Characterization of Pomological and Physicochemical Properties of Zivzik and Pervari Pomegranate Genotypes Grown in Siirt Province

Öz

Commercial pomegranate cultivation in Siirt province is concentrated in Şirvan and Pervari districts. Although Zivzik pomegranate variety is a registered pomegranate variety, it is not well known outside the region where it is grown (Zivzik, Sarıdana, Kapılı and Pirinçli villages). Pervari pomegranate is grown in the regions between Bitlis stream, Hizan and Pervari. In this study, pomological and physicochemical characteristics of different sized fruits of Zivzik (n=8) and Pervari (n=10) pomegranate genotypes collected from different locations in Siirt province were investigated. The pomological characteristics examined were fruit weight, aril yield, 100 aril weight, fruit width-length, aril width-length, rind (peel) skin and aril colour, juice yield, juice density and colour. The physicochemical properties analysed were total soluble solids, total acid, pH, ascorbic acid, total sugar, reducing sugar, total phenolic substance, anthocyanin, antioxidant capacity (DPPH), moisture and ash content. It was found that the most abundant organic acid in Zivzik and Pervari pomegranates was citric acid (3.34-4.67 g/L) and malic acid was found more in Zivzik pomegranate (1.76 g/L). Zivzik pomegranate was found to be richer in terms of the amount of phenolic compounds. Quercetin and caffeic acid are the most abundant phenolic compounds in the fruit of both varieties.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• phenolic compounds
• antioxidant capacity
• organic acids
• local pomegranate genotypes

Siirt İlinde Yetiştirilen Zivzik ve Pervari Nar Genotiplerinin Pomolojik ve Fizikokimyasal Özellliklerinin Karakterizasyonu

Öz

Siirt ilinde ticari olarak nar yetiştiriciliği Şirvan ve Pervari ilçelerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Zivzik nar çeşidi tescil edilmiş bir nar çeşidi olmakla birlikte yetiştirildiği bölge (Zivzik, Sarıdana, Kapılı ve Pirinçli köyleri) dışında pek tanınmamaktadır. Pervari narı ise Bitlis deresi, Hizan ile Pervari arasında kalan bölgelerde yetiştirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Siirt ilinde farklı lokasyonlardan toplanan Zivzik (n=8) ve Pervari (n=10) nar genotiplerine ait farklı boyutlardaki meyvelerin pomolojik ve fizikokimyasal özellikleri incelenmiştir. İncelenen pomolojik özellikler; meyve ağırlığı, dane randımanı, 100 dane ağırlığı, meyve eni-boyu, tane eni-boyu, kabuk ve dane rengi, meyve suyu randımanı, meyve suyu yoğunluğu ve rengidir. İncelenen fizikokimyasal özellikler; SÇKM, toplam asit, pH, askorbik asit, toplam şeker, indirgen şeker, toplam fenolik madde, antosiyanin, antioksidant kapasite (DPPH), nem ve kül miktarıdır. Zivzik ve Pervari narlarında en fazla bulunan organik asidin sitrik asit olduğu (3.34-4.67g/L) ayrıca malik asidin Zivzik narında daha fazla (1.76 g/L) bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Fenolik bileşiklerin miktarı bakımından Zivzik narının daha zengin olduğu saptanmıştır. İki çeşidin meyvesinde de kuersetin ve kafeik asit en yoğun bulunan fenolik bileşiklerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• fenolik bileşikler
• antioksidant kapasite
• organic asitler
• yerel nar genotipleri

Kaynakça

1. [1] Onur, C., (1982) Akdeniz bölgesi narlarının seleksiyonu. PhD, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey, 121p. (in Turkish)
2. [2] Saxena, A.K., Manan, J.K., Berry, S.K., (1987) Pomegranades; postharvesttechnology, chemistryandprocessing, Indian Food Packer, 41(4) 43-60.
3. [3] Holcroft, D.M., Gil, M.I., Kader, A.A., (1998). Effect of carbondioxide on anthocyanins, phenylalanineammonialyaseandglucosyltransferase in thearils of stored pomegranates, Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 123(1) 136-140.
4. [4] Gil, M.I., Tomas-Barberan, F.A., Hess-Pierce, B., Holcroft, D.M. Kader, A.A., (2000). Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(10) 4581-4589.
5. [5] Maestre, J., Melgarejo, P., Tomas-Barberan, F.A., Garcia-Viguera, C., (2000) Production, processingand marketing of pomegranate in theMediterraneanregion: Advances in researchandtechnology. Melgarejo P. (ed.), Martínez-Nicolás J.J. (ed.), Martínez-Tomé J. (ed.), New foodproductsderivedfrompomegranate (pp. 243-245). CIHEAM, Zaragoza.
6. [6] Cemeroğlu, B., (1977) Nar Suyu Üretim Teknolojisi Üzerinde Araştırmalar, AnkaraUniversity, AgricultureFaculty Publications, Pub. No 664, Ankara, Turkey. (in Turkish)
7. [7] Kulkarni, A.P., Aradhya, S.M., (2005) Chemical changes and antioksidant activity in pomegranate arils during fruit development, Food Chemistry, 93(2) 319-324.
8. [8] Akbulut, G., Yıldız, A., Yalınca, R., (2010) Pomegranate: the composition and potential health effects. Institute of Natural and Applied Science Journal, 3(2)53-64. [9] Guo, C., Yang, J., Wei, J., Li, Y., Xu, J., Jiang, Y., (2003) Antioxida nt activities of peel, pulp and seed fractions of common fruits as determinedby FRAP assay. Nutrition Research, 23(12) 1719-1726.

