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Okul Bağlamında Güven Oluşturmada Ruhsal Liderlik

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 86, 135 - 156, 31.03.2020

Öz

Problem Durumu: Ruhsallık, insanların aşkın bilgi ve anlam inşa ettiği yollardan biridir. Ruhsallık olgusu metafizik hislerin yanı sıra insanların duygusal, rasyonel veya bilişsel, bilinçdışı ve sembolik alanlarını içerir. Bu açıdan insan yaşamındaki ruhsallığın göz ardı edilmesi, insan içsel benliğini, kişisel ve toplumsal dönüşümünü göz ardı etmek anlamına gelebilir. Son yıllarda ruhsallığın önemi ve kişilere etkisi öğretmen ve okul açısından tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Eğitim örgütlerinde ruhsallığın ve içsel motivasyon kaynaklarının yönünü araştıran çalışmaların sayısı giderek de artmaktadır. Bu kapsamda incelenen alanların başında işyeri ruhsallığı, ruhsal liderlik, anlamlı iş ortamı gelmektedir. Bu konular iş ortamında önemli kabul edilen aidiyet, güven, üretkenlik vb. gibi çıktılar üzerinde belirgin etkilere sahip olabilir.
Türk eğitim sistemi yönetim felsefesi açısından bakıldığında “insani yaşat ki devlet yaşasın” ilkesi aidiyet, güven, üretkenlik vb. çıktılara yönelik önemli bir mesaj içermektedir. Bu mesaj toplum ve devlet arasındaki ruhsal bağ ve paylaşılmış güvene işaret ederken araştırmacılar için ruhsallık, liderlik ve güven kavramları konusundaki çalışmaları da gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bu durumdan hareketle ruhsal liderliğin örgütsel güven üzerinde yordayıcı bir etkisinin olduğu hipoteziyle yola çıkılmıştır. Çalışmada katılımcı görüşlerine göre ruhsal liderliğin/boyutlarının örgütsel güveni ne düzeyde yordadığı cevaplanmaya çalışılmıştır.

Araştırmanın Amacı: Bu çalışmada ise öğretmenlerin algıları doğrultusunda “ruhsal liderlik” ve önemli bir örgütsel değer olan “güven” arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Nitekim liderlerin kendi değerleri ışığındaki kararları örgütsel yapıyı etkileyen en belirgin unsurların başında gelmektedir.


Araştırmanın Yöntemi:
Çalışmaya 2016-2017 öğretim yılında Şanlıurfa’da görev yapan 343 öğretmen katılmıştır. Katılımcı öğretmenler Şanlıurfa ilindeki okullardan uygun örnekleme göre seçilmiştir. Çalışmada veri toplamak için kişisel bilgi formu ve iki ölçekten faydalanılmıştır. Fry vd. (2007) tarafından geliştirilen Ruhsal Liderlik ölçeği öğretmenlerin ruhsal liderlik algılarını ölçmek içim kullanılmıştır. Güven olgusuna ilişkin algıları ölçmek için de Daboval, Comish, Swindle ve Gaster’in (1994) geliştirdiği ve Kamer’in (2001) Türkçe’ye uyarladığı ve Yılmaz (2005) tarafından Türkçeye yeniden adapte edilen Örgütsel Güven Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ruhsal Liderlik Ölçeği 9 boyuttan oluşmakta olup boyutlar sırasıyla Vizyon, Umut/Çaba, Özveri/ Fedakârlık Sevgisi, Anlam, Üyelik- Aitlik, Ruhsal Yaşam, Kurumsal Bağlılık, Verimlilik, Yaşamsal Memnuniyet şeklinde sırlanabilir. Örgütsel Güven Ölçeği 4 boyutu ile Çalışanlara Duyarlılık, Yöneticiye Güven, Yeniliğe Açıklık ve İletişim Ortamı alt boyutlarından oluşmaktadır. Ruhsal Liderlik ve Örgütsel Güven arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeden önce araştırmacılar ilk önce AMOS üzerinden CFA ile tüm ölçek ve boyutları analiz etmiş ve sonrasında mevcut veriler ışığında çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizine ilişkin varsayımları kontrol etmiştir, çalışmadakiveri setlerinin tüm varsayımları karşıladığı SPSS 20.0 programı doğrulanmıştır (Örn, Normallik, doğrusallık, eşvaryanslılık vb). Çalışmada Örgütsel Güven bir boyut olarak ele alınırken, CFA sonrası Ruhsal Liderlik; diğergâmlık, vizyon, umut/inanç, üyelik, örgütsel bağlılık ve verimlilik şeklinde 6 boyut olarak ele alınmıştır.

