Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta Kumar Hukuku ve Sınırları: Turizm Hakkı Bağlamında Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

Bireylerin seyahat etme ve farklı kültürleri deneyimleme özgürlüğü olarak tanımlanan turizm hakkı, genellikle anayasal düzeyde güvence altına alınan seyahat ve yerleşme özgürlüğü ile dinlenme hakkı çer-çevesinde, sosyal bir hak olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu doğrultu-da, insan haklarının yükümlüsü konumundaki sosyal devletin, bu hakkın gelişimini desteklemesi gerektiği kabul edilir. Turizm faali-yetlerinin düzenlenmesi ve geliştirilmesi hem ekonomik hem de sosyal açıdan önem taşımaktadır. Turizmin farklı türleri arasından, ülkelerin tarihi, kültürel, sosyal ve coğrafi özelliklerine göre geliştir-dikleri, ekonomik büyüme sağladıkları sağlık, spor veya inziva gibi özel ilgi turizm modellerinden biri olan kumarhane turizmi (casino tourism), birçok ülkede sadece bir eğlence aracı değil, aynı zamanda başat bir gelir kaynağı hâline gelmiştir. Kumar hukukunun (gambling law) uygulandığı bu turizm türü bakımından, devletin ekonomik bü-yüme hedefi ile sosyal devlet ilkesi ve birey haklarının korunması arasında dengeli bir yaklaşım geliştirmesi zorunluluk hâlini almıştır. Kumarhanelerin lisanslama, vergilendirme, denetim ve veri güvenliği gibi hukuki alanlarda karşılaştığı sorunlar, sektörün sürdürülebilirli-ğini doğrudan etkilemektedir. Ayrıca kumar bağımlılığı, kültürel ça-tışmalar ve ekonomik eşitsizlikler gibi sosyal ve etik meseleler de sektörle yakından ilişkilidir. Kumar hukukuna ilişkin Türkçe literatürün sınırlılığı, özellikle çev-rimiçi kumar gibi teknolojik gelişmelerin hızla arttığı bir dönemde bu alanın hukuki parametrelerinin ortaya konmasını gerekli kılmak-tadır. Bu çalışma, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti (KKTC) örneği üze-rinden kumarhane turizmine ilişkin yasal ve etik sorunları analiz ederek kumar hukukunda sürdürülebilir ve sorumlu bir model oluş-turulması bakımından katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, “so-rumlu kumar” politikalarının yalnızca bireysel sorumluluğa indirge-nemeyeceğini, devletin kumar politikalarının bir parçası olarak yasal düzenlemelerle desteklenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Tu-rizm geliri elde etme amacıyla kumarın teşvik edildiği ülkelerde, devletin ekonomik çıkarlar ile halk sağlığını koruma yükümlülüğü arasında denge kurması elzemdir. Bu bağlamda, “sorumlu kumar” il-kelerinin mevzuata entegre edilmesi hem bireysel özgürlüklerin ko-runması hem de kumarla ilişkili zararların önlenmesi açısından te-mel bir araç olarak değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Turizm Hakkı
• Kumarhane Turizmi
• Kumar Hukuku
• Şans Oyunları Hukuku
• Kumarhane Turizmi ve Hukuk

Gambling Law and Limits in Northern Cyprus: An Evaluation in the Context of the Right to Tourism

Öz

The right to tourism, defined as individuals' freedom to travel and experience different cultures, is recognized as a fundamental social right often protected under constitutional guarantees such as the freedom of movement and the right to rest. As the bearer of human rights obligations, the social state is expected to contribute to the de-velopment and regulation of tourism, both economically and social-ly. Among various forms of special interest tourism, casino tourism has emerged in many countries not only as a form of entertainment but also as a significant source of national income. In this context, achieving a balance between the state's economic growth goals and its duties to uphold individual rights and social justice has become essential. Legal challenges such as licensing, taxation, regulatory oversight, and data protection directly impact the sustainability of the casino tourism sector. Furthermore, social and ethical issues such as gambling addiction, cultural conflict, and economic inequali-ty are inherently linked to the field. The limited presence of Turkish-language literature on gambling law, particularly in light of rapidly evolving technologies like online gambling, underscores the need to establish clear legal parameters. This study examines the legal and ethical dimensions of casino tourism in the case of Northern Cyprus and aims to contribute to the development of a sustainable and re-sponsible casino tourism model. This study demonstrates that re-sponsible gambling policies cannot be reduced solely to individual responsibility; rather, they must be supported through legal regula-tions as an integral part of state gambling policy. In countries where gambling is promoted as a means of generating tourism revenue, it is essential for the state to strike a balance between economic interests and its obligation to protect public health. In this context, the integra-tion of responsible gambling principles into legal frameworks is con-sidered a fundamental mechanism for both safeguarding individual freedoms and preventing gambling-related harms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Right to Tourism
• Casino Tourism
• Gambling Law Gaming Law
• Casi-no Tourism and Law

Kaynakça

1. Akçalı, Berna Gür. “Structural Comparative Analysis of the Legal Definition of Gambling.” Anadolu Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 1/2 (2015): 76-94.
