Biomimetic Design of a Climate-Responsive Building Envelope Cell Performing Under Both Hot and Cold Weather Conditions

Öz

Biological organisms in nature vary in their thermal adaptation strategies according to the cold or hot climatic conditions they live in. In this study, a building envelope design, which provides a two-way function of both gaining the heat needed in cold climate conditions and preventing the heat gain in hot climate conditions was studied. The morphological features and adaptation behaviors of organisms living in extreme temperature conditions in nature to keep their body and nest temperatures in the optimum range were examined with biomimetic design methodology approach. When the adaptation skills of biological organisms in the transition to different seasons were taken as reference, it was seen that dynamism is necessary to apply a similar adaptation to structures for the effective use of energy. The dynamism of design proposals of the kinetic building envelope is obtained by combining morphological structures with smart materials. Contrary to existing one-way adapting building envelope designs which are costly, composed of mechanical components, and bring difficulties to be implemented on buildings, a comprehensive and technology-free approach was brought. Three ideas designed with a synthesizing approach that can adapt to both conditions were proposed. In order to compare the thermal comfort performance among the designs, solar thermal analysis was carried out using computational-fluid-dynamics (CFD) analysis. In the end of the analysis, it was seen that the building envelope cells can increase heat gain in winter up to 5.9°C in the interior wall, while the thermal temperature load can be reduced up to 1.1°C in summer.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Thermal comfort
• building envelope
• biomimetic design
• smart material
• two-way thermoregulation

Hem Sıcak Hem de Soğuk Hava Koşullarında Performans Gösteren İklime Duyarlı Bir Bina Kabuğu Hücresinin Biyomimetik Tasarımı

Öz

Doğadaki biyolojik organizmalar, yaşadıkları soğuk veya sıcak iklim koşullarına göre ısıl adaptasyon stratejilerinde çeşitlilik gösterirler. Bu çalışmada, hem soğuk iklim koşullarında ihtiyaç duyulan ısının kazanılması hem de sıcak iklim koşullarında ısı kazanımının engellenmesi gibi iki yönlü bir işlev sağlayan bir bina kabuğu tasarımı üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Doğada ekstrem sıcaklık koşullarında yaşayan organizmaların vücut ve yuva sıcaklıklarını optimum aralıkta tutmak için gösterdikleri morfolojik özellikler ve adaptasyon davranışları biyomimetik tasarım metodolojisi yaklaşımı ile incelenmiştir. Biyolojik organizmaların farklı mevsimlere geçişteki adaptasyon becerileri referans alındığında, enerjinin etkin kullanımı için benzer bir adaptasyonun yapılara uygulanabilmesi için dinamizmin gerekli olduğu görüldü. Kinetik bina kabuğunun tasarım önerilerinin dinamizmi, morfolojik yapıların akıllı malzemelerle birleştirilmesiyle elde ediliyor. Maliyetli, mekanik bileşenlerden oluşan ve binalara uygulanması zorluklar getiren mevcut tek yönlü uyarlanabilir bina kabuğu tasarımlarının aksine, kapsamlı ve teknolojiden bağımsız bir yaklaşım getirilmiştir. Her iki koşula da uyum sağlayabilecek sentezleyici bir yaklaşımla tasarlanmış üç fikir önerilmiştir. Tasarımlar arasında termal konfor performansını karşılaştırmak için hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği (CFD) analizi kullanılarak güneş ısıl analizi yapıldı. Analiz sonucunda, bina kabuğu hücrelerinin iç duvarda kışın ısı kazancını 5,9°C'ye kadar artırabildiği, yazın ise termal sıcaklık yükünü 1,1°C'ye kadar azaltabildiği görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Termal konfor
• bina kabuğu
• biyomimetik tasarım
• akıllı malzeme
• iki yönlü termoregülasyon

