BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Investigation of Psychological Well-Being Emotional Awareness and Expression of Emotion of Turkish and English University Students with Respect to Country and Gender

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 1 - 24, 01.12.2012

Öz

The aim of this study is Turkish and English university students' psychological well-being, emotional awareness and expression of emotions of how differ according to gender and to the country. The research is a descriptive study. The Turkish group of the research was 349 Turkish university students educated at Gazi University in 2010-2011. The English group was 251 English university students. 229 of these students were from University College of London, University of London or Middelesex University in 2010-2011; 19 of these students were participated in the online research which was addressed as www.mediko.gazi.edu.tr/survey. Toronto-Alexithymia 20 Scale (Bagby, Parker and Taylor, 1994; Beştepe, 1997), Psychological well-being Scale (Ryff,1989; Cenkseven, 2004), and Personal Information Form were used to collect data. Multi analysis of variance (MANOVA) and t test were used for analysis. The results of the research showed that psychological well-being, emotional awareness and expression of emotions of Turkish university students was lower than the English students. The results were evaluated in terms of literature and institutional prospect; the suggestions were made by considering the future research and practical implication for counseling services.

Kaynakça

  • Adejune, A. (2010). The need for cultural contextualisation in establishing psychological wellness or ilness. I. Wells (Eds.), Psychological weell-being (pp.213-221).
  • Arıcı, F. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinde toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin algılar ve psikolojik iyi oluş. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Aydemir, A. (2010). Çocuk ve ergenlerde obezite, depresyon ve aleksitimi arasındaki ilişki. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek lisans Tezi, Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İstanbul.
  • Bağcı, T. (2008). Üniversite öğrencilerinin aleksitimi düzeylerinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi (Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Örneği).
  • Yayımlanmamış Yüksek lisans Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri
  • Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Boden, M. T. & Berenbaum, H. (2007). Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness. Cognition & Emotion 21(2), 268-280.
  • Cenkseven, F. (2004). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öznel ve psikolojik iyi olmanın yordayıcılarının incelenmesi, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Cenkseven, F. & Akbaş, T. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öznel ve psikolojik iyi olmanın yordayıcılarının incelenmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 27(3), 43-65.
  • Ciarrochi, J. & Scott, G. (2007). The link between emotional competence and well- being: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 34(2), 231-243.
  • Chen, G. M. (1993). Self disclosure and Assian student's abilities to cope with social difficulties in the United States. Journal of Psychology, 127 (6), 108-119. Christopher, J. C. (1992). The role of individualism in psychological well-being: Exploring the interplay of ideology, culture, and social science. Dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy, The University of
  • Texas, Austin-USA.
  • Christopher, J. C. (1999). Stituating psychological well-being. Journal Of Counseling And Development, 77, 141-152.
  • Cirhinlioğlu, F.G. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinde utanç eğilimi, dini yönelimler, benlik kurguları ve psikolojik iyilik hali arasındaki ilişkiler, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Cooper, H., Okamura, L. & McNeil, P. (1995). Situation and personality correlats of psychological well-being: Social activity and personal control. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 395-417.
  • Çeçen, R. (2002). Duyguları yönetme becerileri eğitimi programının öğretmen adaylarının duyguları yönetme becerileri üzerindeki etkisi, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Dinnel, D., Kleinknecht, R. & Matsumi, T. (2002). A cross-cultural comparison of social phobia symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24 (2), 75-84.
  • Elfenbein, H., Beaupré, M., Lévesque, M. & Hess, U. (2007). Toward a dialect theory: Cultural differences in the expression and recognition of posed facial expressions. Emotion, 7(1), 131-146.
  • Ersoy, E. (2009). Cinsiyet kültürü içerisinde kadın ve erkek kimliği. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19 (2), 209-230.
  • Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Göregenli, M. (1995). Kültürümüz açısından bireycilik-toplulukçuluk eğilimleri: Bir başlangıç çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(35), 1-14.