2. Allami, Youssef, “Strengthening Oversight and Integrity: The Multi‐faceted Role of Centralized Player Tracking Systems in Gambling”. Addiction, 11/7 (2024) 1149.
3. Aydın, Duygu Hatıpoğlu. “Hukuk-Ahlak İlişkisi Bağlamında Türk Hukukunda Kumar.” Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 29/2 (2021): 1477-1499.
4. Beckert, J., Lutter, M.: “The inequality of fair play: lottery gambling and social stratification in Germany”. European Sociological Review. 25(4) (2008): 475–488.
5. Birgün, “Kıbrıs'ta 'Şans Oyunları Yasası' sert eleştirilerle kabul edildi”, 07.06.2025, (Erişim Tarihi 08.08.2025), https://www.birgun.net/haber/kibris-ta-sans-oyunlari-yasasi-sert-elestirilerle-kabul-edildi-628105.
6. Birleşik Krallık Kumar Yasası, (UK Gambling Act), 2005, (Erişim Tarihi 09.11.2024), https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/19/contents.
7. Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü (UNWTO), "Turizm İçin Küresel Etik Kurallar" (1999), (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2025), https://www.unwto.org/global-code-of-ethics-for-tourism.
8. Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü (UNWTO), “Turizm İçin Küresel Etik Kurallar” (Türkçe çeviri), TÜRSAB yayını, 1999, (Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2025), https://www.tursab.org.tr/apps/OldFiles/dosya/14733/bmdto-turizm-icin-kuresel-etik-kurallari-unwto-global-code-of-ethics-f_14733_4881829.pdf.

9. Birleşmiş Milletler, “Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Haklara İlişkin Uluslararası Sözleşme (Türkçe Çeviri)”, (Erişim Tarihi 05.02.2025), https://unmik.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/regulations/06turkish/TIntCovEcSocCulRights.pdf.
10. Birleşmiş Milletler, “İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi”, (Erişim Tarihi 05.04.2025), https://inhak.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/Dokuman/10122019101449insanhaklaribeyannamesi.pdf.
11. Birleşmiş Milletler, “Kişisel ve Siyasal Haklar Uluslararası Sözleşmesi”, (Erişim Tarihi 05.03.2025), https://inhak.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/Dokuman/2312020093321bm_05.pdf.
12. Bunting, W.C. “A Better Legal Definition of Gambling: With Applications to Synthetic Financial Instruments and Cryptocurrency”. Albany Law Review. 86/2 (2022): 257.
13. Campbell C. S. and Smith, G.J. “Gambling in Canada—From vice to disease to responsibility: A negotiated History”. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History. 20(1) (2003): 121-149.
14. Cortes Pedro, Madureira, Osvaldo, “Gambling Laws and Regulations Macau 2023”, ICGL, 2023, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2024), https://iclg.com/practice-areas/gambling-laws-and-regulations/macau.