9. [10] Cemeroglu, B., Yemenicioglu, A., Özkan, M., (2004). Meyve ve Sebze İşleme Teknolojisi Cilt I. Cemeroğlu, B. (Ed.), Meyve ve Sebzelerin Bileşimi (pp. 1-188). Bizim Büro Basımevi, Ankara-Turkey. (in Turkish)
10. [11] Bölek, S., (2020). Effectof dried pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel powder on textural, sensory and some physicochemical characteristics of gluten-freebiscuits. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 23(4) 209-218.
11. [12] Johanningsmeier, S.D., Harris, G.K., (2011) Pomegranate as a functional food and nutraceutical source, Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 2 181-201.
12. [13] El‐Nemr, S.E., Ismail, I.A., Ragab, M., (1990) Chemical composition of juice and seeds of pomegranate fruit, Food/Nahrung, 34(7) 601-606.
13. [14] Vučić, V., Grabež, M., Trchounian, A., Arsić, A., (2019) Composition and potential health benefits of pomegranate: a review, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 25(16) 1817-1827.
14. [15] Deveci, M., Şengül, T., (2022) The Effect of Different Levels of Pomegranate Seed Oil Supplementation to the Diet on Fattening Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Japanese Quails, Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 9(3) 638-650.
15. [16] Sattikulov, A., Abdulaev, S.U., Kurbatov, Y.V., (1981) Mordant Dyeing of Natural Silk with Some Plant and Synthetic Dyes, Deposited Doc., 5635-81.
16. [17] Kurt, H., Şahin, G., (2013) A Study of Agricultural Geography: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivation in Turkey, lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, (27) 551-574.
17. [18] Öğütgen, Z., (2008) Dyeing of wool fabrics with punica granatum rind by using of different mordan salts. MSc, Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey, 143p. (in Turkish)
18. [19] Nasackeva, E.P., Anisimova, K.I., Snteinbok, S.D., (1973) Rind (Pericarp) Substances of Pomegranate Fruits and Prospects for Its Use in Tanning Industry, Rast. Resour, 9(2) 267-270.
19. [20] Basım, E., Basım, H., (2013) Determination of RootandCrown Rot Diseases in Pomogranate (Punica granatum L.) Orchards in Antalya Province, Fruit Science, 1(1) 23-26.
20. [21] Şimşek, M., (2018) A Research on Past, Present and Future of Pomegranate Cultivation inTurkey. International Conference on Innovations in Natural Science and Engineering (ICINSE 2018), 3-6 January, TurkishRepublic of Northern Cyprus, 40-47.
21. [22] Şimşek, M., Gülsoy, E. (2017) A Research on Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Production Potantial of Southeastern Anatolia Region, Journal of the Institute of Scienceand Technology, 7(2) 31-41.
22. [23] Gündoğdu, M., Yılmaz, H., (2013) Determination of Fruit Vitamin C, Sugarand Nutrient Contents of Some Standard Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivarsand Genotypes, Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23(3) 242-248.
23. [24] TÜİK, (2023) Turkish Statistical Institute. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/ Access date: 19.05.2023
24. [25] Durmuş, E., Yiğit, A., (2003) The Fruit Producing Regions of Turkey, Fırat University Journal of Social Science, 13(2) 23-54.
25. [26] Dilmen, H., Kaplan, C., Çiftçi, M. C., Çakmak, S., (2022) General Evaluation of Agricultural Practices of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Growers: The Case of Province Siirt, Türkiye, Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(2) 144-151.
26. [27] Du, C.T., Wang, P.L., Francis, F.J., (1975) Anthocyanins of pomegranate, Punica granatum, Journal of Food Science, 40(2) 417-418.
27. [28] Wrolstad, R.E., (1976) Colorand pigment analysis in fruit products, Oregon Agriculture Experiment Station Corvallis, Oregon, Bulletin, 624.
28. [29] Onur, C., (1983) Pomegranate Selection in the Mediterranean Region. Ministry of Agriculture, Alata Research Institute, Publication No:46, Mersin, Turkey.
29. [30] Yılmaz, H., Ayanoğlu, H., Yıldız, A. (1995) Ege bölgesinde selekte edilen bazı nar genotiplerinin Erdemli koşullarında adaptasyonu üzerine araştırmalar. Türkiye ll. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi,3-6 Ekim, Adana-Türkiye, 691-695.(in Turkish)
