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The Danger Waiting for Children on Virtual Platforms: “Online Sexual Abuse”

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 48 - 57, 30.12.2022

Öz

With the development of information and communication technologies, the internet, which is among the indispensables of daily life, has become a source of entertainment, communication, learning and education for children. Nappropriate use of this platform without parental control paves the way for different problems in children and young people. Child abuse, defined as child maltreatment, is a common problem in online environments. Online sexual abuse is a clear violation of both human rights and children's rights in general. The fact that children spend unsupervised and long time in online environments brings with it many risk factors. Incorrect internet use; being exposed to content such as violence and sexuality at a young age; It causes the development of many negative situations such as internet addiction, game addiction, negative user behaviors, hate speech, and cyber bullying. Exposure of children to sexual abuse through online means, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, substance use, self-harm, etc. associated with behavior. As a result of children's inappropriate use of virtual platforms, perpetrators develop new strategies. Thus, the risk of children being exposed to sexual abuse online increases. The purpose of this review is to provide information on the prevalence of online child abuse, risk factors for victims and perpetrators, and to raise awareness for mental health professional.

Kaynakça

  • Açar, K.V. (2017). Organizational aspect of the global fight against online child sexual abuse. Glob Policy, 8, 259-262.
  • Aslan, A., Doğan, B.Ö. (2017). Çevrimiçi şiddet: bir siber zorbalık alanı olarak “Potinss”” örneği. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, 27, 95-119.
  • Babchishin, K.M., Merdian, H.L., Bartels, R.M., Perkins, D. (2018). Child sexual exploitation materials offenders: a review. İn European Psychologist Hogrefe Publishing GmbH: Niedersachsen, Germany, 130-143.
  • Bakır, E., Kapucu, S. (2017). Çocuk ihmali ve istismarının Türkiye’de yapılan araştırmalara yansıması: Bir literatür incelemesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 13-24.
  • Bates, A. & Metcalf, C. (2007). A psychometric comparison of ınternet and non ınternet sex offenders from a communıty treatment sample, Journal of Sexual Aggression, 13, 11-20.
  • Bergan, E. (2014). Comparing adult youth and adult online sexual solicitation: manipulative behaviors, situational factors and outcomes. Abo Akademi University, Finland.
  • Blancard, R., Kolla, N.J., Cantor, J.M., Klassen, P.E., Dickey, R., Kuban, M.E. (2007). IQ, handedness and pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral source. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19, 285-309.
  • Briggs, P., Simon, W.T., Simonsen, S. (2011). An exploratory study of ınternet iniliated sexual offenses and the chat room sex offender. Has the ınternet enabled a new typology of sex offender? Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 23, 72-91.
  • Brottsförbyggande radet (The Swedish Natıonal Council for Crime Prevention).(2017). Vuxnas sexuella kontakter med barn via internet (Adult sexual contacts with children on the internet). Report Erişim adresi: https://www.bra.se/bra/publikationer/arkiv/publikationer/2007-04-20-vuxnas-sexuellakontakter-med-barn-via-internet.html. Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2022
  • Çalışkan, M. (2019). Toplum ve suç araştırmalarında sınırları aşan bir suç: “çevrimiçi çocuk istismarı” ve bu suça karşı alınabilecek önlemler. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 61, 122-131.
  • Carvalho, J., Nobre, P.J. (2014). Early maladaptive schemas in convicted sexual offenders, preliminary findings, Int J Law Psychiatry, 37.
  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2022). Secreen Time vs. Lean Time Infographic. Erişim adresi: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dch/multimedia/infographic/getmoving.htm Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2022
  • Çıkman, B., Salman, Ö., Çalışkan, D. (2017). Adı: meraklı soyadı: çocuk durum: “çevrimiçi” sonuç: “grooming” “internette çocuk istismarı”, Güncel Pediatri, JPC 15(3), 87-97.