15. Costes, J. M. Kairouz, S. Eroukmanoff, V. Monson, E. “Gambling Patterns and Problems of Gamblers on Licensed and Unlicensed Sites in France”. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32/1 (2016): 79-91.
16. Dilek, Sabahattin Emre, “Şans Oyunları Turizme Katılım Motivasyonlarından Biri Olabilir Mi?”, Journal of Tourism Theory and Research. 4/2 (2018): 111.
17. Dünya Turizm Örgütü (DTÖ), “Turizmde Global Etik İlkeler”, (Erişim Tarihi 12.06.2024), https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2019-11/turkey.pdf.
18. Esenyel. I.: “Yeni Şans Oyunları Yasası Değişiklikleri ve Sektörel Etki Analizi”. Kıbrıs Gazetesi, (Erişim Tarihi:01.02.2025), https://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/yeni-sans-oyunlari-yasasi-degisiklikleri-ve-sektorel-etki-analizi-makale,9732.html.
19. EU, “General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)”, 2016/679, 2016, (Erişim Tarihi 15.06.2025), https://gdpr-info.eu/.
20. European University Centre for Cultural Heritage, International Conference on World Tourism: “Manila Declaration on World Tourism”, 1980, (Erişim Tarihi: 14. 07.2024),https://www.univeur.org/cuebc/downloads/PDF%20carte/65.%20Manila.PDF.
21. FATF (2012-2025), FATF 10 ve 16 sayılı Tavsiyeleri “International Standards on Combating Money Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism & Proliferation”, FATF, Paris, France, (Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2025), www.fatf-gafi.org/en/publications/Fatfrecommendations/Fatf-recommendations.html, 10-11.
22. Financial Action Task Force (FATF), OECD and The Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG), “Report on Vulnerabilities of Casinos and Gaming Sector”, FATF Report, March 2009, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.02.2025), https://www.fatf-gafi.org/content/dam/fatf-gafi/reports/Vulnerabilities%20of%20Casinos%20and%20Gaming%20Sector.pdf.coredownload.pdf.
23. Forrest, David. “Gambling Policy in the European Union: Too Many Losers?”. FinanzArchiv / Public Finance Analysis. 64/4 (December 2008): 540-569.
24. Gandullia, Luca; Leporatti, Lucia. “Distributional Effects of Gambling Taxes: Empirical Evidence from Italy”, The Journal of Economic Inequality, 17 (2019): 565–590.
25. Gainsbury, Sally M. “Online Gambling Addiction: The Relationship Between Internet Gambling and Disordered Gambling”, Curr Addict Rep. 2/2 (2015):185-193. doi: 10.1007/s40429-015-0057-8.
26. Gainsbury, Sally M. “Review of Self-exclusion from Gambling Venues as an Intervention for Problem Gambling”, Journal of Gambling Studies. 30 (2014): 229–251.
27. Gainsbury, Sally M. Blankers, Matthıjs, Wilkinson, Claire, Schelleman-Offermans, Karen, Cousijn, Janna, “Recommendations for International Gambling Harm-Minimisation Guidelines: Comparison with Effective Public Health Policy”. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30 (2014): 771-788.
28. Gainsbury. Sally, Internet Gambling: Current Research Findings and Implications. New York: Springer, 4/42, (2012).
29. Garrett, T. A. Paton D. Vaughan, L Williams, “Taxing Gambling Machines to Enhance Public and Private Revenue”. Kyklos. 73/4 (2020):511.
30. Griffiths, Mark D. “Does Gambling Advertising Contribute to Problem Gambling?”, Journal of Concurrent Disorders,1/1 (2018):128-141.Giritli, Ayçin, Öztüren, Ali ve Çelik Ulusoy, Demet. “Kumarhane Turizmi: Küresel Etkiler, Zorluklar ve Çözümler Üzerine Bir İnceleme.” Tourism and Recreation, 6/2 (2024): 329-345, https://doi.org/10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1460905.