Araştırmanın Bulguları: Çalışma sonucunda ruhsal liderlik ve örgütsel güven arasında orta düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin Ruhsal Liderlik algıları Örgütsel Güven’in %64’ünü açıklamakta olup Ruhsal Liderliğin “Özveri/ Fedakârlık Sevgisi, Umut/Çaba ve Kurumsal Bağlılık” boyutları örgütsel güven üzerinde anlamlı etkiye sahiptir. Çalışmadaki verilerin bulgularına dayanarak, bu çalışma örgütsel güvenin ruhsal liderlik boyutları ile düşük ve yüksek düzeyler arasında değişen anlamlı korelasyonlara ve ilişkilere sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.


Araştırmanın Sonuç ve Önerileri:
Esfahani ve Sedaghat (2015) da Fry'ın bazı ruhsal liderlik boyutları ve örgütsel güven arasında da anlamlı korelasyonlar bulmuştur. Reave (2005) ruhsal değerlerin ve uygulamaların güven olgusunu doğrudan etkilediğini özetlemiştir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında, ruhsallık olgusu örgütsel güven açısından önemli bir kavram olarak düşünülebilir. Jurkiewicz ve Giacalone (2004) güvenin, iş ilişkileri için gerekli olduğunu vurgularken güvenin hissedildiği kurumların diğerlerine göre daha üretken, azaltılmış politik davranışlar, daha işbirlikçi ve destekleyici iş ortamı sunduğunu belirtmiştir. Alanyazın genellikle ruhsal liderlik ve örgütsel güven arasındaki ilişkiyi destekler sonuçlar sunmaktadır. Ruhsal liderlik ve güven arasındaki anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu ifade eden Taboli ve Abdollahzadeh (2016) yöneticilerin ruhsal liderlik yönetim stillerinin yönetici ve personel arasında karşılıklı güvene neden olduğunu belirtmiştir. Buna ek olarak, Barekat ve Sabbaghi (2017) genel olarak Ruhsal Liderlik ve Örgütsel Güven arasında orta seviyede anlamlı bir ilişki bulmuştur. Rego ve Cunha (2007) işyerinde ve çalışanlar arasındaki güveni yeniden inşa etmenin bir yolu olarak işyeri ruhsallığından bahsetmişlerdir. Eğitim kurumlarının çalışmalarında ve öğretmenler arası etkileşimlerinde güvenilir bir ilişki kurmaları için sağlıklı bir ruhsal liderlik stilini takip etmeleri gerekli olabilir.