  • Güleç, H., Köse, S., Güleç, M., Çitak, S., Evren, C., Borckardt, J. & Sayar, K. (2009). Reliability and factorial validity of the Turkish version 20-item
  • Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20). Bulletin of Clinical
  • Psychopharmacology, 19, 214-220.
  • Güvenç, B. (1985). Kültür konusu ve sorunlarımız. (2. Baskı). Ankara: Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work- related values. Beverly Hills, CA.
  • Hori, M. (2010). Gender differences and cultural contexts: psychological well-being in cross-national perspective. Dissertation fort the degree of doctor of philosophy, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, USA.
  • İmamoğlu, O. (1998). Individualism and collectivism in a model and scale of balanced differentiation and integration. Journal of Psychology, 132 (1), 95- 105.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1998). Kültürel psikoloji: Kültür bağlamında insan ve aile. İstanbul:
  • Evrim Yayınevi.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2010). Benlik, aile ve insan gelişimi kültürel psikoloji. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kang, S. M., Shaver, P. R., Min, K. H. & Jing, H. (2003). Culture-specific patterns in the prediction of life satisfaction: Roles of emotion, relationship quality, and self- esteem. Personality and Social Psychology, 29 (12), 1596-1608.
  • Karasar, N. (1995). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (7. Basım). Ankara: 3A Araştırma Eğitim Danışmanlık.
  • Kennedy-Moore, E. & Watson, J. C. (2001). How and when does emotional expression help? Review of General Psychology, 5 (3), 187-212.
  • Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D. & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The emprical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 (6), 1007-1022.
  • Kim, Y., Kasser, T. & Lee, H. (2003). Self concept, aspirations, and well-being in South Korea and United States. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143 (3), 277-281.
  • King, L. A. & Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and psysical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58 (5), 64-877.
  • Kirkcoldy, B., Furnham, A.F. & Siefen, R.G. (2010). The effects of gender on physical and psychological well-being and life satisfaction among an adult population. International Journal of Child Health and Human Development, 3(3), 307-320.
  • Kitayama, S. Markus, H. R. & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion and well- being: Good feelings in Japan and United States. Cognition & Emotion,
  • , 93-124.
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. & Matsumoto, H. (1995). Culture, self, and emotion: A cultural perspective on "self-conscious" emotions. Tangney, June Price (Ed); Fischer, Kurt W. (Ed). Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride. (pp. 439-464).
  • Kuzucu, Y. (2005). Duyguları fark etmeye ve ifade etmeye yönelik bir psiko-eğitim programının, üniversite öğrencilerinin duygusal farkındalık düzeylerine, duyguları ifade etme eğilimlerine psikolojik ve öznel iyi oluşlarına etkisi, Yayımlanmış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Lane, R. D. (2000). Levels of emotional awareness. In R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development,
  • assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lane, R. D. & Schwartz, G. E. (1987). Levels of emotional awareness: A cognitive- developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 133-143.
  • Lane, R. D., Quinlan, D. M., Schawartz, G. E., Walker, P. A. & Zeitlin, S. B.
  • (1990). The levels of emotional awareness scale: A cognitive developmental measure of emotion. Journal of Personality and Assessment, 55 (1/2), 124- 134.
  • Lazarus, R.S. (1982). Thoughts on the relation between emotion and cognition.
  • American Psychologist, 37, 1019-1024.
  • Lundh, L. G., Johnsson, A., Sundqvist, K. & Olsson, H. (2002). Alexithymia, memory of emotion, emotional awareness, and perfectionism. Emotion, 2 (4), 361-379.
  • Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
  • Matsumoto, D. (1991). Cultural influences on facial expressions of emotion.
  • Southern Communication Journal, 56, 128-137.
  • Matsumoto, D. & Kupperbusch, C. (2001). Idiocentric and allocentric differences in emotional expression, experience, and the coherence between expression and experience. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 4 (2), 113–131.
  • Mesquita, B. (2001). Emotion in collectivist and individualist contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 68-74.
  • Mesquita, B. & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review.
