A Review of Effectıveness of Cognitive Behavioral Interventions in Children and Adolescents with School Refusal

Öz

School refusal is a significant problem that effects students’ academic and social development. School refusal is a challenging problem for parents, school administrators and school counselors and there are wide ranges of interventions to cope with it. In this study, twelve studies that examined the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral interventions with school-refusing children and adolescents published between 2009 - 2015 were reviewed. Relaxation techniques, developing coping strategies, social skills training, cognitive restructuring, exposure, and systematic desensitization are commonly used treatment techniques for school refusal. Although the majority of the studies have showed that cognitive behavioral interventions are effective in treating children and adolescents with school refusal, especially further empiric research is needed in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• school refusal
• cognitive behavioral therapy
• children and adolescents

Bilişsel Davranışçı Müdahalelerin Okul Reddi Yaşayan Çocuk ve Ergenler Üzerinde Etkisine İlişkin Bir İnceleme

Öz

Okul reddi öğrencilerin akademik ve sosyal gelişimlerini etkileyen önemli bir problemdir. Aileler, okul yöneticileri ve okul psikolojik danışmanları için aşılması oldukça güç görünen okul reddiyle başa çıkmada birçok müdahale yöntemi kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, bilişsel-davranışçı yaklaşıma dayalı müdahalelerin okul reddi yaşayan çocuk ve ergenler üzerinde etkililiğine ilişkin 2009-2015 yılları arasında yapılan on iki araştırma incelenmiştir. Araştırmalarda gevşeme egzersizleri, baş etme becerilerinin geliştirilmesi, sosyal beceri eğitimi, bilişsel yeniden yapılandırma, maruz bırakma ve sistematik duyarsızlaştırma sıklıkla başvurulan yöntemler olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Okul reddi ile ilgili yapılan araştırmaların büyük bir kısmı bilişsel davranışçı müdahalelerin, okul reddi yaşayan çocuk ve ergenler üzerinde olumlu etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymakla birlikte, özellikle ülkemizde bu konuda yapılacak ampirik çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• okul reddi
• bilişsel davranışçı terapi
• çocuk ve ergenler

Kaynakça

1. Bahalı, K. ve Yonga Tahiroğlu, A. (2010). Okul reddi: Klinik özellikler, tanı ve tedavi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 2(3), 362-383.
2. Bahalı, K., Yonga Tahiroğlu, A. ve Avı, A. (2009). Okul reddi olan çocuk ve ergenlerin klinik özellikleri. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 310-317.
3. Berg, I., Butler, A., Franklin, J., Hayes, H., Lucas, C., & Sims, R. (1993). DSM-III-R disorders, social factors and management of school attendance problems in the normal population. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1187–1203.
4. Berg, I., Nichols, K. ve Pritchard, C. (1969). School phobia: Its classification and relationship to dependency. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 123–141.
5. Beidas, R. S., Crawley, S. A., Mychailyszyn, M. P., Comer, J. S., Kendall, P. C. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxious youth with comorbid school refusal: Clinical presentation and treatment response. Psychological Topics, 19 (2010), 255-271.
6. Doobay, A F. (2008). School refusal behavior associated with separation anxiety disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Psychology in Schools, 45(4), 261-271.
7. Elliott, J. G. (1999). Practitioner review: School refusal: Issues of conceptualisation, assessment, and treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40(7), 1001-1012.
8. Hersov, L. (1960). Refusal to go to school. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1, 137–145.

9. Heyne, D., King, N. J., ve Tonge, B. J. (2004). School refusal. T. H. Ollendick ve J. S. March (Ed.), Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: A clinician’s guide to effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions (s. 236-271). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10. Heyne, D. ve King, N. J. (2004). Treatment of school refusal. P.M. Barrett ve T.H. Ollendick (Ed.), Handbook of interventions that work with children and adolescents: Prevention and treatment (s.243-272). London: John Wiley & Sons.
11. Heyne, D., King, N. J., Ollendick, T. H. (2004). School refusal. P. Graham (Ed.), Cognitive behaviour therapy for children and families (2.baskı) (s.320-341). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
12. Kearney, C. A. (2002). Case study of the assessmement and treatment of a youth with multifunction school refusal behavior. Clinical Case Studies, 1(1), 67-80.
13. Kearney, C. (2007a). Forms and functions of school refusal behavior in youth: An empirical analysis of absenteeism severity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 53-61.
14. Kearney, C. A.(2007b). Getting your child to say yes to school. NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
15. Kendall, P. C., Suveg, C. (2006). Treating anxiety disorders in youth. P.C. Kendall, (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (243-294). NY: The Guilford Press.
16. King, N. J. ve Bernstein, G. A. (2001). School refusal in children and adolescents: A review of the past 10 years. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiaty, 40 (2), 197-205.
17. King, N.J. ve Ollendick, T.H. (1989). Children’s anxiety and phobic disorders in school settings: Classification, assessment, and intervention issues. Review of Educational Research, 59, 431–470.
18. King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Heyne, D., Ollendick, T. H. (2000). Research on the cognitive-behavioral treatment od school refusal: A review and recommendations. Clinical Psyhchology Review, 20 (4), 495-507.
19. King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Turner, S., Heyne, D., Pritchard, M., Rollings, S., Young, D, Myerson, N., Ollendick, T. H. (1999). Brief cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety-disordered children exhibiting school refusal. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6, 39-45.
20. King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Heyne, D., Pritchard, M., Rollings, S., Young, D., Myerson, N., Ollendick, T. H. (1998). Cognitive-behavioural treatment of school-refusing children: A controlled evaluation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(4), 395-403.
21. King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Heyne, D., Turner, S., Pritchard, M., Young, D., Rollings, S., Myerson, N., Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Cognitive-behavioural treatment of school-refusing children: Meintenance of improvement at 3-to 5-year follow-up. Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy, 30(2), 85-89.
22. Maynard, B. R., Heyne, D., Brendel, K. E., Bulanda, J. J., Thompson, A. M. ve Pigott, T. D. (2015). Treatment for school refusal among children and adolescent: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research on Social Work Practice, doi:10.1177/1049731515598619.
23. McShane, G., Walter, G., Rey, J.M. (2001). Characteristics of adolescents with school refusal. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 822-826.
24. Moffitt, C. E., Chorpita, B. F., Fernandez, S. N. (2003). Intensive cognitive-behavioral treatment of school refusal behavior. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 10, 51-60.
25. Pina, A. A., Zerr, A. A., Gonzales, N. A., Ortiz, C. D. (2009). Psychosocial interventions for school refusal behavior in children and adolescents. Society for Research in Child Development, 3(1), 11-20.