Kaynakça

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  • Alijanpour, M., Dousti, M., & Alijanpour, M. (2013). The relationship between organizational commitment and organizational trust of staff. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 1(4), 45-52.
  • Arbuckle, J. L. (2014). AMOS (Version 23.0) [Computer Program]. Chicago: IBM SPSS.
  • Arshad, A., & Abbasi, A. S. (2014). Impact of spiritual leadership on organizational outcomes in police department of Pakistan: Moderating role of psychological ownership. Science International, 26(3), 1271-1276.
  • Barekat, G., & Sabbaghi, N. (2017). Investigating the relationship between employees' spiritual leadership, organizational trust and job involvement at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, in southwest of Iran. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(12), 4783-4789.
  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
  • Bentler, P. M., & Hu, P. (1995). EQS: Structural equations program manual. Los Angeles, CA: BMPD Statistical Software.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structure equation models. Sociological Methods and Research, 14, 155-163.
  • Bollen, K., A., & Long, J., S. (1992). Tests for structural equation models: Introduction. Sociological Methods & Research, 21, 123-131.
  • Boone, M., Fite, K., & Reardon, R. F. (2010). The spiritual dispositions of emerging teachers: A preliminary study. Journal of Thought, 45(3), 43-58.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Bruce, W. M. (2000). Public administrator attitudes about spirituality: An exploratory study. American Review of Public Administration, 30(4), 460-472.
  • Bryk, A. S., & Schneider, B. (2003). Trust in schools: A core resource for school reform. Educational Leadership, 60(6), 40-45.
  • Celep, C., & Yilmazturk, O. E. (2012). The relationship among organizational trust, multidimensional organizational commitment and perceived organizational support in educational organizations. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 5763-5776.
  • Cook, K. L. Jr. (2017). The impact of spirituality and occupational stress among middle school teachers (Order No. 10258984). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1874560832). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1874560832?accountid=15958
  • Crossman, J. (2010). Conceptualising spiritual leadership in secular organizational contexts and its relation to transformational, servant and environmental leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(7), 596-608.
  • Daboval, J., Comish, R., Swindle, B., & Caster, W. (1994) A trust inventory for small businesses. Small Businesses Symposium.
  • Demir, K. (2015). The Effect of organizational trust on the culture of teacher leadership in primary schools. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 15(3), 621-634.
  • Du, J., & Williams, C. (2017). Innovative projects between MNE subsidiaries and local partners in China: exploring locations and inter-organizational trust. Journal of International Management, 23(1), 16-31.
  • Duchon, D., & Plowman, D. A. (2005). Nurturing the spirit at work: Impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 807-833.
  • Erturk, A., & Donmez, E. (2017). Ruhsal liderlik ve eğitimdeki yansımaları [Spiritual leadership and its reflections in education]. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 11-19.
  • Esfahani, S. T., & Sedaghat, S. (2015).The relationship between spiritual leadership and vertical organizational trust. Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 2(5), 166-171.
  • Espinosa, J. C., Contreras, F., Esguerra, G. A., & Fierro, I. (2017). Preliminary validation of Fry's spiritual leadership model in Colombian and Ecuadorian workers. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 20(1), 190-202.
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Spiritual Leaders for Building Trust in the School Context

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 86, 135 - 156, 31.03.2020

Öz

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of spiritual leadership on organizational trust and examine the relationship between both concepts.


Research Method:
A multiple regression analysis was carried out using the data collected through spiritual leadership and organizational trust scales from 343 teachers.


Findings:
The result of the study revealed that the dimensions of spiritual leadership have varying relationships with organizational trust, which is significantly predicted by altruistic love, hope/faith, and organizational commitment.


Implications for Research and Practice:
Leaders’ role in enabling trust is a priority as they mainly decide and lead the value system of the organizations. Leaders in school contexts fulfill key roles in sustaining and developing organizational trust as they establish and support core values and truly accept members in schools. Spirituality is one of the concepts, which has been thought to have effects on trust in the organization.