  • Cooper, K., Quayle, E., Jonsson, L.S., Svedin, C.G. (2016). Adolescents and self taken sexual images: areview of the literatüre. Comput Hum Behav., 55, 706-716.
  • Cortens, D.E., Eckenrode, J., Rothman, E. (2013). Longitudinal associations between teen dating violence victimization and adverse helath outcomes, Pediatrics, 131(1), 71-78.
  • Döring, N. (2014). Consensual sexting among adolescents: risk prevention through abstinence education or safer sexting? Cyberpsychology, 8, 1-14.
  • Dubowitz, H., Lane, W.G. (2011). Abused and neglected children. In: Kliegman RG, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, Behrman RE (Eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th ed. Philadephia, Elsevier Saunders, 135-147.
  • Elarously, W., Abed, S. (2019). Barriers that inhibit reporting suspected cases of child abuse and neglect among nurses in a public hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal (EMHJ), 25(6), 413-421.
  • Elliott, I.A., Beech, A.R., Mandeville, N.R. & Hayes, E. (2009). Psychological profiles of ınternet sex offenders: comparisons with contact sexual offenders, Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 21, 76-92.
  • Erbaş, R. (2020). Effective criminal investigations in combating domestic violence and the ECtHr: Prima Ratio v Ultima Ratio? Gender based approaches to the law and juris dictio in Europe / edited by Elettra Stradella; with the collaboration of Giovanna Spanò. - Pisa : Pisa university press.
  • EU Kids Online Avrupa Çevrimiçi Çocuklar özet bulguları, Erişim adresi: http://www.Ise.ac.uk/media-and-communications/assets/documents/research/eu-kids-online/participant-countries/turkey/TurkeyExecSum.pdf Erişim tarihi: 28.10.2022
  • Gottschalk, P. (2010). Characteristics of the internet and child abuse. In: Davidson J., Gottschalk, P. Editors. Internet child abuse: current research and policy. London: Taylor and Francis Group, 27-51.
  • Greene, E.A., Winters, G.M., Blasko, B., (2020). Experiences and perceptions of online sexual solicitation and grooming of minors: a retrospective report, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 29, 836-854.
  • Güney, S. (2010). Aile Hekimliğinde yeni gelişmeler ve anne çocuk sağlığı üzerine etkileri. 1. Sosyal Pediatri Kongresi, 13-16 Ekim, Kuşadası
  • Gününç, S. (2019). Dijital Dünyada Organik Çocuklar Yetiştirmek, içinde Aile fertlerinin bağlılığı ve dijital ebeveynlik, Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, Ankara, 57.
  • Holloway, D., Green, L.& Livingstone, S. (2013). Zero to eight. Young children and their internet use. LSE, London: EU Kids Online
  • International centre for missing and exploited children. (2022). Online grooming of children for sexual purposes: model regislation & global review. Erişim adresi: https://www.icmec.org/online-grooming-of-children-for-sexual-purposes-model-legislation-global-review/ Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2022
  • Jonsson, L.S., Fredlund, C., Priebe, G., Wadsby, M., Svedin, C.G. (2019). Online sexual abuse of adolescents by a perpetrator met online: a cross sectional study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health, 13, 32.
  • Karataş, Z. (2018). Çocukların cinsel istismardan korunmasında çocuk adalet sisteminin önleyici fonksiyonu. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 131-147.
  • Kaşıkçı, D.N., Çağıltay, K., Karakuş, T., Kurşun, E., Christine, O. (2014). Türkiye ve Avrupa’daki çocukların internet alışkanlıkları ve güvenli internet kullanımı. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39, 171; s: 230-243.
  • Krone, T. (2004). Typology of online child pornography offending. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 279, 1-6.
  • Kaya, H., Çoban, B., Killiklioğlu, E., Özden, N., Özgen, G. (2005). Çocukta cinsel istismar ve hemşirenin rolü. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 13(55), 57-62.
  • Lanning, K.V. (2001). Child molesters: a behavioral analysis (4 th ed). Retrived from Erişim adresi: http://www.missingkids.com Erişim tarihi: 02.11.2022
  • Livingstone, S., Smith, P. (2014). Annual research review: harms experienced by childusers of online and mobile Technologies: the natüre, prevelance and management of sexual and aggressive risks in the digital age, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 55, 635-654.