Kaynakça

1. [1] A. Barton, M. Basham, C. Foy, K. Buckingham, and M. Somerville, ‘The Watcombe Housing Study: the short term effect of improving housing conditions on the health of residents’, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 771–777, Sep. 2007, doi: 10.1136/jech.2006.048462.
2. [2] M. A. Ortiz, S. R. Kurvers, and P. M. Bluyssen, ‘A review of comfort, health, and energy use: Understanding daily energy use and wellbeing for the development of a new approach to study comfort’, Energy and Buildings, vol. 152, pp. 323–335, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.07.060.
3. [3] S. Ghani, E. A. ElBialy, F. Bakochristou, S. M. A. Gamaledin, M. M. Rashwan, and B. Hughes, ‘Thermal performance of stadium’s Field of Play in hot climates’, Energy and Buildings, vol. 139, pp. 702–718, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.01.059.
4. [4] A. M. Al-Qahtani, ‘2022 FIFA World Cup and its Effect on the Urban Development of the City of Doha and its Infrastructure: A Three-Dimensional Impact Assessment Model, 3D-IAM’, PhD Thesis, Qatar University (Qatar), 2017.
5. [5] S. K. Sansaniwal, J. Mathur, and S. Mathur, ‘Review of practices for human thermal comfort in buildings: present and future perspectives’, International Journal of Ambient Energy, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 2097–2123, 2022, doi: 10.1080/01430750.2020.1725629.
6. [6] I. Sarbu and C. Sebarchievici, ‘General review of ground-source heat pump systems for heating and cooling of buildings’, Energy and buildings, vol. 70, pp. 441–454, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.11.068.
7. [7] L. Yang, H. Yan, and J. C. Lam, ‘Thermal comfort and building energy consumption implications–a review’, Applied energy, vol. 115, pp. 164–173, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.10.062.
8. [8] L. Belussi et al., ‘A review of performance of zero energy buildings and energy efficiency solutions’, Journal of building engineering, vol. 25, p. 100772, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100772.

