The Role of Job Crafting and Job Engagement in The Effect of Organizational Commitment on Job Performance

Öz

In this study, it is aimed to determine the effect of organizational commitment on job performance, job engagement and job crafting, and to test whether there is a mediating effect of job crafting and job engagement in the interaction between organizational commitment and job performance, with hypotheses based on theoretical grounds. In this study, a quantitative method was used as a research approach. This study was conducted with data collected from 512 employees in an institution operating in the public sector. As a result of the research, it has been revealed that organizational commitment has a positive effect on job performance. It has been observed that organizational commitment affects job performance in the same direction and job crafting plays a partial mediator role in this effect. In addition, the role of job engagement between organizational commitment and job performance was examined. As a result of this analysis, job engagement plays a partial mediator role between these two variables. In the context of all these results, it has been determined that job crafting and job engagement are effective mediating variables between organizational commitment and job performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Organizational commitment
• job performance
• job crafting
• job engagement
• mediator role.

Kaynakça

1. Agarwala, T., (2003), Innovative Human Resource Practices and Organizational Commitment: An Empirical Investigation, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(2), 175-197.
2. Allen, N. J.; Meyer, J. P. (1996), Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: An Examination of Construct Validity, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49, 252-276.
3. Bakker, A. B.; Demerouti, E. (2008), Towards a Model of Work Engagement, Career Development International, (13)3, 209–223.
4. Bakker, A. B.; Demerouti, E.; Verbeke, W. (2004), Using the Job Demands-Resources Model to Predict Burnout and Performance, Human Resource Management, 43(1), 83-104.
5. Bakker, A. B.; Tims, M.; Derks, D. (2012), Proactive Personality and Job Performance: The Role of Job Crafting and Work Engagement, Human Relations, 65(10), 1359-1378.
6. Bal, P. Matthijs; Lange, Annet H. De (2014), From Flexibility Human Resource Management to Employee Engagement and Perceived Job Performance Across the Lifespan: A Multisample Study, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(1), 126-154.
7. Beck, J. W.; Shen, W. (2019), The Effects Of US Presidential Elections on Work Engagement and Job Performance, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 68(3), 547-576.
8. Becton, J. B.; Matthews, M. C.; Hartley, D. L.; Whitaker, D. H. (2009), Using Biodata to Predict Turnover, Organizational Commitment, and Job Performance in Healthcare, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 17(2), 189-202.