Kaynakça

  • Adler, P. S., Goldoftas, B., & Levine, D. I. (1999). Flexibility versus efficiency? A case study of model changeovers in the Toyota production system. Organization Science, 10(1), 43-68.
  • Alijanpour, M., Dousti, M., & Alijanpour, M. (2013). The relationship between organizational commitment and organizational trust of staff. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 1(4), 45-52.
  • Arbuckle, J. L. (2014). AMOS (Version 23.0) [Computer Program]. Chicago: IBM SPSS.
  • Arshad, A., & Abbasi, A. S. (2014). Impact of spiritual leadership on organizational outcomes in police department of Pakistan: Moderating role of psychological ownership. Science International, 26(3), 1271-1276.
  • Barekat, G., & Sabbaghi, N. (2017). Investigating the relationship between employees' spiritual leadership, organizational trust and job involvement at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, in southwest of Iran. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(12), 4783-4789.
  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246.
  • Bentler, P. M., & Hu, P. (1995). EQS: Structural equations program manual. Los Angeles, CA: BMPD Statistical Software.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structure equation models. Sociological Methods and Research, 14, 155-163.
  • Bollen, K., A., & Long, J., S. (1992). Tests for structural equation models: Introduction. Sociological Methods & Research, 21, 123-131.
  • Boone, M., Fite, K., & Reardon, R. F. (2010). The spiritual dispositions of emerging teachers: A preliminary study. Journal of Thought, 45(3), 43-58.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Bruce, W. M. (2000). Public administrator attitudes about spirituality: An exploratory study. American Review of Public Administration, 30(4), 460-472.
  • Bryk, A. S., & Schneider, B. (2003). Trust in schools: A core resource for school reform. Educational Leadership, 60(6), 40-45.
  • Celep, C., & Yilmazturk, O. E. (2012). The relationship among organizational trust, multidimensional organizational commitment and perceived organizational support in educational organizations. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 5763-5776.
  • Cook, K. L. Jr. (2017). The impact of spirituality and occupational stress among middle school teachers (Order No. 10258984). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1874560832). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1874560832?accountid=15958
  • Crossman, J. (2010). Conceptualising spiritual leadership in secular organizational contexts and its relation to transformational, servant and environmental leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(7), 596-608.
  • Daboval, J., Comish, R., Swindle, B., & Caster, W. (1994) A trust inventory for small businesses. Small Businesses Symposium.
  • Demir, K. (2015). The Effect of organizational trust on the culture of teacher leadership in primary schools. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 15(3), 621-634.
  • Du, J., & Williams, C. (2017). Innovative projects between MNE subsidiaries and local partners in China: exploring locations and inter-organizational trust. Journal of International Management, 23(1), 16-31.
  • Duchon, D., & Plowman, D. A. (2005). Nurturing the spirit at work: Impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 807-833.
  • Erturk, A., & Donmez, E. (2017). Ruhsal liderlik ve eğitimdeki yansımaları [Spiritual leadership and its reflections in education]. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 11-19.
  • Esfahani, S. T., & Sedaghat, S. (2015).The relationship between spiritual leadership and vertical organizational trust. Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 2(5), 166-171.
  • Espinosa, J. C., Contreras, F., Esguerra, G. A., & Fierro, I. (2017). Preliminary validation of Fry's spiritual leadership model in Colombian and Ecuadorian workers. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 20(1), 190-202.
  • Fairholm, G. W. (1996). Spiritual leadership: Fulfilling whole-self needs at work. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 17(5), 11-17.
  • Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 693-727.
  • Fry, L. W. (2008). Spiritual leadership: State-of-the-art and future directions for theory, research, and practice. In J. Biberman & L. Tischler (Eds.), Spirituality in business: Theory, practice, and future directions (pp. 106-124). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Fry, L. W., Latham, J. R., Clinebell, S. K., & Krahnke, K. (2016). Spiritual leadership as a model for performance excellence: a study of Baldrige award recipients. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 14(1), 22-47.
  • Fry, L. W., Nisiewicz, M., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2007). Transforming city government through spiritual leadership: Measurement and establishing a baseline. In National Meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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  • Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2003). Toward a science of workplace spirituality. In R. A. Giacalone, & C. L Jurkiewicz (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 1-26). M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, New York, pp. 3–28
  • Gibson, A. R. (2011). Spirituality in principal leadership and its influence on teachers and teaching (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Waikato, New Zealand.
  • González-González, M. (2018). Reconciling spirituality and workplace: Towards a balanced proposal for occupational health. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(1), 349-359.
  • Gocen, A., & Ozgan, H. (2018). An examination of workplace spirituality development in schools. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(67), 1120-1146.
  • Gocen, A., & Terzi, R. (2019). The casual effect of spiritual leadership on organizational health in educational organizations. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 11(2), 100-117.
  • Gulati, R., & Sytch, M. (2007). Dependence asymmetry and joint dependence in interorganizational relationships: Effects of embeddedness on a manufacturer's performance in procurement relationships. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(1), 32-69.
  • Hamed, S., Mojgan, D., Hatam, M., Khalil, Z., & Mahdi, S. (2015). Relationship between spiritual leadership, teamwork and organizational trust in nurses. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management, 4(3), 76-87.
  • Hassan, M., Bin Nadeem, A., & Akhter, A. (2016). Impact of workplace spirituality on job satisfaction: Mediating effect of trust. Cogent Business & Management, 3(1), 1-15.