31. Hancock, Linda, Hao, Zhidong “Gambling Regulatory Regimes and the Framing of “Responsible Gambling” by Transnatio-nal Casino Corporations: Asia-Pacific Regimes in Comparative Perspective”. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration. 38/3 (2016): 139-153.
32. HiREACH, HiREACH Project on “Gambling Laws Around the World: A Comparative Study”, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2024), https://hireach-project.eu/gambling-laws-around-world-comparative-study.
33. Ho H. W Phillips, J. “Macau 2.0: New Gaming Law and its Implications for Casino Market”. Gaming Law Review. 27/3 (2023), s.106-116.
34. Hobson, J. P. “Macau: gambling on its future?”. Tourism Management. 16/3 (1995), s. 237-243.
35. Hsu, Cathy HC. Legalized Casino Gaming in The United States: The Economic and Social Impact, USA: Routledge, 2014. https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2019-10/a23_resolutions_en.pdf.
36. International Conference on World Tourism, “Manila Declaration on World Tourism”, (Manila: International Conference on World Tourism, 1980), (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2025),https://www.univeur.org/cuebc/downloads/PDF%20carte/65.%20Manila.PDF.
37. Jensen, C. “Money Over Misery: Restrictive Gambling Legislation in an Era of Liberalization”. Journal of European Public Policy. 24/1 (2017): 119-134.
38. Karakehya, Hakan, “Kumar Kabahati (Kabahatler K. M.34)”. Erciyes Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 8/2 (Aralık 2013): 229-42.
39. Kelley, Joseph M, “Internet Gambling Law”. William Mitchell Law Review. 26 /1, 4 (2000): 117.
40. Kıbrıs Postası, “Berova: Şans Oyunları Yasası 10 milyon dolar ek gelir sağladı”, 14.07.2025, (Erişim Tarihi 02.09.2025), https://www.kibrispostasi.com/c35-KIBRIS_HABERLERI/n568500-berova-sans-oyunlari-yasasi-10-milyon-dolar-ek-gelir-sagladi
41. Kingman, S., “Gambling and the Risk Society: The liberalisation and Legitimation Crisis of Gambling in the Netherlands”. International Gambling Studies, 4/1 (2004): 47–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/1445979042000224403.
42. KKTC 26/2025 sayılı Şans Oyunları (Değişiklik) Yasası, Resmî Gazete, Sayı: 117, 6 Haziran 2025, (Erişim Tarihi 01.09.2025), https://mevzuat.gov.ct.tr/Portals/48/31-2009-SANS%20OYUNLARI%20YASASI.pdf.
43. KKTC 31/2009 sayılı Şans Oyunları Yasası, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025), http://www.mahkemeler.net/yasa arama, 31/2009.
44. KKTC 40-2016 sayılı Casino İşletmecileri Birliği Yasası, (Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2025), http://mahkemeler.net/40-2016, 31/2009.
45. KKTC 55/1999 sayılı Kara paranın Aklanmasının Önlenmesi Yasası, R. G. 149 08.11.1999, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.03.2025), http://www.kktcmerkezbankasi.org/sites/default/files/mevzuat/ys55-1999.pdf.
46. KKTC 71/2007 sayılı Şans Oyunları Hizmetleri Vergisi Yasası, Kabul Tarihi: 2 Temmuz 2007, 44/2010 ve 35/2024 sayılı değişiklik yasasıyla değiştirilmiş ve birleştirilmiş şekliyle, (Erişim Tarihi 10.10.2025), 71-2007- Şans Oyunları Hizmetleri Vergisi Yasası- 35-2024 sayılı Değişiklik Yasası İle Birleştirilmiş_2.doc.
47. KKTC Anayasası, 05.05.1985, (Erişim Tarihi 09.10.2025), https://mevzuat.gov.ct.tr/Portals/48/ANAYASA.pdf.
48. KKTC Yasa, Bölüm 325, Oyun Kağıdı (Tüketim Vergisi), (Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2024), http://www.mahkemeler.net/yasa arama, 31/2009.