9. [9] D. K. Shahi, H. B. Rijal, G. Kayo, and M. Shukuya, ‘Study on wintry comfort temperature and thermal improvement of houses in cold, temperate, and subtropical regions of Nepal’, Building and Environment, vol. 191, p. 107569, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107569.
10. [10] T. S. Ge et al., ‘Solar heating and cooling: Present and future development’, Renewable Energy, vol. 126, pp. 1126– 1140, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.081.
11. [11] Y. Xu, G. Zhang, C. Yan, G. Wang, Y. Jiang, and K. Zhao, ‘A two-stage multi-objective optimization method for envelope and energy generation systems of primary and secondary school teaching buildings in China’, Building and Environment, vol. 204, p. 108142, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108142.
12. [12] Y. Luo et al., ‘A novel active building envelope with reversed heat flow control through coupled solar photovoltaicthermoelectric- battery systems’, Building and Environment, vol. 222, p. 109401, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109401.
13. [13] S. Ahady, N. Dev, and A. Mandal, ‘Toward Zero Energy: Active and passive design strategies to achieve net zero Energy Building’, Int. J. Adv. Res. Innov, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 229–232, 2019.
14. [14] L. F. Cabeza and M. Chàfer, ‘Technological options and strategies towards zero energy buildings contributing to climate change mitigation: A systematic review’, Energy and Buildings, vol. 219, p. 110009, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110009.
15. [15] A. Thakur, R. Kumar, S. Kumar, and P. Kumar, ‘Review of developments on flat plate solar collectors for heat transfer enhancements using phase change materials and reflectors’, Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 45, pp. 5449–5455, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.120.
16. [16] N. Kiomarsipour, M. Ghasemi, and K. Ghani, ‘Synthesis and evaluation of several high absorbance black pigments for spacecraft thermal control coatings’, Color Research & Application, vol. 44, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1002/col.22418.
17. [17] A. Nalis, A. Amrul, A. Yonanda, and Zulfa, ‘Comparison Study of Solar Flat Plate Collector With Two Different Absorber Materials’, Oct. 2017.
18. [18] ‘Formica rufa, Michal Kukla (5) - Formica rufa - AntWiki’. Accessed: Sep. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Formica_rufa#/media/File:Formica_rufa,_Michal_Kukla_(5).JPG
19. [19] ‘Learning from the desert snail | spatial experiments’. Accessed: Sep. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://spatialexperiments.wordpress.com/2016/09/20/learning-from-the-desert-snail/
20. [20] ‘Long Grass Plains - #1 Zebra Safari viewing plus Aardvark and pangolin’. Accessed: Sep. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.africadreamsafaris.com/long-grass-plains
21. [21] ‘Bloody Cranesbill, Geranium sanguineum - Flowers - NatureGate’. Accessed: Sep. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://luontoportti.com/en/t/1060
22. [22] ‘How Does a Cactus Live Without Water? | Wonderopolis’. Accessed: Sep. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-does-a-cactus-live-without-water
23. [23] M. Bollazzi and F. Roces, ‘The thermoregulatory function of thatched nests in the South American grass-cutting ant,Acromyrmex heyeri’, Journal of Insect Science, vol. 10, no. 1, p. 137, Jan. 2010, doi: 10.1673/031.010.13701.
24. [24] ‘Fotoğraf : doğa, kuş, kanat, Vahşi hayat, gaga, mavi, fauna, güvercin, omurgalı, Kabarmış, Kuş tüngüsü, Güvercinler ve güvercinler 5184x3456 - - 765179 - Ücretsiz resimler - PxHere’. Accessed: Sep. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://pxhere.com/tr/photo/765179
25. [25] L. Moosavi, N. Mahyuddin, N. Ab Ghafar, and M. A. Ismail, ‘Thermal performance of atria: An overview of natural ventilation effective designs’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 34, pp. 654–670, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.02.035.
26. [26] F. Pomponi, P. A. Piroozfar, R. Southall, P. Ashton, and E. R. Farr, ‘Energy performance of Double-Skin Façades in temperate climates: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 54, pp. 1525–1536, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.075.
27. [27] T. Wu and C. Lei, ‘A review of research and development on water wall for building applications’, Energy and Buildings, vol. 112, pp. 198–208, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.12.003.
28. [28] S. M. Al-Masrani, K. M. Al-Obaidi, N. A. Zalin, and M. A. Isma, ‘Design optimisation of solar shading systems for tropical office buildings: Challenges and future trends’, Solar Energy, vol. 170, pp. 849–872, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2018.04.047.
29. [29] J. Al Dakheel and K. Tabet Aoul, ‘Building Applications, opportunities and challenges of active shading systems: A state-of-the-art review’, Energies, vol. 10, no. 10, p. 1672, 2017, doi: 10.3390/en10101672.
30. [30] S. Charoenkit and S. Yiemwattana, ‘Living walls and their contribution to improved thermal comfort and carbon emission reduction: A review’, Building and environment, vol. 105, pp. 82–94, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.05.031.
31. [31] B. Raji, M. J. Tenpierik, and A. Van Den Dobbelsteen, ‘The impact of greening systems on building energy performance: A literature review’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 45, pp. 610–623, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.011.
32. [32] P. Stella and E. Personne, ‘Effects of conventional, extensive and semi-intensive green roofs on building conductive heat fluxes and surface temperatures in winter in Paris’, Building and Environment, vol. 205, p. 108202, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108202.