  • Hill, P. C., Jurkiewicz, C. L., Giacalone, R. A., & Fry, L. W. (2013). From concept to science: Continuing steps in workplace spirituality research. In R. Paloutzian F. & C. L. Park (Eds), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 617-631). U.S.A: Paperback Edition.
  • Hill, P. D. (2009). Perspective of spirituality: Influences on K–12 leadership (Order No. 3378415). Available from ProQuest Central; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (305161511). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/305161511?accountid=15958
  • Houston, P. D., Blankstein, A. M., & Cole, R. W. (2007). Spirituality in educational leadership (Vol. 4). Corwin Press.
  • Hoy, W. K., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (1999). Five faces of trust: An empirical confirmation in urban elementary schools. Journal of School Leadership, 9, 184-208.
  • Huff, L., & Kelley, L. (2003). Levels of organizational trust in individualist versus collectivist societies: A seven-nation study. Organization Science, 14(1), 81-90.
  • IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS statistics for windows [Version 22.0]. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • Juceviciene, R., & Jucevicius, G. (2014). Managerial factors behind the development of trust in inter-organizational knowledge networks. Paper presented at 5th European Conference on Knowledge Management, 489-498. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1672880792?accountid=15958
  • Jurkiewicz, C. L., & Giacalone, R. A. (2004). A values framework for measuring the impact of workplace spirituality on organizational performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 49(2), 129-142.
  • Karadag, E. (2016). The moderation of national culture regarding the effect of spiritual leadership on organizational commitment and productivity: A cross-cultural meta-analysis. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, 25, 233-260.
  • Kamer, M. (2001). Örgütsel güven, örgütsel bağlılık ve örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışlarına etkileri (Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Kaya, A. (2015). The relationship between spiritual leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors: A research on school principals' behaviors. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 15(3), 597-606.
  • Kelly, N. J. (2017). The spirit of relationships: Trust in the process. Personal Excellence Essentials, Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1952986592?accountid=15958
  • Korkut, A. (2012). Ruhsal liderliğe ilişkin kuramsal bir inceleme [A theoretical review of spiritual leadership] (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya.
  • Kurt, Y., Yamin, M., Sinkovics, N., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2016). Spirituality as an antecedent of trust and network commitment: The case of Anatolian tigers. European Management Journal, 34, 686-700.
  • Kurtar, Ş. (2009). Ruhsal liderlik ölçeği: Türkçe dilsel eşdeğerlik, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Spiritual leadership scale: Turkish linguistic equivalence, validity and reliability study] (Yüksek lisans tezi). Yeditepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Lämsä, A. M., & Pučėtaitė, R. (2006). Development of organizational trust among employees from a contextual perspective. Business Ethics: A European Review, 15(2), 130-141.
  • Lewicki, R., McAllister, D., & Bies, R. (1998). Trust and distrust: New relationships and realities. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 438-458.
  • Mahlungulu, S. N., & Uys, L. R. (2004). Spirituality in nursing: An analysis of the concept. Curationis, 27(2), 15-26.
  • Malone, P., & Fry, L. W. (2003). Transforming schools through spiritual leadership: A field experiment. In Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Seattle-Washington.
  • Perkins, G., Wellman, N., & Wellman, W. (2009). Educational leadership: The relationship between spirituality and leadership practices. Academic Leadership Journal, 7(1), 1-8.
  • Rego, A., & Pina e Cunha, M. (2008). Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: an empirical study. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 21(1), 53-75.
  • Riaz, O. (2012). Spirituality and transformational leadership in education (Order No. 3541871). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1115316371). Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1115316371?accountid=15958
  • Santiago, P. J. A. (2007). Estudio exploratorio sobre el tema de la espiritualidad en el ambiente laboral. Anales de Psicologı´a, 23(1), 137–146.
  • Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338.
  • Suhr, D. (2006). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis. SAS Users Group International Conference (pp. 1 - 17). Cary: SAS Institute, Inc. Retrieved from http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi31/200-31.pdf
  • Smith, J. A., & Rayment, J. J. (2007). The global SMP fitness framework: A guide for leaders exploring the relevance of spirituality in the workplace. Management Decision, 45(2), 217-234.
  • Smith, P. A., Hoy, W. K., & Sweetland, S. R. (2014). Organizational health of high schools and dimensions of faculty trust. Journal of School Leadership, 11(2), 135-151.
  • Taboli, H., & Abdollahzadeh, S. (2016). The mediating role of trust in supervisor and professional ethics in the relationship between spiritual leadership and organizational virtuousness (Case Study: Document Registration Organization at Kerman City). International Business Management, 10(11), 2214-2221.
  • Tschannen-Moran, M. (2009). Fostering teacher professionalism in schools: The role of leadership orientation and trust. Educational Administration Quarterly, 45(2), 217-247.
  • Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10. Turkish Ministry of National Education. (2018). Turkey’s Education Vision 2023. Retrieved from http://2023vizyonu.meb.gov.tr/doc/2023_VIZYON_ENG.pdf
  • Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., Alwin, D., & Summers, G. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84-136.
  • Whitener, E. M., Brodt, S. E., Korsgaard, M. A., & Werner, J. M. (1998). Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 513-530.
  • Yilmaz, E. (2005). Okullarda örgütsel güven ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Validity and reliability study of organizational trust scale in schools]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14, 567-580.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ragip Terzı