30. [31] Tibet, H., Onur, C., (1999) Antalya’da nar (Punica granatum L.) çeşit adaptasyonu (lll). Türkiye 3. Ulusal Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi, 14-17 Eylül, Ankara-Türkiye (in Turkish)
31. [32] Pirlak, L., Güleryüz, M., Aslantaş, R., Eşitken, A., (2003). Promising native summer apple (Malus domestica) cultivars from north‐eastern Anatolia, Turkey. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 31(4)311-314.
32. [33] Cemeroğlu, B, (2010) Gıda Analizleri (2.basım), Gıda Teknolojisi Derneği Yayınları No:34, Ankara-Türkiye (in Turkish)
33. [34] Vardin, H., (2000) A Research on the possibility of different pomegranate cultivars grown in the Harran plain for using in food industry. PhD, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey, 117p. (in Turkish)
34. [35] Malhotra, H.K., Khajuria, H.H., Jawanda, J.S., (1983) Studies on physico-chemical characteristics of pomegranate cultivars, Punjab Hort. Jour., 23 153-161.
35. [36] Godara, N.R., Godara, R.K., (1991) Assesment of new germplast of pomegranate at Hisar, Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 20(3-4) 197-202.
36. [37] Cemeroglu, B., Artık, N., Yüncüler, O., (1988). Nar Suyu Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Doğa, 12(3) 322-334. (in Turkish)
37. [38] Sharma, S.D., Sharma, V.K., (1990) Variation for chemical characters in some promising strains of wild pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Euphytica, 49: 131-133.
38. [39] Lozzi, C., (1969) JuiceExtractsfor Russian Soft Drinks, Soft DrinksTrade Journal, 23(1) 49-51.
39. [40] Cemeroglu, B., Artik, N., Erbas, S., (1992) Gewinnung von Granatapfelsaft und seine Zusammensetzung, Flussiges Obst, 59(6) 335-340.
40. [41] Ünal, Ç., Velioğlu, S., Cemeroğlu, B., (1995) Türk Nar Sularının Bileşim Öğeleri, Gıda, 20(6) 339-345 (in Turkish)
41. [42] Gündoğdu, M., Yılmaz, H., Canan, İ. (2015) Physicochemical Characterization of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Varieties and Genotypes, International Journal of Agriculturaland Wildlife Sciences, 1(2) 57-65.
42. [43] Velioğlu, S., Ünal, Ç., Cemeroğlu, B., (1997) Chemical Characterization of Pomegranate Juice, Fruit Processing, 8 307- 310.
43. [44] Gözlekçi, Ş. (1997). Investigations on Fertilization, Fruit Development and Maturation in Pomegranate (Punica granatum Cv. Hicaznar). PhD, Akdeniz University, Antalya-Turkey, 154p. (in Turkish)
44. [45] Çelik, F., Gündoğdu, M., Zenginbal, H. (2019) Profile of Organic Acid and Vitamin C in Fruits of Some Pomegranate Genotypes, Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(3) 489-495.
45. [46] Kelebek, H., Canbaş, A. (2010) Organic Acid, Sugar and Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Hicaz Pomegranate Juice, The Journal Of Food, 35(6) 439-444.
46. [47] Ergin, S.Ö. (2019) Antioxidant Properties of Pomegranate Fruit (Punica granatum L.) and Different Pomegranate Products, Academic Food Journal, 17(2) 243-251.
47. [48] Okumuş, G., Yıldız, E., Bayizid, A.A. (2015) Natural Antioxidant Compounds: Potential Use of Pomegranate By-Products as Antioxidants, Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 29(2) 203-214.
48. [49] Turgut, D.Y., Seydim, A.C. (2013) Organic acid and sugar composition of some pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars and genotypes grown in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey, Academic Journal of Agriculture, 2(1) 35-42.
49. [50] Ghaderi-Ghahfarokhi, M., Barzegar, M., Nabil, M. (2016) Geographical Discrimination of Iranian Pomegranate Cultivars Based on Organic Acids Composition and Multivariate Analysis, Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 18(7) 1221-1232.
50. [51] Poyrazoğlu, E., Gökmen, V., Artık, N. (2002) Organic Acids and Phenolic Compounds in Pomegranates (Punica granatum L.) Grown in Turkey, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 15(5) 567-575.
51. [52] Gundogdu, M., Yilmaz, H. (2012) Organic Acid, Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Capacities of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivars and Selected Genotypes, Scientia Horticulturae, 143 38-42.