49. KKTC, Fasıl 113 Limited Şirketler Yasası, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2024). https://www.kktcmerkezbankasi.org/tr/node/961,
50. Korn, D. A. Shaffer, H. J. “Gambling and the Health of the Public: Adopting a Public Health Perspective”. Journal of Gambling Studies. 15 (1999): 289-365.
51. Laksmidewi, Cok Dian, “The Legal İmplications of Signing the UNWTO Framework Convention on Tourism Ethics for the Sustainable Tourism Development in Indonesia”. International Journal of Law Reconstruction, 6/2 (2022): 197-211.
52. Lee, S. Zhai, X. Lee, M. Luo, Q. “Current Status of CSR Practices in the Casino Industry: A Comparison Between the US and Macau”. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 48 (2021), 331-343.
53. Li Sheng, Edmund, Anning, Zhang, Yin, Yechang, “A City Profile of Macau—The Rise and Fall of a Casino City”, Cities, 140 (2023): 104431.
54. Lycka, Martin, “Online Gambling: Towards a Transnational Regulation?”. Gaming Law Review and Economics. 15/4 (2011), 179-195.
55. Macalus, Nora, Hoy, Marcus, “Monitoring Problem Gamblers Raises Privacy Issues” içinde Bloomberg Law, Privacy & Data Security Law (Ed: Donald G. Aplin), Bloomberglaw, 2015, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.032025), https://news.bloomberglaw.com/privacy-and-data-security/monitoring-problem-gamblers-raises-privacy-issues.
56. Mansfeld, Yoel, “The Role of Security Information in Tourism Crisis Management: The Missing Link”, içinde Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice, eds. Yoel, Mansfeld and Abraham Pizam, (Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006), 271.
57. Marguerite Regan, et al. "Policies and interventions to reduce harmful gambling: an international Delphi consensus and implementation rating study". The Lancet Public Health, 7/8 (2022): e705-e717.
58. McCabe, Scott, Diekmann, Anya, “The Rights to Tourism: Reflections On Social Tourism and Human Rights.” Tourism Recreation Research. 40/2 (2015): 194.
59. Mcloughlin, E. Heery, E. “Regulation of Gambling Advertising”. 2022, s.5-7, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2025), .https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/libraryResearch/2022/2022-07-18_l-rs-note-regulation-of-gambling-advertising_en.pdf,
60. Mcloughlin, E. ve E. Heery. “Regulation of Gambling Advertising”. 2022, 5-7, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2025), https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/libraryResearch/2022/2022-07-18_l-rs-note-regulation-of-gambling-advertising_en.pdf.
61. Mcmahon, N. Thomson, K. Kaner, E. Bambra, C. “Effects of Prevention and Harm Reduction İnterventions on Gambling Behaviours and Gambling Related Harm: An Umbrella Review”. Addictive Behaviors. 90 (2019): 380-388.
62. Miers, David. “Regulation and the Management of Risk in Commercial Gambling in Great Britain.” International Gambling Studies, 15/30 (2015): 422-434.
63. Moon, Kwangjin, Dan Cho, Hyo, “Biopolitics and a right to tourism", Current Issues in Tourism. 27/8 (2024): 1265-1280. doi:10.1080/13683500.2023.2203852.
64. Mykhailov, Stanislav, Savina. Nataliia, “Introduction of Tools For Social and Economic Protection of Operators and Consumers as a Part of Destigmatisation of Gambling”. Green, Blue and Digital Economy Journal. 4/3 (2023): 45-51.
65. Noreen Breakey and Hugh Breakey, “Is there a right to tourism?”, Tourism Analysis, 18.6 (2013): 739-748.
66. Online Dictionary, Random House, 2009, http://dictionary.reference.com/ browse /gambling.
67. Paşaoğlu, Cengiz, Emel, Cevheroğlu, “Bulut Bilişim Sistemleri Kapsamında Kişisel Verilerin Şifreleme Yöntemleri ile Korunması”. Bilişim Teknolojileri Dergisi. 13/2 (2020): 183-195.