9. Borman, W. C.; Motowidlo, S. J. (1993), Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance, (Ed. N. Schmitt ve W. C. Borman), Personnel Selection in Organizations, Jossey-Bass: 71-98.
10. Borman, W. C. (2004), The Concept of Organizational Citizenship, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(6), 238-241.
11. Baron, R. M.; Kenny, D. A. (1986), The Moderator–Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
12. Boyd, C. M.; Bakker, A. B.; Pignata, S.; Winefield, A. H.; Gillespie, N.; Stough, C. (2010), A Longitudinal Test of the Job Demands-Resources Model among Australian University Academics, Applied Psychology, 60(1), 112-140.
13. Brief, A. P.; Motowidlo, S. J. (1986), Prosocial Organizational Behaviors, The Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 710-725.
14. Brown, B. B., (2003), Employees’ Organizational Commitment and Their Perception of Supervisors’ Relations-Oriented and Task-Oriented Leadership Behaviors, Doctor of Philosophy, The Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University.
15. Bülbül, M. (2007), Örgütsel Bağlılık ve Kamu Kuruluşlarına Yönelik Araştırma, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kahramanmaraş.
16. Campbell, J. P.; Mchenry, J.; Wise, L. (1990), Modeling Job Performance in a Population of Jobs, Personnel Psychology, .43(2), 313-333.
17. Campbell, J. P.; Wiernik, B. M. (2015), The Modeling and Assessment of Work Performance, The Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2, 47-74.
18. Campion, M. A.; McClelland, C. L. (1993), Follow-Up and Extension of the İnterdisciplinary Costs and Benefits of Enlarged Jobs, Journal of Applies Psychology, 78(3), 339-351.
19. “Cohen, J. (1988), Statistical Power Analysis For The Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah: NJ.
20. Çelebi, M. A. (2019),Algılanan Örgütsel Kimliğin ve İçsel-Dışsal Güdülenmenin Rol İçi ve Rol Dışı Performansa Etkileri: Konya Ovası Projesi Bölgesi Üniversitelerinde Bir Araştırma (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi, Niğde.
21. Çelik, G.; İnce, M. (2020), Örgütsel bağlılık ve iş tatmininin iş performansı üzerine etkisi, İKSAD Publishing House: Ankara.
22. Çetin, F.; Basım, H. N. (2011), Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın İş Tatmini ve Örgütsel Bağlılık Tutumlarındaki Rolü, İş, Güç: Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 13(3), 81-94.
23. Çetin, F.; Güner Kibaroğlu, G.; Basım, H.N. (2021), İş Biçimlendirme (Job Crafting) Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ ye Uyarlanması, İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 8(2), 257-271.
24. Dağlı, A.; Elçiçek, Z.; Han, B. (2018), Örgütsel Bağlılık Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(68), 1765-1777.
25. Darwish A.Y. (2000), Organizational Commitment: A Mediator of the Relationships of Leadership Behavior with Job Satisfaction and Performance in a Non-Western Country, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(1), 6-24.
26. Demerouti, E.; Cropanzano, R. (2010), Form Thought to action: Emplyee work engagement and job performance, (Ed. Arnold B. Bakker ve L. MP.), Work Engagement: A Handbook of Essential Theory and Research, Psychology Prss.
27. Fornell, C.; Larcker, D. F. (1981), Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error, Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
28. Fox, S.; Spector, P. E. (2011), Organizational Citizenship Behavior Checklist (OCB- C), Retrieved from http://shell.cas.usf.edu/~pspector/scales/OCB- Cdevelopment.doc
29. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001), The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-And- Build Theory of Positive Emotions, American Psychologist, 56, 218–226.
30. George, J. M.; Brief, A. P. (1992), Feeling Good-Doing Good: A Conceptual Analysis of the Mood at Work-Organizational Spontaneity Relationship, Psychological Bulletin, 112(2), 310–329.
31. Grant, A.; Dutton, J.; Rosso, B. (2008), Giving Commitment: Employee Support Programs and the Prosocial Sensemaking Process, Academy of Management Journal, 51, 898-918
32. Griffin, M. A.; Neal, A.; Parker, S. K. (2007), A New Model of Work Role Performance: Positive Behavior in Uncertain and Interdependent Contexts, The Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 327-347.
33. Güler, M.; Çetin, F.; Basım, H. N. (2017), Duygusal Emek-Performans İlişkisinde İşe Tutulmanın Aracılık Rolü, 5.Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 330–338.
34. Güler, M.; Çetin, F.; Basım, H. N. (2019), İşe Tutulma Ölçeği Çok Kısa Versiyonu (UWES-3) Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması: Alternatif Bir Versiyon (UWES-6) Önerisi, İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 6(2), 187-195.
35. Hackman, J. R.; Oldham, G. R. (1976), Motivation Through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250-279.
36. Hackman, J. R.; Oldham, G. R. (1980), Work Redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
37. Hair, J.F.; Hult, G.T.M.; Ringle, C.M.; Sarstedt, M. (2017), Primer on partial least square structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM), (2nd Ed.), Sage, Thousand Oaks.
38. Henseler, J.; Ringle, C.M.; Sarstedt, M. (2015), A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Varience-Based Structural Equation Modelling, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115-135.
39. Jaworski, B.J.; Kohli, A.K. (1993), Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences, Journal of Marketing, 57, 52-70.
40. Kahn, W. A. (1990), Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work, Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724.
41. Kappagoda, S.; Othman, H.; De Alwis, G. (2014), Psychological Capital and Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Work Attitudes, Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 2, 102-116.
42. Katz, D.; Kahn, R. L. (1978), The Social Psychology of Organizations, New Jersey: Wiley.
43. Kerse, G. (2017), İş Becerikliliği (Job Crafting) Ölçeğini Türkçe'ye Uyarlama ve Duygusal Tükenme ile İlişkisini Belirleme, Journal of Business Research Turk, 9(4), 283-304.
44. Kirkman, B. L.; Rosen, B. (1999), Beyond Self-Management: Antecedents and Consequences of Team Empowerment, Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 58-74.
45. Knippenberg, D. V. (2000), Work Motivation and Performance: A Social Identity Perspective, Applied Psychology An International Review, 49(3), 357-371.
46. Li, H., Jin, H.; Chen, T. (2020), Linking Proactive Personality to Creative Performance: The Role of Job Crafting And High‐İnvolvement Work Systems, Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(1), 196-210.
