to simulate the stud closing operation, incorporating the material's multilinear isotropic hardening behavior. This study examines the effects of expansion during the forming of a tie-rod end stud in three different designs, with a focus on residual stresses and their impact on material behavior. Residual plastic strains are identified as a key factor contributing to material expansion in the wrench sections.
The material hardening rate, reduced ductility after loading, and yield strength are also important parameters affecting the results. The hardness increases due to strain hardening for both 16MnCr5 and SAE 1040 steels, while the microstructure does not seem to have a notable influence on material expansion. The results indicate that no material expansion is observed in 16MnCr5 due to its higher yield strength and limited residual plastic strains in the critical wrench zone, in contrast to SAE 1040 steel. In comparison with the conventional inner tie-rod end stud, the wrench-flat length has a significant effect on material expansion due to the residual stresses concentrated at the sharp corners. Permanent damage at the formed end zone is observed in SAE 1040 steels due to its higher hardening rate and reduced ductility after forming.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
SIO Automotive Taşıt Yedek Parça San. ve Tic. A.Ş.
Proje Numarası
Research Project No: RD24-1
Etik Beyan
Hazırlanan makalede herhangi bir kişi veya kurum ile çıkar çatışması bulunmamaktadır.
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma süresince sağladıkları değerli desteklerinden dolayı Sio Automotive A.Ş.’ye en içten teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Teknik destekleri, malzeme temini ve deneysel çalışmaların yürütülmesine verdikleri izin, bu araştırmanın başarıyla tamamlanmasına önemli ölçüde katkı sağlamıştır.
Kaynakça
- [1] M. Z. Okur and D. A. Bircan, “Design and simulation of a heavy-duty vehicle steering component by analytic and FEA method,” Eurasian Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2021.
- [2] A. H. Falah, M. A. Alfares and A. H. Elkholy, “Failure investigation of a tie-rod end of an automobile steering system,” Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 14, pp. 895–902, 2007, doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.11.045.
- [3] O. Ikechukwu, E. O. Ebunilo, and E. Ikpe, “Investigation of a vehicle tie-rod failure in relation to the forces acting on the suspension system,” American Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 208–217, 2016.
- [4] W. Duan and S. Joshi, “Analysis of threaded connections in large-scale steel tie rods,” Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 18, pp. 2008–2018, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2011.06.002.
- [5] S. K. Koh, “Fatigue analysis of an automotive steering link,” Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 16, pp. 914–922, 2009, doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2008.08.014.
- [6] M. Ozsoy and M. K. Pehlivan, “Computer-aided structural analysis of a tie-rod end,” Acta Physica Polonica A, vol. 128, no. 2-B, pp. 488–490, 2015, doi:10.12693/APhysPolA.128.B-488.
- [7] A. J. Godase and P. P. Kulkarni, “Tie rod design and analysis: A review,” International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2046–2050, 2017.
- [8] I. N. Budak and M. Pekedis, “Plastik şekil değişimine uğramış otomobil rotunun yorulma davranışının deneysel ve sayısal analizi,” Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, vol. 23, no. 68, pp. 647–659, 2021, doi:10.21205/deufmd.2021236826.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Malzeme Tasarım ve Davranışları
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yayımlanma Tarihi
26 Mart 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
6 Ocak 2026
Kabul Tarihi
5 Mart 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1
APA
Eruslu, S. Ö., Kahraman, E., & Kölemen, K. (2026). Forming Analysis of an Inner Tie-Rod End Stud Using Finite Element Modeling and Experiments. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1848105
AMA
1.Eruslu SÖ, Kahraman E, Kölemen K. Forming Analysis of an Inner Tie-Rod End Stud Using Finite Element Modeling and Experiments. DÜMF MD. 2026;17(1). doi:10.24012/dumf.1848105
Chicago
Eruslu, Sait Özmen, Elçin Kahraman, ve Kürşat Kölemen. 2026. “Forming Analysis of an Inner Tie-Rod End Stud Using Finite Element Modeling and Experiments”. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi 17 (1). https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1848105.
EndNote
Eruslu SÖ, Kahraman E, Kölemen K (01 Mart 2026) Forming Analysis of an Inner Tie-Rod End Stud Using Finite Element Modeling and Experiments. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi 17 1
IEEE
[1]S. Ö. Eruslu, E. Kahraman, ve K. Kölemen, “Forming Analysis of an Inner Tie-Rod End Stud Using Finite Element Modeling and Experiments”, DÜMF MD, c. 17, sy 1, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.24012/dumf.1848105.
ISNAD
Eruslu, Sait Özmen - Kahraman, Elçin - Kölemen, Kürşat. “Forming Analysis of an Inner Tie-Rod End Stud Using Finite Element Modeling and Experiments”. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi 17/1 (01 Mart 2026). https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.1848105.
JAMA
1.Eruslu SÖ, Kahraman E, Kölemen K. Forming Analysis of an Inner Tie-Rod End Stud Using Finite Element Modeling and Experiments. DÜMF MD. 2026;17. doi:10.24012/dumf.1848105.
MLA
Eruslu, Sait Özmen, vd. “Forming Analysis of an Inner Tie-Rod End Stud Using Finite Element Modeling and Experiments”. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, c. 17, sy 1, Mart 2026, doi:10.24012/dumf.1848105.
Vancouver
1.Sait Özmen Eruslu, Elçin Kahraman, Kürşat Kölemen. Forming Analysis of an Inner Tie-Rod End Stud Using Finite Element Modeling and Experiments. DÜMF MD. 01 Mart 2026;17(1). doi:10.24012/dumf.1848105