Mizojini ve Siber Şiddet: Uygulama, Mağduriyet ve Meşrulaştırma

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2 , 282 - 304 , 30.04.2026

Ecenur Temelli Uzun , Y. Tunç Demircan

https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1796637

https://izlik.org/JA85NS73NE

Öz

Bu çalışmada kadına yönelik düşmanlık olarak tanımlanan mizojininin ve ek olarak çelişik cinsiyetçiliğin siber şiddet uygulama, siber mağduriyet ve siber şiddeti meşrulaştırma üzerindeki olası etkisinin incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Ek olarak çeşitli Erkek Evreni gruplarına ait olmanın siber şiddete etkisi de ele alınmıştır. Analizler 365 kişinin verisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklemin (ort=31,30±9,65) %59,2’sini kadınlar, %40,8’ini ise erkekler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada hem siber şiddeti hem de siber şiddet mağduriyetini ölçmeyi hedefleyen Yenilenmiş Siber Zorbalık Envanteri II ile Siber Şiddeti Meşrulaştırma Ölçeği, Mizojini Ölçeği, Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği ve sosyodemografik bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Yapılan regresyon analizleri sonucunda mizojininin çeşitli değişkenlerle birlikte, siber şiddeti uygulama, siber şiddet mağduriyeti ve siber şiddeti meşrulaştırmayı anlamlı olarak yordadığı görülmektedir. Ek olarak, Erkek Evreni gruplarına dahil olmanın, siber şiddet davranışları üzerinde etkili olabileceği görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular ulusal ve uluslararası alanyazın çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiş ve tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mizojini , Toplumsal cinsiyet , Siber şiddet , Siber şiddeti meşrulaştırma

Misogyny And Cyberbullying: Practice, Victimization, And Legitimization

https://izlik.org/JA85NS73NE

Öz

This study aimed to examine the potential impact of misogyny, defined as hostility towards women, and ambivalent sexism on cyber violence perpetration, cyber victimization, and cyber violence legitimization. Additionally, the impact of belonging to various male population groups on cyber violence was also examined. Analyses were conducted with data from 365 individuals. The sample (mean=31.30±9.65) consisted of 59.2% women and 40.8% men. The study utilized Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory II, which aims to measure both cyber violence and cyber violence victimization, Justification of Cyber-Harassment Scale, Misogyny Scale, Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, and sociodemographic information form. Regression analyses revealed that misogyny, along with various variables, significantly predicted the perpetration of cyberviolence, cyberviolence victimization, and legitimization of cyberviolence. Furthermore, it was observed that belonging to the Male Universe groups may have an impact on cyber-violent behavior. The findings were evaluated and discussed within the framework of national and international literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Misogyny , Gender , Cyber violence , Legitimation of cyber violence