47. Lichtenthaler, P. W.; Fischback, A. (2019), A Meta-Analysis on Promotion- And Prevention- Focused Job Crafting, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(1), 30-50.
48. Mathis, R. L.; Jackson, J. H. (2009), Human resource management, (13. Ed.). Mason, OH: South- Western Cengage Learning.
49. Meyer, J. P.; Paunonen, S. V.; Gellatly, I. R.; Goffin, R. D.; Jackson, D. N. (1989), Organizational Commitment and Job Performance: It's the Nature of the Commitment that Counts, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 152-156.
50. Motowidlo, S. J.; Scotter, J. R. V. (1994), Evidence that Task Performance should be Distinguished from Contextual Performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(4), 475-480.
51. Oldham, G. R.; Fried, Y. (2016), Job Design Research and Theory: Past, Present and Future, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 136, 20-35.
52. Organ, D. W. (1988), Issues in organization and management series. Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome, Lexington Books/D. C. Heath and Com.
53. Organ, D. W. (1997), Organizational Citizenship Behavior: It’s Construct Clean-Up Time, Human Performance, 10(5), 85–97.
54. Petrou, P.; Xanthopoulou, D. (2021), Interactive Effects of Approach and Avoidance Job Crafting in Explaining Weekly Variations in Work Performance and Employability, Applied Psychology,.70(3), 1345-1359.
55. Qi, J.; Li, J.; Zhang, Q. (2014), How Organizational Embeddedness and Affective Commitment Influence Job Crafting, Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(10), 1629-1638.
56. Ringle, C.M.; Wende, S.; Becker, J.M. (2015), “SmartPLS 3”, www.smartpls.com.
57. Rotundo, M.; Sackett, P.; Smith, C. (2002), Performance to Global Ratings of Job Performance: A Policy-Capturing Approach, Organization, 87(1), 66–80.
58. Schaufeli, W. B.; Bakker, A. B. (2004), Job Demands, Job Resources, and their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315.
59. Schaufeli, W. B.; Bakker, A. B.; Salanova, M. (2006), The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716.
60. Schaufeli, W. B.; Salanova, M.; Gonzalez-Roma, V.; Bakker, A. B. (2002), The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach, Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.
61. Sigler, T. H.; Pearson, C. M. (2000), Creating an Empowering Culture: Examining the Relationship Between Organizational Culture and Perceptions of empowerment, Journal of Quality Management, 5(1), 27–52.
62. Slemp, G. R.; Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2013), The Job Crafting Questionnaire: A New Scale to Measure the Extent to Which Employees Engage in Job Crafting, International Journal of Wellbeing, 3(2), 126-146.
63. Slemp, G. R.; Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2014), Optimising Employee Mental Health: The Relationship Between Intrinsic Need Satisfaction, Job Crafting, and Employee Well-Being, Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(4), 957-977.
64. Sonnentag, S.; Volmer, J.; Spychala, A. (2008), Job performance, (Ed. J. Barling ve C. L. Cooper), The Sage handbook of organizational behavior, Vol 1: Micro approaches, Los Angeles: Sage: 427–447.
65. Şehitoğlu, Y.; Zehir, C. (2010), Türk Kamu Kuruluşlarında Çalışan Performansının, Çalışan Sessizliği ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Bağlamında İncelenmesi, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 43(4), 87-110.
66. Şeşen, H. (2010), Öncülleri ve Sonuçları ile Örgüt İçi Girişimcilik: Türk Savunma Sanayinde Bir Araştırma, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Kara Harp Okulu, Savunma Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
67. Tims, M.; Bakker, A. B. (2010), Job Crafting: Towards a New Model of İndividual Job Redesign, SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(2), 1-9.
68. Tims, M.; Bakker, A. B.; Derks, D. (2012), Development and Validation of The Job Crafting Scale, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 173-186.
69. Tims, M.; Parker, S. K. (2019), How Coworkers Attribute React to, and Shape Job Crafting, Organizational Psychology Review, 10(1), 29-54.
70. Xanthopoulou, D.; Bakker, A. B.; Demerouti, E.; Schaufeli, W. B. (2009), Work Engagement and Financial Returns: A Diary Study in the Role of Job and Personal Resources, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 183-200.
71. Tyler, T. R.; Blader, S. L. (2003), The Group Engagement Model: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Cooperative Behavior, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7(4), 349-361.
72. Walden, J.; Jung, E. H.; Westerman, C. Y. K. (2017), Employee Communication, Job Engagement, and Organizational Commitment: A Study of Members of The Millennial Generation, Journal of Public Relations Research, 29(2–3), 73–89.
73. Wiener Y.; Vardi Y., (1980), Relationships Between Job, Organization, and Career Commitments and Work Outcomes-An Integrative Approach, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 26, 81-96.
74. Williams, K. D.; Karau, S. J. (1991), Social Loafing and Social Compensation: The Effects of Expectations of Co-Worker Performance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 570-581.
75. Wrzesniewski, A.; Dutton, J. E. (2001), Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees As Active Crafters of their Work, The Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 179-201.
76. Vegchel, N.; Jonge, J.; Landsbergis, P. A. (2005), Occupational Stress in (Inter)Action: The Interplay Between Job Demands and Job Resources, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(5), 535-560.
77. Viswesvaran, C.; Ones, D. (2000), Perspectives on Models of Job Performance, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8(4), 216-226.
78. Yavuz, M.; Artan, İ. E. (2019), İş Zanaatkarlığı (Job Crafting) Kavramı: Türkçe İş Zanaatkarlığı Ölçeği'nin Geliştirilmesi, İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 95-125.
79. Yıldız, E. (2020), SmartPLS ile Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi Reflektif ve Formatif Yapılar, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
80. Zhong, L.; Wayne, S. J.; Liden, R. C. (2016), Job Engagement, Perceived Organizational Support, High‐Performance Human Resource Practices, and Cultural Value Orientations: A Cross‐Level İnvestigation, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(6), 823-844.
81. Zhao, X.; Lynch, J. G.; Chen, Q. (2010), Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths About Mediation Analysis, Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206.