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Internet Usage, Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption: The Case of EU-15

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 576 - 594, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.755639

Öz

The purpose of this study is to examine the impacts of internet usage and economic growth on electricity consumption in EU-15 countries. In this study using panel cointegration test developed by Westerlund and Edgerton (2007), the existence of a cointegration relationship in both the constant model and the constant and trend model is proved. The findings obtained by using the panel cointegration method indicate that internet usage and economic growth have a significant impact on electricity consumption in the long run. After identifying the existence of a panel cointegration relationship in EU-15 countries, the long-run cointegration coefficients were obtained with the Augmented Mean Group estimators developed by Eberhard and Bond (2009), Eberhardt and Teal (2010). The long-run coefficient results demonstrate that a change in internet usage for all EU-15 countries can reduce electricity consumption at a very low rate, but a change in economic growth increases electricity consumption. The country-based empirical findings suggest that the impact of internet usage and economic growth on electricity consumption varies in different countries.

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P. and Howitt, P. (1998). Endogenous growth theory (Rev.ed.). The United States of America: The MIT Press.
  • Aydin, M. (2019). Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption-economic growth nexus: Evidence from OECD countries. Renewable Energy, 136(June), 599-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.008
  • Balcilar, M., Bekun, F. and Uzuner, G. (2019). Revisiting the economic growth and electricity consumption nexus in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 12158–12170. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04598-0
  • Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q. and Kao, C. (2012). A Lagrange multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164–177. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2012.04.004
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. doi:10.2307/2297111
  • Ciarreta, A. and Zarraga, A. (2010). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Spain. Applied Economics Letters, 17(14), 1417–1421. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850903018689
  • Collard, F., Feve, P. and Portier, F. (2005). Electricity consumption and ICT in the French service sector. Energy Economics, 27(3), 541-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2004.12.002
  • Dewan, S. and Kraemer, K. (1998). International dimensions of the productivity paradox. Communications of the ACM, 41(4), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1145/280324.280333
  • Eberhardt, M. and Bond, S. (2009). Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: A novel estimator (MPRA Paper No.17692). Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/17692/1/MPRA_paper_17692.pdf
  • Eberhardt, M. and Teal, F. J. (2010). Productivity analysis in global manufacturing production (University of Oxford Department of Economics Discussion Paper Series No.515). Retrieved from https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/4729/paper515
  • Engle, R. F. and Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-Integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251. doi:10.2307/1913236
  • Freeman, C. and Soete, L. (1997). The economics of industrial innovation (3. ed.). The United States of America: The MIT Press.
  • Ghosh, S. (2002). Electricity consumption and economic growth in India. Energy Policy, 30(2), 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00078-7
  • Greenhalgh, C. and Rogers, M. (2010). Innovation, intellectual property and economic growth (1. ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Haacker, M. and Morsink, J. (2002). You say you want a revolution: Information technology and growth (IMF Working Paper Series No. WP0270). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/30/You-Say-You-Want-A-RevolutionInformation-Technology-and-Growth-15787
  • Hargreaves, T., Wilson, C. and Hauxwell-Baldwin, R. (2018). Learning to live in a smart home. Building Research and Information, 46(1), 127-139. doi:10.1080/09613218.2017.1286882
  • Heddeghem, W., Lambert, S., Lannoo, B., Colle, D., Pickavet, M. and Demeester, P. (2014). Trends in worldwide ICT electricity consumption from 2007 to 2012. Computer Communications, 50(1 September), 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2014.02.008
  • Jorgenson, D. and Stiroh, K. (1995). Computers and growth. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 3(3-4), 295-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599500000008
  • Kraft, J. and Kraft, A. (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2), 401-403. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
  • Laitner, J. (2002). Information technology and U.S. energy consumption: Energy hog, productivity tool, or both?. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 6(2), 13-24.doi:10.1162/108819802763471753
  • Lin, B. and Wang, Y. (2019). Inconsistency of economic growth and electricity consumption in China: A panel VAR approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 229, 144-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.396
  • Liu, D., Ruan, L., Liu, J., Huan, H., Zhang, G., Feng, Y. and Li, Y. (2018). Electricity consumption and economic growth nexus in Beijing: A causal analysis of quarterly sectoral data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82(P3), 2498-2503. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.016
  • Mago, S. and Mago, S. (2015). Information and communications technologies (ICTs) and livelihoods enhancement in agro-rural communities in Zimbabwe: connections using the capabilities approach. J Communication, 6(1), 93-103. doi:10.1080/0976691X.2015.11884851
  • McCoskey, S. and Kao, C. (1998). A residual-based test of the null of cointegration in panel data. Econometric Reviews, 17(1), 57–84. doi:10.1080/07474939808800403