33. [33] D. Olsthoorn, F. Haghighat, A. Moreau, and G. Lacroix, ‘Abilities and limitations of thermal mass activation for thermal comfort, peak shifting and shaving: A review’, Building and Environment, vol. 118, pp. 113–127, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.03.029.
34. [34] X. Guo, H. Wei, X. He, M. He, and D. Yang, ‘Integrating phase change material in building envelopes combined with the earth-to-air heat exchanger for indoor thermal environment regulation’, Building and Environment, vol. 221, p. 109318, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109318.
35. [35] L. Badarnah, ‘A Biophysical Framework of Heat Regulation Strategies for the Design of Biomimetic Building Envelopes’, Procedia Engineering, vol. 118, May 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.474.
36. [36] Z. Lin, Y. Song, and Y. Chu, ‘An experimental study of the summer and winter thermal performance of an opaque ventilated facade in cold zone of China’, Building and Environment, vol. 218, p. 109108, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109108.
37. [37] S. M. Hosseini, M. Mohammadi, A. Rosemann, T. Schröder, and J. Lichtenberg, ‘A morphological approach for kinetic façade design process to improve visual and thermal comfort’, Building and environment, vol. 153, pp. 186–204, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.02.040.
38. [38] S. Longo, F. Montana, and E. R. Sanseverino, ‘A review on optimization and cost-optimal methodologies in low-energy buildings design and environmental considerations’, Sustainable cities and society, vol. 45, pp. 87–104, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.027.
39. [39] R. C. G. M. Loonen, M. Trčka, D. Cóstola, and J. L. M. Hensen, ‘Climate adaptive building shells: State-of-the-art and future challenges’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 25, no. C, pp. 483–493, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.016.
40. [40] K. M. Al-Obaidi, M. Azzam Ismail, H. Hussein, and A. M. Abdul Rahman, ‘Biomimetic building skins: An adaptive approach’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 79, no. C, pp. 1472–1491, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.028.
41. [41] A. Tabadkani, A. Roetzel, H. X. Li, and A. Tsangrassoulis, ‘A review of automatic control strategies based on simulations for adaptive facades’, Building and Environment, p. 106801, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106801.
42. [42] M. Juaristi, T. Gómez-Acebo, and A. Monge-Barrio, ‘Qualitative analysis of promising materials and technologies for the design and evaluation of Climate Adaptive Opaque Facades’, Building and Environment, vol. 144, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.08.028.
43. [43] N. Wang et al., ‘Ten questions concerning future buildings beyond zero energy and carbon neutrality’, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.04.006.
44. [44] Y. Cohen and Y. Reich, Biomimetic Design Method for Innovation and Sustainability. 2017. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319- 33997-9.
45. [45] R. G. Kasimova, D. Tishin, Y. V. Obnosov, G. M. Dlussky, F. B. Baksht, and A. R. Kacimov, ‘Ant mound as an optimal shape in constructal design: solar irradiation and circadian brood/fungi-warming sorties’, J Theor Biol, vol. 355, pp. 21–32, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.01.038.
46. [46] S. Kadochová and J. Frouz, ‘Thermoregulation strategies in ants in comparison to other social insects, with a focus on Formica rufa’, F1000Research, vol. 2, p. 280, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.12688/f1000research.2-280.v1.
47. [47] A. Rupp and P. Gruber, ‘Biomimetic Groundwork for Thermal Exchange Structures Inspired by Plant Leaf Design’, Biomimetics, vol. 4, p. 75, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.3390/biomimetics4040075.
48. [48] F. Amin and D. H. Taleb, ‘Biomimicry Approach To Achieving Thermal Comfort In A Hot Climate’, 2016. Accessed: Aug. 11, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Biomimicry-Approach-To-Achieving- Thermal-Comfort-In-Amin-Taleb/f8f382d764cf1519f8983e0212de2395f4292e6f
49. [49] C. Hershcovich, R. van Hout, V. Rinsky, M. Laufer, and J. Grobman, ‘Thermal Performance of Sculptured Tiles for Building Envelopes’, Building and Environment, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107809.
50. [50] E. Lurie-Luke, ‘Product and technology innovation: what can biomimicry inspire?’, Biotechnol Adv, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1494–1505, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.10.002.
51. [51] J. Yoon, ‘Climate-adaptive Facade Design with Smart Materials: Evaluation and Strategies of Thermo-responsive Smart Material Applications for Building Skins in Seoul’, Dec. 2018.
52. [52] L. Sun et al., ‘Stimulus-responsive shape memory materials: A review’, Materials & Design, vol. 33, pp. 577–640, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.065.
53. [53] J. Yoon, ‘SMP Prototype Design and Fabrication for Thermo-responsive Façade Elements’, Journal of Facade Design and Engineering, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 41–62, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.7480/jfde.2019.1.2662.
54. [54] C. Lamnatou, A. Moreno, D. Chemisana, F. Reitsma, and F. Claria, ‘Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) material: Critical issues and applications with emphasis on buildings’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 82, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.08.072.
55. [55] A. B. Mélois, B. Moujalled, G. Guyot, and V. Leprince, ‘Improving building envelope knowledge from analysis of 219,000 certified on-site air leakage measurements in France’, Building and Environment, vol. 159, p. 106145, 2019.
56. [56] ‘Ankara Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Turkey) - Weather Spark’. Accessed: Sep. 27, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://weatherspark.com/y/97345/Average-Weather-in-Ankara-Turkey-Year-Round