  • Psychological Bulletin, 98, 224-253.
  • Moscovitch, D.A., Hofmann, S.G. & Litz, B.T. (2005). The impact of self- construals on social anxiety: A gender specific interaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(3), 659-672.
  • Norasakkunkit, V. & Kalick, S. M. (2002). Culture, ethnicity, and emotional distress measures: The role of self-construal and self enhancement. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 33, 56-70.
  • Okazaki, S. (1997). Sources of ethnic differences between Asian American and White American college students on measures of depression and social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 52-60.
  • Oyserman, D., Coon, H. & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3-72.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. (1995). Emotion, disclosure, and health: An overview. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
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Türk ve İngiliz Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Psikolojik İyi Oluş Duygusal Farkındalık ve Duygularını İfade Etmelerinin Ülke ve Cinsiyet Değişkenlerine Göre İncelenmesi

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 1 - 24, 01.12.2012

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik iyi oluş, duygusal farkındalık ve duyguları ifade etme puanlarının ülke ve cinsiyete göre nasıl farklılık gösterdiğini incelemektir. Çalışma grubu Türk ve İngiliz üniversite öğrencilerinden oluşturulmuştur. Türk öğrenciler 2010–2011 öğretim yılında Gazi Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim gören öğrenciler arasından seçilen 349 kişidir. Yabancı uyruklu öğrenciler araştırmaya dâhil edilmemiştir. Çalışma grubundaki İngiliz öğrenci sayısı 251’dir. İngiliz öğrencilerden 229’u 2010–2011 öğretim yılında Londra Kolej Üniversitesi, Londra Üniversitesi ve Middelesex Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim gören öğrenciler; 19’u www.mediko.gazi.edu.tr/survey adresinden araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerdir. Veri toplama araçları olarak Toronto Aleksitimi-20 ölçeği (Bagby, Parker ve Taylor, 1994; Beştepe, 1997), Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği (Ryff, 1989; Cenkseven, 2004) ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde çoklu varyans analizi (MANOVA) ve t testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, Türk üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik iyi oluş, duygusal farkındalık ve duyguları ifade etme düzeyi İngiliz öğrencilere göre daha düşük bulunmuştur. Bu ve diğer sonuçlar literatür ışığında tartışılmış, sonraki araştırmalara, rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma uygulamasına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Adejune, A. (2010). The need for cultural contextualisation in establishing psychological wellness or ilness. I. Wells (Eds.), Psychological weell-being (pp.213-221).
  • Arıcı, F. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinde toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin algılar ve psikolojik iyi oluş. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Aydemir, A. (2010). Çocuk ve ergenlerde obezite, depresyon ve aleksitimi arasındaki ilişki. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek lisans Tezi, Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İstanbul.
  • Bağcı, T. (2008). Üniversite öğrencilerinin aleksitimi düzeylerinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi (Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Örneği).
  • Yayımlanmamış Yüksek lisans Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri
  • Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Boden, M. T. & Berenbaum, H. (2007). Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness. Cognition & Emotion 21(2), 268-280.
  • Cenkseven, F. (2004). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öznel ve psikolojik iyi olmanın yordayıcılarının incelenmesi, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Cenkseven, F. & Akbaş, T. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öznel ve psikolojik iyi olmanın yordayıcılarının incelenmesi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 27(3), 43-65.
  • Ciarrochi, J. & Scott, G. (2007). The link between emotional competence and well- being: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 34(2), 231-243.
  • Chen, G. M. (1993). Self disclosure and Assian student's abilities to cope with social difficulties in the United States. Journal of Psychology, 127 (6), 108-119. Christopher, J. C. (1992). The role of individualism in psychological well-being: Exploring the interplay of ideology, culture, and social science. Dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy, The University of
  • Texas, Austin-USA.
  • Christopher, J. C. (1999). Stituating psychological well-being. Journal Of Counseling And Development, 77, 141-152.