  • Morley, J., Widdicks, K. and Hazas, M. (2018). Digitalisation, energy and data demand: The impact of internet traffic on overall and peak electricity consumption. Energy Research and Social Science, 38(April), 128-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.018
  • Moyer, J. and Hughes, B. (2012). ICTs: Do they contribute to increased carbon emissions? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(5), 919-931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2011.12.005
  • Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S. and Popp, S. (2010). Does electricity consumption panel Granger cause GDP? A new global evidence. Applied Energy, 87(10), 3294-3298. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.03.021
  • Nasir, S. and Kalirajan, K. (2016). Information and communication technology-enabled modern services export performances of Asian economies. Asian Development Review, 33(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1162/ADEV_a_00059
  • Niebel, T. (2018). ICT and economic growth – comparing developing, emerging and. World Development, 104, 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.024
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels (Cambridge Working Papers in Economics). doi:10.17863/CAM.5113
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105–127. doi:10.1111/j.1368- 423X.2007.00227.x
  • Pesaran, M. H. and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
  • Pothitou, M., Hanna, R. and Chalvatzis, K. (2017). ICT entertainment appliances’ impact on domestic electricity consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69(March), 843-853. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.100
  • Røpke, I. (2012). The unsustainable directionality of innovation – The example of the broadband transition. Research Policy, 41(9), 1631–1642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.04.002
  • Røpke, I., Christensen, T. and Jensen, J. (2010). Information and communication technologies – A new round of household electrification. Energy Policy, 38(4), 1764-1773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.052
  • Sadorsky, P. (2012). Information communication technology and electricity consumption in emerging economies. Energy Policy, 48(September), 130-136. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.064
  • Saidi, K., Toumi, H. and Zaidi, S. (2017). Impact of information communication technology and economic growth on the electricity consumption: Empirical evidence from 67 countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(3), 789-803. doi:10.1007/s13132-015-0276-1
  • Salahuddin, M. and Alam, K. (2015). Internet usage, electricity consumption and economic growth in Australia: A time series evidence. Telematics and Informatics, 32(2015), 862-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.04.011
  • Salahuddin, M. and Alam, K. (2016). Information and communication technology, electricity consumption and economic growth in OECD countries: A panel data analysis. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 76(March), 185-193. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.11.005
  • Salahuddin, M., Alam, K. and Ozturk, I. (2016). The effects of internet usage and economic growth on CO2. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 1226–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.018
  • Satti, S. and Nour, O. (2002). The impact of ICT on economic development in the Arab World: A comparative study of Egypt and The Gulf Countries (ERF Working Papers Series No.237). Retrieved from https://erf.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/0237
  • Shiu, A. and Lam, P. (2004). Electricity consumption and economic growth in China. Energy Policy, 32(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00250-1
  • Smith, L. V., Leybourne, S., Kim, T.-H. and Newbold, P. (2004). More powerful panel data unit root tests with an application to mean reversion in real exchange rates. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(2), 147–170. doi:10.1002/jae.723
  • Sredojević, D., Cvetanović, S. and Bošković, G. (2016). Technological changes in economic growth theory: neoclassical, endogenous, and evolutionary-institutional approach. Economic Themes, 54(2), 177-194. https://doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2016-0009
  • Stanley, T., Doucouliagos, H. and Steel, P. (2018). Does ICT generate economic growth? A metaregression analysis. Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(3), 705-726. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12211
  • Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica, 38(2), 311. doi:10.2307/1913012
  • Westerlund, J. (2005). A panel CUSUM test of the null of cointegration. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67(2), 231–262. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2004.00118.x
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). Reducing the size distortions of the panel LM Test for cointegration. Economics Letters, 90(3), 384–389. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2005.09.002
  • Westerlund, J. and Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185–190. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.003
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2014). Electricity consumption and economic growth in transition countries: A revisit using bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis. Energy Economics, 44, 325-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.04.019
  • Yan, Z., Shi, R. and Yang, Z. (2018). ICT development and sustainable energy consumption: A perspective of energy productivity. Sustainability, 10(7), 2568. doi:10.3390/su10072568
  • Yang, H. (2000). A note on the causal relationship between energy and GDP in Taiwan. Energy Economics, 22(3), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(99)00044-4
  • Yoo, S. (2005). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Evidence from Korea. Energy Policy, 33(12), 1627–1632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.02.002

İnternet Kullanımı, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Elektrik Tüketimi: EU-15 Örneği

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 576 - 594, 31.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.755639