Kaynakça

• 6284 Sayılı Ailenin Korunması ve Kadına Karşı Şiddetin Önlenmesine Dair Kanun. (2012, 20 Mart). Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 28239). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2012/03/20120320-16.htm
• Agadullina, E., Lovakov, A., Balezina, M. ve Gulevich, O. A. (2022). Ambivalent sexism and violence toward women: A meta‐analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 52(5-6), 819-859. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2855
• Álvarez-García, D., Núñez Pérez, J. C., Dobarro González, A. ve Rodríguez Pérez, C. (2015). Risk factors associated with cybervictimization in adolescence. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15(3), 226-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.03.002
• Azami, M. S. ve Taremian, F. (2021). Risk factors associated with cyberbullying, cybervictimization, and cyberbullying-victimization in Iran's high school students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 16(3), 343-352. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijps.v16i3.6261
• Bandura, A. (1990). Mechanisms of moral disengagement. W. Reich (Ed.), Origins of terrorism: Psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind içinde (ss. 161-191). Cambridge University Press.
• Banet-Weiser, S. ve Miltner, K. M. (2016). #MasculinitySoFragile: Culture, structure, and networked misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 16(1), 171-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.1120490
• Barker, K. ve Jurasz, O. (2019). Online misogyny as a hate crime. A challenge for legal regulation? Routledge.
• Bemiller, M. L. ve Schneider, R. Z. (2010). It’s not just a joke. Sociological Spectrum, 30(4), 459-479. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732171003641040
• Bhat, C. S. (2008). Cyber bullying: Overview and strategies for school counsellors, guidance officers, and all school personnel. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 18(1), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1375/ajgc.18.1.53
• Blackwell, L., Chen, T., Schoenebeck, S. ve Lampe, C. (2018). When online harassment is perceived as justified. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v12i1.15036
• Blake, K. R., O’Dean, S. M., Lian, J. ve Denson, T. F. (2021). Misogynistic tweets correlate with violence against women. Psychological Science, 32(3), 315-325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620968529
• Bohner, G., Eyssel, F., Pina, A., Siebler, F. ve Viki, G. T. (2009). Rape myth acceptance: Cognitive, affective and behavioural effects of beliefs that blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator. M. Horvath ve J. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking içinde (ss. 17-45). Willan Publishing.
• Borrajo, E., Gamez-Guadix, M. ve Calvete, E. (2015). Justification beliefs of violence, myths about love and cyber dating abuse. Psicothema, 27(4), 327-333. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2015.59
• Bottino, S. M., Bottino, C. M., Regina, C. G., Correia, A. V. ve Ribeiro, W. S. (2015). Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 31(3), 463-475. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00036114
• Bozkur, B., Gündoğdu, M. ve Uzun, B. (2019, 19-22 Haziran). Mizojini Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Bildiri sunumu]. VIIth International Eurasian Educational Research Congress, Ankara, Türkiye.
• Cagirkan, B. (2021). Cyberbullying among Turkish high school students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 62(3), 355-367. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12720
• Calvete, E. (2008). Justification of violence and grandiosity schemas as predictors of antisocial behavior in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1083-1095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9229-5
• Carrera-Fernandez, M.-V., Lameiras-Fernandez, M., Rodriguez-Castro, Y., ve Vallejo-Medina, P. (2013). Bullying among Spanish secondary education students: The role of gender traits, sexism, and homophobia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(14), 2915-2940. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513488695
• Chalk A. (2018). Safety Net: Cyerbullying’s impact on young people’s mental health inquiry report. Young Minds. https://www.alexchalk.com/sites/www.alexchalk.com/files/2018 04/pcr144a_ social_media_cyberbullying_inquiry_summary_report.pdf.
• Cheeseborough, T., Overstreet, N. ve Ward, L. M. (2020). Interpersonal sexual objectification, Jezebel Stereotype Endorsement, and justification of intimate partner violence toward women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(2), 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319896345
• Citron, D. (2014). Hate crimes in cyberspace. Harvard University Press.
• Code, L. (2002). Encyclopedia of feminist theories. Routledge.
• Dewey, C. (2014). Inside the “manosphere” that inspired Santa Barbara shooter Elliot Rodger. https://wapo.st/2ORwu20.
• Erdur-Baker, Ö. ve Kavşut, F. (2007). Akran zorbalığının yeni yüzü: Siber zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 27, 31-42.
• Fairbairn, J. (2015). “Rape threats and revenge porn: Defining sexual violence in the digital age.” J. Bailey ve V. Steeves (Ed). EGirls, ECitizens (ss. 229-252) içinde. University of Ottawa Press.
• Farrell, T., Fernandez, M., Novotny, J. ve Alani, H. (2019). Exploring Misogyny across the Manosphere in Reddit. Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science - WebSci ’19.
• Flood, M. (2004). Backlash: Angry men’s movements. In The battle and backlash rage on: Why feminism cannot be obsolete. Xlibris Press, 261-278.
• Flood, M. ve Pease, B. (2009). Factors influencing attitudes to violence against women. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(2), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/152483800933413