  • Madigan, S., Ly, A., Rash, C.L. Ouytsel, J.V., Temple, J.R. (2018). Prevalence of multiple forms of sexting behavior among youth: a systematic review and meta analysis, JAMA Pediatrics, 172(4).
  • Martin, J. (2014). “It’s just an image right)” : Practitioners understanding of child sexual abuse images online and effects on victims. Child&Youth Services, 35(2), 96-115.
  • Morgan, S., Lambie, I. (2019). Understanding men who Access sexualised images of children: exploratory interviews with offenders, J Sex Aggress, 25, 60-73.
  • Neutze, J., Seto, M.C., Schaefer, G.A., Mundt, I.A. & Beier, K.M. (2009). Predictors of child pornography offenses and child sexual abuse in a community sample of pedophiles and hebephiles. Unpublished manuscript. Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Berlin, Germany
  • Perley, R.B., Helmu, L.M., Derkzen, D., Serin, R.C. (2016). Do sex offenders againts adults, sex offenders againts children and non sex offenders differ in ımpulsivity? Sexual Offender Treatment, 11(2), 1-21.
  • Quayle, E., Allegro, S., Hutton, L., Sheath, M. (2014). Rapid skill acquisition and online sexual grooming of children. Comput Human Behav, 39, 368-375.
  • Ramiro, L.S., Martinez, A.B., Tan, J.R.D., Marian, K., Miranda, G.M.J., Bautista, G. (2019). Online child sexual exploitation anda buse: a community diagnosis using the social norms theory. Child Abuse Neglect, 96, 104080.
  • Seto, M.C., Cantor, J.M.& Blanchard, R. (2006). Child pornography offenses are a valid diagnostic indicator of pedophilia, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 610-615.
  • Soo, K., Bodanovskaya, Z. (2011). ‘Risk factors of becoming a victim of Internet related sexual abuse’ in Mare Ainsaar and Lars Lööf (eds) Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse. Literature Report
  • Stanley, J. (2002). Child abuse and the internet. Journal of the HEİA, 9(1), 5.
  • Stoll, C.B., Boillat, C., Pfluenger, M.O., Graf, M., Rosburg, T. (2019). Psychopathy neuroticism and abusive behavior in low risk child sex offenders, J Child Sex Abus, 28, 990-1006.
  • Stonewall. (2022). Staying safe online. London: Stonewall. https://www.stonewall.org.uk/system/files/stonewall_staying_safe_online_april2022.pdf
  • TÜİK (2013). 6-15 yaş grubu çocuklarda bilişim teknolojileri kullanımı ve medya. Erişim adresi: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=15866 Erişim tarihi: 12.10.2022
  • TÜİK (2021). İstatistiklerle çocuk. Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Cocuk-2021-45633 Erişim tarihi: 12.10.2022
  • Vagi, K.J., Olsen, E.O., Basile, K.C., Kantor, A.V. (2015). Teen dating violence (physical and sexual among US High School Students, JAMA Pediatr, 169 (5), 474-482.
  • Wachs, S., Wolf, K.D., Pan, C.C. (2012). Cybergrooming: risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying, Psicothema, 24(4), 628-633.
  • Wachs, S., Jiskrova, G.K., Vazsonyi, A.T., Wolf, K.D., Junger, M. (2016). A cross natıonal study of direct and ındirect effects of cyberbullying on cybergrooming victimixation via self esteem. Psicología Educativa, 22, 61-70.
  • Wachs, S., Whittle, H.C., Giachritsis, K.D., Wolf, A.T., Vazsonyi, M.J. (2018). Correlates of mono and dual victims of cybergrooming and cyberbullying: evidence from four countries, Cyberpsycology, Behavior ans Social Networking, 21(2), 91-98.
  • Whittle, H.C., Giachritsis, C.H., Beech, A.R. (2013). Victims’ voices: the ımpact of online grooming and sexual abuse. Universal Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 59.
  • Whittle, H.C., Hamilton-Giachritsis C. (2017). Offender behavior in: Brown J, editör. Online risk to children: impact protection and prevention. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, 65-80.
  • World Health Organization Child Maltreatment (2020). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment Erişim tarihi: 10.10.2022
  • Zeyfeoğlu, Y., Uluçay, T., Yavuz, M.S., Aşırdizer, M. (2010). Adli tıbbi uygulamalarda hatalı tanımlama, yanlış karar. Ulus Travma Cerrahi Dergisi, 16, 185-188.
  • Zweig, J., Dank, M., Yahner, J., Lazhman, P. (2013). The rate of cyber dating abuse among teens and how it relates to other forms of teen dating violence, J Youth Adolescence, 42, 1063-1077.