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı EU-15 ülkelerinde internet kullanımı ve ekonomik büyümenin elektrik tüketimi üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmaktadır. Westerlund ve Edgerton (2007) tarafından geliştirilen panel eşbütünleşme testinin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada hem sabitli model hem de sabitli ve trendli modelde bir eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin varlığı kanıtlanmaktadır. Panel eşbütünleşme analiz yönteminden yararlanılarak elde edilen bulgular uzun dönemde internet kullanımı ve ekonomik büyümenin elektrik tüketimi üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir. EU-15 ülkelerinde panel eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin varlığı belirlendikten sonra uzun dönem eşbütünleşme katsayıları Eberhard ve Bond (2009), Eberhardt ve Teal (2010) tarafından geliştirilen Genelleştirilmiş Ortalama Grup tahmincileri ile elde edilmiştir. Uzun dönem katsayı sonuçları EU-15 ülkelerinin tamamı için internet kullanımında meydana gelen bir değişimin elektrik tüketimini çok küçük bir oranda da olsa azaltabileceği ancak ekonomik büyümede meydana gelen bir değişimin ise elektrik tüketimini arttırdığını göstermektedir. Elde edilen ülke bazlı ampirik bulgular internet kullanımı ve ekonomik büyümenin elektrik tüketimi üzerindeki etkisinin ülkeden ülkeye farklılıklar içerdiğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P. and Howitt, P. (1998). Endogenous growth theory (Rev.ed.). The United States of America: The MIT Press.
  • Aydin, M. (2019). Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption-economic growth nexus: Evidence from OECD countries. Renewable Energy, 136(June), 599-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.01.008
  • Balcilar, M., Bekun, F. and Uzuner, G. (2019). Revisiting the economic growth and electricity consumption nexus in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 12158–12170. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04598-0
  • Baltagi, B. H., Feng, Q. and Kao, C. (2012). A Lagrange multiplier test for cross-sectional dependence in a fixed effects panel data model. Journal of Econometrics, 170(1), 164–177. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2012.04.004
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253. doi:10.2307/2297111
  • Ciarreta, A. and Zarraga, A. (2010). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Spain. Applied Economics Letters, 17(14), 1417–1421. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850903018689
  • Collard, F., Feve, P. and Portier, F. (2005). Electricity consumption and ICT in the French service sector. Energy Economics, 27(3), 541-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2004.12.002
  • Dewan, S. and Kraemer, K. (1998). International dimensions of the productivity paradox. Communications of the ACM, 41(4), 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1145/280324.280333
  • Eberhardt, M. and Bond, S. (2009). Cross-section dependence in nonstationary panel models: A novel estimator (MPRA Paper No.17692). Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/17692/1/MPRA_paper_17692.pdf
  • Eberhardt, M. and Teal, F. J. (2010). Productivity analysis in global manufacturing production (University of Oxford Department of Economics Discussion Paper Series No.515). Retrieved from https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/4729/paper515
  • Engle, R. F. and Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-Integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251. doi:10.2307/1913236
  • Freeman, C. and Soete, L. (1997). The economics of industrial innovation (3. ed.). The United States of America: The MIT Press.
  • Ghosh, S. (2002). Electricity consumption and economic growth in India. Energy Policy, 30(2), 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(01)00078-7
  • Greenhalgh, C. and Rogers, M. (2010). Innovation, intellectual property and economic growth (1. ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Haacker, M. and Morsink, J. (2002). You say you want a revolution: Information technology and growth (IMF Working Paper Series No. WP0270). Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/30/You-Say-You-Want-A-RevolutionInformation-Technology-and-Growth-15787
  • Hargreaves, T., Wilson, C. and Hauxwell-Baldwin, R. (2018). Learning to live in a smart home. Building Research and Information, 46(1), 127-139. doi:10.1080/09613218.2017.1286882
  • Heddeghem, W., Lambert, S., Lannoo, B., Colle, D., Pickavet, M. and Demeester, P. (2014). Trends in worldwide ICT electricity consumption from 2007 to 2012. Computer Communications, 50(1 September), 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2014.02.008
  • Jorgenson, D. and Stiroh, K. (1995). Computers and growth. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 3(3-4), 295-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599500000008
  • Kraft, J. and Kraft, A. (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2), 401-403. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/
  • Laitner, J. (2002). Information technology and U.S. energy consumption: Energy hog, productivity tool, or both?. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 6(2), 13-24.doi:10.1162/108819802763471753
  • Lin, B. and Wang, Y. (2019). Inconsistency of economic growth and electricity consumption in China: A panel VAR approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 229, 144-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.396
  • Liu, D., Ruan, L., Liu, J., Huan, H., Zhang, G., Feng, Y. and Li, Y. (2018). Electricity consumption and economic growth nexus in Beijing: A causal analysis of quarterly sectoral data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82(P3), 2498-2503. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.016
  • Mago, S. and Mago, S. (2015). Information and communications technologies (ICTs) and livelihoods enhancement in agro-rural communities in Zimbabwe: connections using the capabilities approach. J Communication, 6(1), 93-103. doi:10.1080/0976691X.2015.11884851
  • McCoskey, S. and Kao, C. (1998). A residual-based test of the null of cointegration in panel data. Econometric Reviews, 17(1), 57–84. doi:10.1080/07474939808800403
  • Morley, J., Widdicks, K. and Hazas, M. (2018). Digitalisation, energy and data demand: The impact of internet traffic on overall and peak electricity consumption. Energy Research and Social Science, 38(April), 128-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.01.018
