Review of Blast Injury and Developing Threshold Values for Human Injury

Öz

In today’s world, explosions frequently occur in terrorist bombings, industrial and manufacturing sectors, and daily life. The blast waves generated by explosions subject structures and the human body to significant blast loads. These blast loads can cause deadly structural collapses, and serious injuries or fatal outcomes can occur in various parts of the human body, such as the brain, lungs, heart, auditory system, eyes, abdominal region, and musculoskeletal system due to the impact of the blast load. Consequently, this research focused on explosions, blast injuries, injury criteria and scaling. Threshold values for blast injuries are collected from existing literature, and limit blast pressure values for different parts of the human body are proposed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Explosion
• Blast Wave
• Blast Injury
• Injury Scaling
• Injury Criteria

Kaynakça

1. [1] J. Bukowski, C. D. Nowadly, S. G. Schauer, A. Koyfman, and B. Long, ‘‘High risk and low prevalence diseases: Blast injuries,’’ The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 70, pp. 46–56, 2023.
2. [2] U. DoD, ‘‘Unified facilities criteria (ufc) structures to resist the effects of accidental,’’ 2008.
3. [3] Z. Wang and J. Jiang, Explosive Blast Injuries: Principles and Practices. Springer Nature, 2023.
4. [4] S. Nadyrov, ‘‘Pencere camının ve çerçeve sistemlerinin patlamaya karşı davranışı,’’ Master’s thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
5. [5] M. Chiranjeevi and J. Simon, ‘‘Analysis of reinforced concrete 3d frame under blast loading and check for progressive collapse,’’ Indian Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 9, no. 30, pp. 1–6, 2016.
6. [6] T. C. on Blast-Resistant Design of the Petrochemical Committee of the Energy Division of ASCE, ‘‘Design of blast-resistant buildings in petrochemical facilities.’’ American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010.
7. [7] A. M. Bull, J. Clasper, and P. F. Mahoney, ‘‘Blast injury science and engineering,’’ Switzerland: Springer, 2016.
8. [8] T. Ngo, P. Mendis, A. Gupta, and J. Ramsay, ‘‘Blast loading and blast effects on structures–an overview,’’ Electronic journal of structural engineering, no. 1, pp. 76–91, 2007.

9. [9] M. Şahin, İ. Karagöz, M. Öksüz, and S. Yazıcıoğlu, ‘‘Properties of concrete reinforced with m12 monofilament type polypropylene fiber,’’ El-Cezeri, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 481–494, 2021.
10. [10] F. J. Gallun, A. C. Diedesch, L. R. Kubli, T. C. Walden, R. L. Folmer, M. S. Lewis, D. J. McDermott, S. A. Fausti, and M. R. Leek, ‘‘Performance on tests of central auditory processing by individuals exposed to high-intensity blasts,’’ J Rehabil Res Dev, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 1005–25, 2012.
11. [11] (Accessed 07,01,2024).
12. [Online]. Available: https://www.humaneticsgroup.com/
13. [12] J. Denny, A. Dickinson, and G. S. Langdon, ‘‘Defining blast loading ‘zones of relevance’for primary blast injury research: A consensus of injury criteria for idealised explosive scenarios,’’ Medical Engineering & Physics, vol. 93, pp. 83–92, 2021.
14. [13] J. E. Smith and J. Garner, ‘‘Pathophysiology of primary blast injury,’’ BMJ Military Health, vol. 165, no. 1, pp. 57–62, 2019.
15. [14] M. Karadağ, U. C. Vural, and B. Karasu, ‘‘Otomotiv sektöründe cam,’’ El-Cezeri, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 299–322, 2019.
16. [15] S. Yamamoto, D. S. DeWitt, and D. S. Prough, ‘‘Impact & blast traumatic brain injury: implications for therapy,’’ Molecules, vol. 23, no. 2, p. 245, 2018.
17. [16] B. Jennett, ‘‘Development of glasgow coma and outcome scales,’’ Nepal journal of neuroscience, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 24–28, 2005.
18. [17] M.W. Greve and B. J. Zink, ‘‘Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury,’’ Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 97–104, 2009.
19. [18] R. G. DePalma, D. G. Burris, H. R. Champion, and M. J. Hodgson, ‘‘Blast injuries,’’ New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 352, no. 13, pp. 1335–1342, 2005.
20. [19] S. Goh, ‘‘Bomb blast mass casualty incidents: initial triage and management of injuries,’’ Singapore Med J, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 101–106, 2009.
21. [20] D. D. Yeh and W. P. Schecter, ‘‘Primary blast injuries—an updated concise review,’’ World journal of surgery, vol. 36, pp. 966–972, 2012.
22. [21] T. E. Scott, A. M. Johnston, D. D. Keene, M. Rana, and P. F. Mahoney, ‘‘Primary blast lung injury: the uk military experience,’’ Military medicine, vol. 185, no. 5-6, pp. e568–e572, 2020.
23. [22] M. G. Morley, J. K. Nguyen, J. S. Heier, B. J. Shingleton, J. F. Pasternak, and K. S. Bower, ‘‘Blast eye injuries: a review for first responders,’’ Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 154–160, 2010.
24. [23] Y. Liu, K. Feng, H. Jiang, F. Hu, J. Gao,W. Zhang,W. Zhang, B. Huang, R. Brant, C. Zhang et al., ‘‘Characteristics and treatments of ocular blast injury in tianjin explosion in china,’’ BMC ophthalmology, vol. 20, pp. 1–8, 2020.
25. [24] Z. R. Mathews and A. Koyfman, ‘‘Blast injuries,’’ The Journal of emergency medicine, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 573–587, 2015.
26. [25] I. Wani, F. Q. Parray, T. Sheikh, R. A. Wani, A. Amin, I. Gul, and M. Nazir, ‘‘Spectrum of abdominal organ injury in a primary blast type,’’ World journal of emergency surgery, vol. 4, pp. 1–5, 2009.
27. [26] C. Owers, J. Morgan, and J. Garner, ‘‘Abdominal trauma in primary blast injury,’’ Journal of British Surgery, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 168–179, 2011.
28. [27] M. Tahtabasi, S. Er, R. Karasu, and E. R. Ucaroglu, ‘‘Bomb blast: imaging findings, treatment and clinical course of extremity traumas,’’ BMC emergency medicine, vol. 21, pp. 1–10, 2021.
29. [28] A. Tabiei, C. Lawrence, and E. L. Fasanella, ‘‘Validation of finite element crash test dummy models for predicting orion crew member injuries during a simulated vehicle landing,’’ in 10th International LS-DYNA Users Conference, no. E-16677, 2009.
30. [29] S. P. Baker, B. o’Neill,W. Haddon Jr, andW. B. Long, ‘‘The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care,’’ Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 187–196, 1974.
31. [30] S. Meyer, L. Little, and E. Conrath, ‘‘Injury based glass hazard assessment,’’ DTIC Document, 2004.
32. [31] R. Panowicz, K. Sybilski, and D. Kołodziejczyk, ‘‘Numerical analysis of effects of ied side explosion on crew of lightarmoured wheeled vehicle,’’ Journal of KONES, vol. 18, pp. 331–339, 2011. 34