Sanal Platformlarda Çocukları Bekleyen Tehlike: “Çevrimiçi Cinsel İstismar”

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3, 48 - 57, 30.12.2022

Öz

İnternet; bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin gelişimi ile birlikte günlük yaşantının vazgeçilmezleri arasında yer almaktadır. İnternet, hızlı, kolay, ucuz ve ulaşılabilir olması nedeniyle çocuklar tarafından talep edilmekte ve onların cinsel istismarını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Çevrimiçi cinsel istismar genel olarak hem insan haklarının hem de çocuk haklarının açık bir ihlalidir. Çocukların çevrimiçi ortamlarda denetimsiz ve uzun süre zaman geçirmeleri birçok risk faktörünü de beraberinde getirmektedir. Yanlış internet kullanımı; küçük yaşlarda şiddet, cinsellik gibi içeriklere maruz kalmak; internet bağımlılığı, oyun bağımlılığı, olumsuz kullanıcı davranışları, nefret söylemi, siber zorbalık gibi birçok olumsuz durumun gelişmesine neden olmaktadır. Çocukların çevrimiçi yollarla cinsel istismara maruz kalması, depresyon, kaygı, düşük benlik saygısı, madde kullanımı, kendine zarar verme vb. davranışlarla ilişkilidir. Çocukların sanal platformları uygunsuz kullanmaları sonucu, failler yeni stratejiler geliştirmektedir. Böylelikle çocukların çevrimiçi yolarla cinsel istismara maruz kalma riskleri artmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, çevrimiçi çocuk istismarının yaygınlığı, mağdur ve fail açısından risk faktörlerine yönelik bilgi vermek ve ruh sağlığı çalışanlarına yönelik farkındalık oluşturmaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Açar, K.V. (2017). Organizational aspect of the global fight against online child sexual abuse. Glob Policy, 8, 259-262.
  • Aslan, A., Doğan, B.Ö. (2017). Çevrimiçi şiddet: bir siber zorbalık alanı olarak “Potinss”” örneği. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, 27, 95-119.
  • Babchishin, K.M., Merdian, H.L., Bartels, R.M., Perkins, D. (2018). Child sexual exploitation materials offenders: a review. İn European Psychologist Hogrefe Publishing GmbH: Niedersachsen, Germany, 130-143.
  • Bakır, E., Kapucu, S. (2017). Çocuk ihmali ve istismarının Türkiye’de yapılan araştırmalara yansıması: Bir literatür incelemesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 13-24.
  • Bates, A. & Metcalf, C. (2007). A psychometric comparison of ınternet and non ınternet sex offenders from a communıty treatment sample, Journal of Sexual Aggression, 13, 11-20.
  • Bergan, E. (2014). Comparing adult youth and adult online sexual solicitation: manipulative behaviors, situational factors and outcomes. Abo Akademi University, Finland.
  • Blancard, R., Kolla, N.J., Cantor, J.M., Klassen, P.E., Dickey, R., Kuban, M.E. (2007). IQ, handedness and pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral source. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19, 285-309.
  • Briggs, P., Simon, W.T., Simonsen, S. (2011). An exploratory study of ınternet iniliated sexual offenses and the chat room sex offender. Has the ınternet enabled a new typology of sex offender? Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 23, 72-91.
  • Brottsförbyggande radet (The Swedish Natıonal Council for Crime Prevention).(2017). Vuxnas sexuella kontakter med barn via internet (Adult sexual contacts with children on the internet). Report Erişim adresi: https://www.bra.se/bra/publikationer/arkiv/publikationer/2007-04-20-vuxnas-sexuellakontakter-med-barn-via-internet.html. Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2022
  • Çalışkan, M. (2019). Toplum ve suç araştırmalarında sınırları aşan bir suç: “çevrimiçi çocuk istismarı” ve bu suça karşı alınabilecek önlemler. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 61, 122-131.
  • Carvalho, J., Nobre, P.J. (2014). Early maladaptive schemas in convicted sexual offenders, preliminary findings, Int J Law Psychiatry, 37.
  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2022). Secreen Time vs. Lean Time Infographic. Erişim adresi: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dch/multimedia/infographic/getmoving.htm Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2022
  • Çıkman, B., Salman, Ö., Çalışkan, D. (2017). Adı: meraklı soyadı: çocuk durum: “çevrimiçi” sonuç: “grooming” “internette çocuk istismarı”, Güncel Pediatri, JPC 15(3), 87-97.
  • Cooper, K., Quayle, E., Jonsson, L.S., Svedin, C.G. (2016). Adolescents and self taken sexual images: areview of the literatüre. Comput Hum Behav., 55, 706-716.