  • Moyer, J. and Hughes, B. (2012). ICTs: Do they contribute to increased carbon emissions? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(5), 919-931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2011.12.005
  • Narayan, P. K., Narayan, S. and Popp, S. (2010). Does electricity consumption panel Granger cause GDP? A new global evidence. Applied Energy, 87(10), 3294-3298. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.03.021
  • Nasir, S. and Kalirajan, K. (2016). Information and communication technology-enabled modern services export performances of Asian economies. Asian Development Review, 33(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1162/ADEV_a_00059
  • Niebel, T. (2018). ICT and economic growth – comparing developing, emerging and. World Development, 104, 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.024
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels (Cambridge Working Papers in Economics). doi:10.17863/CAM.5113
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105–127. doi:10.1111/j.1368- 423X.2007.00227.x
  • Pesaran, M. H. and Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93. doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
  • Pothitou, M., Hanna, R. and Chalvatzis, K. (2017). ICT entertainment appliances’ impact on domestic electricity consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69(March), 843-853. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.100
  • Røpke, I. (2012). The unsustainable directionality of innovation – The example of the broadband transition. Research Policy, 41(9), 1631–1642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.04.002
  • Røpke, I., Christensen, T. and Jensen, J. (2010). Information and communication technologies – A new round of household electrification. Energy Policy, 38(4), 1764-1773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.052
  • Sadorsky, P. (2012). Information communication technology and electricity consumption in emerging economies. Energy Policy, 48(September), 130-136. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.064
  • Saidi, K., Toumi, H. and Zaidi, S. (2017). Impact of information communication technology and economic growth on the electricity consumption: Empirical evidence from 67 countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(3), 789-803. doi:10.1007/s13132-015-0276-1
  • Salahuddin, M. and Alam, K. (2015). Internet usage, electricity consumption and economic growth in Australia: A time series evidence. Telematics and Informatics, 32(2015), 862-878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.04.011
  • Salahuddin, M. and Alam, K. (2016). Information and communication technology, electricity consumption and economic growth in OECD countries: A panel data analysis. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, 76(March), 185-193. doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.11.005
  • Salahuddin, M., Alam, K. and Ozturk, I. (2016). The effects of internet usage and economic growth on CO2. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 1226–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.018
  • Satti, S. and Nour, O. (2002). The impact of ICT on economic development in the Arab World: A comparative study of Egypt and The Gulf Countries (ERF Working Papers Series No.237). Retrieved from https://erf.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/0237
  • Shiu, A. and Lam, P. (2004). Electricity consumption and economic growth in China. Energy Policy, 32(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00250-1
  • Smith, L. V., Leybourne, S., Kim, T.-H. and Newbold, P. (2004). More powerful panel data unit root tests with an application to mean reversion in real exchange rates. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 19(2), 147–170. doi:10.1002/jae.723
  • Sredojević, D., Cvetanović, S. and Bošković, G. (2016). Technological changes in economic growth theory: neoclassical, endogenous, and evolutionary-institutional approach. Economic Themes, 54(2), 177-194. https://doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2016-0009
  • Stanley, T., Doucouliagos, H. and Steel, P. (2018). Does ICT generate economic growth? A metaregression analysis. Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(3), 705-726. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12211
  • Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica, 38(2), 311. doi:10.2307/1913012
  • Westerlund, J. (2005). A panel CUSUM test of the null of cointegration. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67(2), 231–262. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2004.00118.x
  • Westerlund, J. (2006). Reducing the size distortions of the panel LM Test for cointegration. Economics Letters, 90(3), 384–389. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2005.09.002
  • Westerlund, J. and Edgerton, D. L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185–190. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2007.03.003
  • Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2014). Electricity consumption and economic growth in transition countries: A revisit using bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis. Energy Economics, 44, 325-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.04.019
  • Yan, Z., Shi, R. and Yang, Z. (2018). ICT development and sustainable energy consumption: A perspective of energy productivity. Sustainability, 10(7), 2568. doi:10.3390/su10072568
  • Yang, H. (2000). A note on the causal relationship between energy and GDP in Taiwan. Energy Economics, 22(3), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-9883(99)00044-4
  • Yoo, S. (2005). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Evidence from Korea. Energy Policy, 33(12), 1627–1632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.02.002
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Kırca 0000-0002-5630-7525

Ömer Akkuş 0000-0003-4738-2694

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 25 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kırca, M., & Akkuş, Ö. (2020). Internet Usage, Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption: The Case of EU-15. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 576-594. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.755639