68. Radomskaya Valeriya, Bhati, Abhishek Singh, “Examining the legitimacy landscape of the right to tourism”, Tourism Management Perspectives. 57 (2025): 101365.
69. Raoul, V. Bianchi, Marcus L. Stephenson Hannam, Kevin, “The contradictory politics of the right to travel: mobilities, borders & tourism”. Mobilities. 15.2 (2020): 290-306.
70. Reith, G. “Gambling and the contradictions of consumption: A genealogy of the ‘pathological’ subject”. American Behavioral Scientist. 51(1) (2007): 33–55.
71. Republic of Ecuador, "Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador" (2008), (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2025), https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Ecuador/english08.html. United Mexican States, “Political Constitution of the United Mexican States” (Last amended 2023), (Erişim Tarihi: 20.07. 2024), https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Mexico_2023.pdf.
72. Roadtrip Project, “Comparative Analysis of Gambling Laws Across Countries”, (Erişim Tarihi: 08.06.2024), https://roadtriproject.eu/comparative-analysis-gambling-laws-across-countries.
73. Scott Julie, Aşıkoglu, Şahap, “Gambling with Paradise? Casino Tourism Development in Northern Cyprus”. Tourism Recreation Research. 26/3 (2001), 51-61.
74. Sheng, Edmund Li, Zhang Anning, Yechang, Yin. “A City Profile of Macau—The Rise and Fall of a Casino City”. Cities. 140 (2023): 104431.
75. Singer, Joseph William, The Paradoxes of Property, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2000.
76. Standen, Jeffrey A. “Gaming Law vs. Gambling Law”. Gaming Law Review and Economics. 15/12 (2011): 777-783.
77. State of Nevada. “The Constitution of the State of Nevada”, (Nevada Anayasası), Nevada Eyaleti, 1864, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2025), https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Const/NVConst.html.
78. T.C. 5326 sayı ve 30/3/2005 tarihli Kabahatler Kanunu, Yayımlandığı Resmî Gazete Tarih 31/3/2005 Sayı: 25772 (Mükerrer) (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2025), https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=5326&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5.
79. Tanrısevdi, Abdullah ve Şahin Çavuş, “Özel İlgi Turizmi ve Özel İlgi Turizmi Kapsamında Kuşadası ve Çevresinde Var Olan Potansiyel Kaynaklar Üzerine Kuramsal Bir İnceleme”. Anatolia Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14/1 (2003): 9-22.
80. Töre, Vedat Özgür, “Casino Tourism: The Relationship Between Casino and Tourism”, FTN News, 21.03.2019, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.09.2024), https://ftnnews.com/other-news/36589-casino-tourism-the-relationship-between-casino-and-tourism,.
81. Trauer, B. “Conceptualizing Special İnterest Tourism—Frameworks for Analysis.” Tourism Management, 27/2 (2006): 183-200.
82. TÜRSAB, “Turizm İçin Küresel Etik Kuralları.” Santiago, 1999, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2024), https://www.tursab.org.tr/apps/OldFiles//dosya/14733/bmdto-turizm-icin-kuresel-etik-kurallari-unwto-global-code-of-ethics-f_14733_4881829.pdf.
83. UK Gambling Act 2005, Chapter 19, An Act to make provision about gambling, 7th April 2005, Part 1, Art. 1, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2025), https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/19/pdfs/ukpga_20050019_en.pdf.
84. UK Gambling Commission, “Licence Conditions and Codes of Practice (LCCP)”, 2020, (Erişim Tarihi:12.06.2025), https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/licensees-and-businesses/lccp.
85. UN and The World Tourism Organization. “Global Code of Ethıcs For Tourism”, Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, A/RES/56/212 Global Code of Ethics for Tourism The General Assembly, 21. 12. 2001 (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2025), https://www.unwto.org/global-code-of-ethics-for-tourism#:~:text=The%20Global%20Code%20of%20Ethics%20for%20Tourism%20sets%20a%20frame,beginning%20of%20the%2021st%20century.