  • Cortens, D.E., Eckenrode, J., Rothman, E. (2013). Longitudinal associations between teen dating violence victimization and adverse helath outcomes, Pediatrics, 131(1), 71-78.
  • Döring, N. (2014). Consensual sexting among adolescents: risk prevention through abstinence education or safer sexting? Cyberpsychology, 8, 1-14.
  • Dubowitz, H., Lane, W.G. (2011). Abused and neglected children. In: Kliegman RG, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, Behrman RE (Eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 19th ed. Philadephia, Elsevier Saunders, 135-147.
  • Elarously, W., Abed, S. (2019). Barriers that inhibit reporting suspected cases of child abuse and neglect among nurses in a public hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal (EMHJ), 25(6), 413-421.
  • Elliott, I.A., Beech, A.R., Mandeville, N.R. & Hayes, E. (2009). Psychological profiles of ınternet sex offenders: comparisons with contact sexual offenders, Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 21, 76-92.
  • Erbaş, R. (2020). Effective criminal investigations in combating domestic violence and the ECtHr: Prima Ratio v Ultima Ratio? Gender based approaches to the law and juris dictio in Europe / edited by Elettra Stradella; with the collaboration of Giovanna Spanò. - Pisa : Pisa university press.
  • EU Kids Online Avrupa Çevrimiçi Çocuklar özet bulguları, Erişim adresi: http://www.Ise.ac.uk/media-and-communications/assets/documents/research/eu-kids-online/participant-countries/turkey/TurkeyExecSum.pdf Erişim tarihi: 28.10.2022
  • Gottschalk, P. (2010). Characteristics of the internet and child abuse. In: Davidson J., Gottschalk, P. Editors. Internet child abuse: current research and policy. London: Taylor and Francis Group, 27-51.
  • Greene, E.A., Winters, G.M., Blasko, B., (2020). Experiences and perceptions of online sexual solicitation and grooming of minors: a retrospective report, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 29, 836-854.
  • Güney, S. (2010). Aile Hekimliğinde yeni gelişmeler ve anne çocuk sağlığı üzerine etkileri. 1. Sosyal Pediatri Kongresi, 13-16 Ekim, Kuşadası
  • Gününç, S. (2019). Dijital Dünyada Organik Çocuklar Yetiştirmek, içinde Aile fertlerinin bağlılığı ve dijital ebeveynlik, Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, Ankara, 57.
  • Holloway, D., Green, L.& Livingstone, S. (2013). Zero to eight. Young children and their internet use. LSE, London: EU Kids Online
  • International centre for missing and exploited children. (2022). Online grooming of children for sexual purposes: model regislation & global review. Erişim adresi: https://www.icmec.org/online-grooming-of-children-for-sexual-purposes-model-legislation-global-review/ Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2022
  • Jonsson, L.S., Fredlund, C., Priebe, G., Wadsby, M., Svedin, C.G. (2019). Online sexual abuse of adolescents by a perpetrator met online: a cross sectional study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health, 13, 32.
  • Karataş, Z. (2018). Çocukların cinsel istismardan korunmasında çocuk adalet sisteminin önleyici fonksiyonu. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 131-147.
  • Kaşıkçı, D.N., Çağıltay, K., Karakuş, T., Kurşun, E., Christine, O. (2014). Türkiye ve Avrupa’daki çocukların internet alışkanlıkları ve güvenli internet kullanımı. Eğitim ve Bilim, 39, 171; s: 230-243.
  • Krone, T. (2004). Typology of online child pornography offending. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 279, 1-6.
  • Kaya, H., Çoban, B., Killiklioğlu, E., Özden, N., Özgen, G. (2005). Çocukta cinsel istismar ve hemşirenin rolü. Florence Nightingale Hemşirelik Dergisi, 13(55), 57-62.
  • Lanning, K.V. (2001). Child molesters: a behavioral analysis (4 th ed). Retrived from Erişim adresi: http://www.missingkids.com Erişim tarihi: 02.11.2022
  • Livingstone, S., Smith, P. (2014). Annual research review: harms experienced by childusers of online and mobile Technologies: the natüre, prevelance and management of sexual and aggressive risks in the digital age, J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 55, 635-654.
  • Madigan, S., Ly, A., Rash, C.L. Ouytsel, J.V., Temple, J.R. (2018). Prevalence of multiple forms of sexting behavior among youth: a systematic review and meta analysis, JAMA Pediatrics, 172(4).