Ahmet Gocen

Ahmet Kaya Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 86

Kaynak Göster

APA Terzı, R., Gocen, A., & Kaya, A. (2020). Spiritual Leaders for Building Trust in the School Context. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 20(86), 135-156.
AMA Terzı R, Gocen A, Kaya A. Spiritual Leaders for Building Trust in the School Context. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. Mart 2020;20(86):135-156.
Chicago Terzı, Ragip, Ahmet Gocen, ve Ahmet Kaya. “Spiritual Leaders for Building Trust in the School Context”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20, sy. 86 (Mart 2020): 135-56.
EndNote Terzı R, Gocen A, Kaya A (01 Mart 2020) Spiritual Leaders for Building Trust in the School Context. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20 86 135–156.
IEEE R. Terzı, A. Gocen, ve A. Kaya, “Spiritual Leaders for Building Trust in the School Context”, Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, c. 20, sy. 86, ss. 135–156, 2020.
ISNAD Terzı, Ragip vd. “Spiritual Leaders for Building Trust in the School Context”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 20/86 (Mart 2020), 135-156.
JAMA Terzı R, Gocen A, Kaya A. Spiritual Leaders for Building Trust in the School Context. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2020;20:135–156.
MLA Terzı, Ragip vd. “Spiritual Leaders for Building Trust in the School Context”. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, c. 20, sy. 86, 2020, ss. 135-56.
Vancouver Terzı R, Gocen A, Kaya A. Spiritual Leaders for Building Trust in the School Context. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2020;20(86):135-56.