  • Cirhinlioğlu, F.G. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinde utanç eğilimi, dini yönelimler, benlik kurguları ve psikolojik iyilik hali arasındaki ilişkiler, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Cooper, H., Okamura, L. & McNeil, P. (1995). Situation and personality correlats of psychological well-being: Social activity and personal control. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 395-417.
  • Çeçen, R. (2002). Duyguları yönetme becerileri eğitimi programının öğretmen adaylarının duyguları yönetme becerileri üzerindeki etkisi, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Dinnel, D., Kleinknecht, R. & Matsumi, T. (2002). A cross-cultural comparison of social phobia symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 24 (2), 75-84.
  • Elfenbein, H., Beaupré, M., Lévesque, M. & Hess, U. (2007). Toward a dialect theory: Cultural differences in the expression and recognition of posed facial expressions. Emotion, 7(1), 131-146.
  • Ersoy, E. (2009). Cinsiyet kültürü içerisinde kadın ve erkek kimliği. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19 (2), 209-230.
  • Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Göregenli, M. (1995). Kültürümüz açısından bireycilik-toplulukçuluk eğilimleri: Bir başlangıç çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 10(35), 1-14.
  • Güleç, H., Köse, S., Güleç, M., Çitak, S., Evren, C., Borckardt, J. & Sayar, K. (2009). Reliability and factorial validity of the Turkish version 20-item
  • Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20). Bulletin of Clinical
  • Psychopharmacology, 19, 214-220.
  • Güvenç, B. (1985). Kültür konusu ve sorunlarımız. (2. Baskı). Ankara: Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work- related values. Beverly Hills, CA.
  • Hori, M. (2010). Gender differences and cultural contexts: psychological well-being in cross-national perspective. Dissertation fort the degree of doctor of philosophy, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, USA.
  • İmamoğlu, O. (1998). Individualism and collectivism in a model and scale of balanced differentiation and integration. Journal of Psychology, 132 (1), 95- 105.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1998). Kültürel psikoloji: Kültür bağlamında insan ve aile. İstanbul:
  • Evrim Yayınevi.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2010). Benlik, aile ve insan gelişimi kültürel psikoloji. İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kang, S. M., Shaver, P. R., Min, K. H. & Jing, H. (2003). Culture-specific patterns in the prediction of life satisfaction: Roles of emotion, relationship quality, and self- esteem. Personality and Social Psychology, 29 (12), 1596-1608.
  • Karasar, N. (1995). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (7. Basım). Ankara: 3A Araştırma Eğitim Danışmanlık.
  • Kennedy-Moore, E. & Watson, J. C. (2001). How and when does emotional expression help? Review of General Psychology, 5 (3), 187-212.
  • Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D. & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The emprical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 (6), 1007-1022.
  • Kim, Y., Kasser, T. & Lee, H. (2003). Self concept, aspirations, and well-being in South Korea and United States. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143 (3), 277-281.
  • King, L. A. & Emmons, R. A. (1990). Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and psysical correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58 (5), 64-877.
  • Kirkcoldy, B., Furnham, A.F. & Siefen, R.G. (2010). The effects of gender on physical and psychological well-being and life satisfaction among an adult population. International Journal of Child Health and Human Development, 3(3), 307-320.
  • Kitayama, S. Markus, H. R. & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion and well- being: Good feelings in Japan and United States. Cognition & Emotion,
  • , 93-124.
  • Kitayama, S., Markus, H. & Matsumoto, H. (1995). Culture, self, and emotion: A cultural perspective on "self-conscious" emotions. Tangney, June Price (Ed); Fischer, Kurt W. (Ed). Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride. (pp. 439-464).
  • Kuzucu, Y. (2005). Duyguları fark etmeye ve ifade etmeye yönelik bir psiko-eğitim programının, üniversite öğrencilerinin duygusal farkındalık düzeylerine, duyguları ifade etme eğilimlerine psikolojik ve öznel iyi oluşlarına etkisi, Yayımlanmış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Lane, R. D. (2000). Levels of emotional awareness. In R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development,
  • assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Lane, R. D. & Schwartz, G. E. (1987). Levels of emotional awareness: A cognitive- developmental theory and its application to psychopathology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 133-143.