  • Martin, J. (2014). “It’s just an image right)” : Practitioners understanding of child sexual abuse images online and effects on victims. Child&Youth Services, 35(2), 96-115.
  • Morgan, S., Lambie, I. (2019). Understanding men who Access sexualised images of children: exploratory interviews with offenders, J Sex Aggress, 25, 60-73.
  • Neutze, J., Seto, M.C., Schaefer, G.A., Mundt, I.A. & Beier, K.M. (2009). Predictors of child pornography offenses and child sexual abuse in a community sample of pedophiles and hebephiles. Unpublished manuscript. Institute of Sexology and Sexual Medicine, Berlin, Germany
  • Perley, R.B., Helmu, L.M., Derkzen, D., Serin, R.C. (2016). Do sex offenders againts adults, sex offenders againts children and non sex offenders differ in ımpulsivity? Sexual Offender Treatment, 11(2), 1-21.
  • Quayle, E., Allegro, S., Hutton, L., Sheath, M. (2014). Rapid skill acquisition and online sexual grooming of children. Comput Human Behav, 39, 368-375.
  • Ramiro, L.S., Martinez, A.B., Tan, J.R.D., Marian, K., Miranda, G.M.J., Bautista, G. (2019). Online child sexual exploitation anda buse: a community diagnosis using the social norms theory. Child Abuse Neglect, 96, 104080.
  • Seto, M.C., Cantor, J.M.& Blanchard, R. (2006). Child pornography offenses are a valid diagnostic indicator of pedophilia, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 610-615.
  • Soo, K., Bodanovskaya, Z. (2011). ‘Risk factors of becoming a victim of Internet related sexual abuse’ in Mare Ainsaar and Lars Lööf (eds) Online behaviour related to child sexual abuse. Literature Report
  • Stanley, J. (2002). Child abuse and the internet. Journal of the HEİA, 9(1), 5.
  • Stoll, C.B., Boillat, C., Pfluenger, M.O., Graf, M., Rosburg, T. (2019). Psychopathy neuroticism and abusive behavior in low risk child sex offenders, J Child Sex Abus, 28, 990-1006.
  • Stonewall. (2022). Staying safe online. London: Stonewall. https://www.stonewall.org.uk/system/files/stonewall_staying_safe_online_april2022.pdf
  • TÜİK (2013). 6-15 yaş grubu çocuklarda bilişim teknolojileri kullanımı ve medya. Erişim adresi: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=15866 Erişim tarihi: 12.10.2022
  • TÜİK (2021). İstatistiklerle çocuk. Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Cocuk-2021-45633 Erişim tarihi: 12.10.2022
  • Vagi, K.J., Olsen, E.O., Basile, K.C., Kantor, A.V. (2015). Teen dating violence (physical and sexual among US High School Students, JAMA Pediatr, 169 (5), 474-482.
  • Wachs, S., Wolf, K.D., Pan, C.C. (2012). Cybergrooming: risk factors, coping strategies and associations with cyberbullying, Psicothema, 24(4), 628-633.
  • Wachs, S., Jiskrova, G.K., Vazsonyi, A.T., Wolf, K.D., Junger, M. (2016). A cross natıonal study of direct and ındirect effects of cyberbullying on cybergrooming victimixation via self esteem. Psicología Educativa, 22, 61-70.
  • Wachs, S., Whittle, H.C., Giachritsis, K.D., Wolf, A.T., Vazsonyi, M.J. (2018). Correlates of mono and dual victims of cybergrooming and cyberbullying: evidence from four countries, Cyberpsycology, Behavior ans Social Networking, 21(2), 91-98.
  • Whittle, H.C., Giachritsis, C.H., Beech, A.R. (2013). Victims’ voices: the ımpact of online grooming and sexual abuse. Universal Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 59.
  • Whittle, H.C., Hamilton-Giachritsis C. (2017). Offender behavior in: Brown J, editör. Online risk to children: impact protection and prevention. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, 65-80.
  • World Health Organization Child Maltreatment (2020). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment Erişim tarihi: 10.10.2022
  • Zeyfeoğlu, Y., Uluçay, T., Yavuz, M.S., Aşırdizer, M. (2010). Adli tıbbi uygulamalarda hatalı tanımlama, yanlış karar. Ulus Travma Cerrahi Dergisi, 16, 185-188.
  • Zweig, J., Dank, M., Yahner, J., Lazhman, P. (2013). The rate of cyber dating abuse among teens and how it relates to other forms of teen dating violence, J Youth Adolescence, 42, 1063-1077.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Politikası, Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Nurten Gülsüm Bayrak 0000-0002-7658-9961

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Bayrak, N. G. (2022). Sanal Platformlarda Çocukları Bekleyen Tehlike: “Çevrimiçi Cinsel İstismar”. Doğu Karadeniz Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(3), 48-57.

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