86. UN European Economic and Social Committee, “Declaration on Social Tourism”, Brussels: EESC, 2002, 09 CP 70 EN.doc (europa.eu), (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2024). UN European Economic and Social Committee, “Declaration on Social Tourism”. Brussels: EESC, 2006, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2024).https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2006:318:0067:0077:EN:PDF.
87. UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), “Global Code of Ethics for Tourism”. 1999, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2024), https://www.unwto.org/global-code-of-ethics-for-tourism.
88. United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), "Global Code of Ethics for Tourism" (Santiago: UNWTO, 1999), (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2025), https://www.unwto.org/global-code-of-ethics-for-tourism.
89. United Nations, “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, (1948), (Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2024), https://www.un.org/tr/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.
90. United Nations, Government of the People's Republic of China and Government of the Republic of Portugal. “Joint Declaration on the Question of Macao (with annexes)”. Signed in Beijing, April 13, 1987. Registered by China and Portugal at the United Nations, (March 22, 1988), (1948), (Erişim Tarihi: 08.10.2025), https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zy/wjls/3604_665547/202405/t20240531_11367581.html.
91. University of Macau, “About Macau – Chang Lab”, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2025), https://changlab.fhs.um.edu.mo/.
92. UNWTO, “BMDTÖ Turizm İçin Küresel Etik Kuralları - UNWTO Global Code of Ethics for Tourism”, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2025), https://www.tursab.org.tr/apps/OldFiles/dosya/14733/bmdto-turizm-icin-kuresel-etik-kurallari-unwto-global-code-of-ethics-f_14733_4881829.pdf.
93. UNWTO, “Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly at Its Twenty-Third Session”, Resolution A/RES/708(XXII), 9 -13 September 2019, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2025), https://pre-webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2019-10/a23_resolutions_en.pdf?VersionId=Rgjc_.OhK9VgXQyFGOoZbANf6tFzLDd3.
94. UNWTO, United Nation the World Tourism Organization. “Manila Declaration on World Tourism”. The World Tourism Conference, 27 September to 10 October 1980, Manila, Philppines, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2025), https://www.univeur.org/cuebc/downloads/PDF%20carte/65.%20Manila.PDF.
95. USA, Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS) 463.15997(4)(a) ve (b), 2019, Kumar Lisansı ve Kontrolü Gözden Geçirilmiş Yasası, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.02.2025). https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-463.html.
96. Vatan Mehmet, “Şans Oyunları yasasında değişiklik: Neden sert eleştirildi?”, Kıbrıs Postası, 07.06.2025, (Erişim Tarihi 29.08.2025), https://ww2.kibrispostasi.com/c35-KIBRIS_HABERLERI/n563457-sans-oyunlari-yasasinda-degisiklik-neden-sert-elestirildi.
97. Velasco, Veronica, et. all. “Prevention and Harm Reduction Interventions for Adult Gambling at the Local Level: An Umbrella Review of Empirical Evidence”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18/18 (2021) 9.
98. Williams, Leighton Vaughan, Thomas A. Garrett, and David Paton. “Taxing Gambling Machines to Enhance Tourism”. The Journal of Gambling Business and Economics.13/2 (2020): 83-90.
99. Williams, Robert, “Prevention of Problem Gambling: A Comprehensive Review of the Evidence and Identified Best Practices (# 3167)”, Report for The Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre and The Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care, (2012): 35-37, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2024), https://opus.uleth.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/6f4fb077-f557-4fd2-a218-17eb70bdbdc0/content,.
100. World Health Organization, “Public Health Implications of Gambling Policies: Responsible Gambling Practices,” WHO Guidelines, 2017. (Erişim Tarihi 29.09.2025), https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/gambling.
101. Zeisel, H., Tec. N. “The Law, Gambling, and Empirical Research”. Stanford Law Review. 17/5 (1965), 990. doi:10.2307/1227002, s. 990-996.
102. Zevkliler, Aydın, Acabey, Mehmet Beşir, Gökyayla, K. Emre, Medeni Hukuk. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 6. Baskı, Ekim 2000.