  • Lane, R. D., Quinlan, D. M., Schawartz, G. E., Walker, P. A. & Zeitlin, S. B.
  • (1990). The levels of emotional awareness scale: A cognitive developmental measure of emotion. Journal of Personality and Assessment, 55 (1/2), 124- 134.
  • Lazarus, R.S. (1982). Thoughts on the relation between emotion and cognition.
  • American Psychologist, 37, 1019-1024.
  • Lundh, L. G., Johnsson, A., Sundqvist, K. & Olsson, H. (2002). Alexithymia, memory of emotion, emotional awareness, and perfectionism. Emotion, 2 (4), 361-379.
  • Markus, H. R. & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
  • Matsumoto, D. (1991). Cultural influences on facial expressions of emotion.
  • Southern Communication Journal, 56, 128-137.
  • Matsumoto, D. & Kupperbusch, C. (2001). Idiocentric and allocentric differences in emotional expression, experience, and the coherence between expression and experience. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 4 (2), 113–131.
  • Mesquita, B. (2001). Emotion in collectivist and individualist contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 68-74.
  • Mesquita, B. & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotions: A review.
  • Psychological Bulletin, 98, 224-253.
  • Moscovitch, D.A., Hofmann, S.G. & Litz, B.T. (2005). The impact of self- construals on social anxiety: A gender specific interaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(3), 659-672.
  • Norasakkunkit, V. & Kalick, S. M. (2002). Culture, ethnicity, and emotional distress measures: The role of self-construal and self enhancement. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 33, 56-70.
  • Okazaki, S. (1997). Sources of ethnic differences between Asian American and White American college students on measures of depression and social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 52-60.
  • Oyserman, D., Coon, H. & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3-72.
  • Pennebaker, J. W. (1995). Emotion, disclosure, and health: An overview. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everyting, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
  • Ryff, C.D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in
  • Psychological Science, 4(4), 99-106. Ryff, C.D.,& Keyes, C.L.M. (1995). The structure o psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727.
  • Ryff, C.D., Lee, Y.H. & Na, K.C. (1993). Through the lens of culture: Pychological well-being at midlife. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
  • Ryff, C. D. & Singer, B. (1996). Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurent, and implication for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomotics, 65, 14-23.
  • Ryff, C.D. & Singer, B. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness
  • Studies, 9, 13-39.
  • Shields, S. A. (1995). The role of emotions belief and values in gender development.
  • Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 212-232.
  • Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self- construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 1994: 580-591.
  • Solomon, R. C. (2007). True to our feelings: What emotions are really telling us.
  • New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stephan, G., Stephan, W. & De Vargas, C. (1996). Emotional expression in Costa Rica and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27(2), 147-160.
  • Triandis, H.C., (1994). Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Study of Collectivizm and Individualism. In U. Kim, H.C. Triandis, Ç. Kağıtçıbaşı,
  • S.C. Choi, G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism (pp.41-52). London: Sage publication.
  • Triandis, H.C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism. Journal of Personality, 69 (6),
  • -924.
  • Uskul, A.K., Hynie, M. & Lalonde, R. N. (2004). Interdependence as a mediator between culture and interpersonal closeness for Euro–Canadians and Turks. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 174-191.
  • Wester, S., Vogel, D., Pressly, P. & Heesacker, M. (2002). Sex implications for counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 30(4), 630-652.
  • Wismeijer, A., Van Assen, M, Sijtsma, K. & Vingerhoets, A. (2009). Is the negative association between self-concealment and subjective well-being mediated by mood awareness? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(6), 728-748.
Toplam 82 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Editöre Not
Yazarlar

Behire Kuyumcu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kuyumcu, B. (2012). Investigation of Psychological Well-Being Emotional Awareness and Expression of Emotion of Turkish and English University Students with Respect to Country and Gender. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 1-24.