• Francisco, S. M., Simao, A. M. V., Ferreira, P. C. ve das Dores Martins, M. J. (2015). Cyberbullying: The hidden side of college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.10.045
• Ging, D. (2017). Alphas, betas, and Incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men and Masculinities, 22(4), 638-657. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401
• Ging, D. ve Siapera, E. (2018). Special issue on online misogyny. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 515-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447345
• Glick, P. ve Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491
• Glick, P. ve Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109-118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.2.109
• Grover, S. ve Raju, V. V. (2023). Cyberbullying: A Narrative Review. Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour, 28(1), 17-26. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_47_22
• Gutierrez, B. C. ve Leaper, C. (2023). Linking ambivalent sexism to violence-against-women attitudes and behaviors: A three-level meta-analytic review. Sexuality & Culture, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-023-10127-6
• Hajjar, L. (2004). Religion, state power, and domestic violence in Muslim societies: A framework for comparative analysis. Law & Social Inquiry, 29(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00329.x
• Hinduja, S. ve Patchin J. W. (2008) Cyberbullying: An exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior, 29, 129-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701457816
• Hinduja, S. ve Patchin, J. W. (2019). Connecting adolescent suicide to the severity of bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of School Violence, 18(3), 333-346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773818819627
• Hinduja, S. ve Patchin, J. W. (2021). Digital dating abuse among a national sample of U.S. youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23-24), 11088-11108. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0886260519897344
• Hines, A. (2019). How many bones would you break to get laid? https://www.thecut.com/2019/05/incelplastic-surgery.html
• Huesmann, L. R. ve Guerra, N. G. (1997). Children’s normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 408-419. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.72.2.408
• Hunt, K. E., Robinson, L. E., Valido, A., Espelage, D. L. ve Hong, J. S. (2022). Teen dating violence victimization: Associations among peer justification, attitudes toward gender inequality, sexual activity, and peer victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9-10), 5914-5936. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221085015
• Jane, E. A. (2014). “Your a ugly, whorish, slut’ understanding E-Bile.” Feminist Media Studies 14(4), 531-546. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2012.741073
• Jane, E. A. (2017). Systemic misogyny exposed: Translating rapeglish from the manosphere with a random rape threat generator. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 21(6), 661-680. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877917734042
• Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N. ve Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073-1137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618
• Kramarae, C. (2000). Routledge international encyclopedia of women. Routledge.
• Lenhart, A., Ybarra, M. Y., Zickuhr, K. ve Price-Feeney, M. (2016). Online harassment, digital abuse, and cyberstalking in America. New York: Data & Society Research Institute.
• Leone, R. M. ve Parrott, D. J. (2019). Misogynistic peers, masculinity, and bystander intervention for sexual aggression: Is it really just “locker-room talk?” Erratum. Aggressive Behavior, 45(5), 582. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21795
• Lewis, R., Rowe, M. ve Wiper, C. (2017). Online abuse of feminists as an emerging form of violence against women and girls. The British Journal of Criminology, 57(6), 1462-1481. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azw073
• Li, Q. (2007). New bottle but old wine: A research of cyberbullying in schools. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(4), 1777-1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2005.10.005
• Lys, A. E., Studzinska, A., Bargiel-Matusiewicz, K., Nyul, B. ve Folkierska-Zukowska, M. (2022). Myths concerning sexual violence toward women in Poland, Hungary, and Norway in the context of system justification theory: the role of beliefs in the biological origins of gender differences and ambivalent sexism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(17-18), NP16647-NP16669. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211023487
• Magil, K. (2008). Justifications for violence. Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (ss. 1085-1097) içinde. Elsevier.
• Mantilla, K. (2015). Gendertrolling: Misogyny adapts to new media. Feminist Studies, 39(2), 563-570. https://doi.org/10.1353/fem.2013.0039 Marwick, A. E. ve Caplan, R. (2018). Drinking male tears: Language, the manosphere, and networked harassment. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1450568
• Mattheis, A. A. ve Waltman, M. S. (2020). Gendered hate online. The International Encyclopedia of Gender, Media, and Communication, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc019
• Mikołajczak, M. ve Pietrzak, J. (2014). Ambivalent sexism and religion: Connected through values. Sex Roles, 70(9-10), 387-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0379-3
• Munoz-Rivas, M. J., Gamez-Guadix, M., Graña, J. L. ve Fernandez, L. (2010). Violencia en el noviazgo y consumo de alcohol y drogas ilegales entre jóvenes españoles [Relationship between dating violence and use of alcohol and illegal drugs in Spanish adolescents and young adults]. Adicciones, 22, 125-134. https://doi.org/10.20882/adicciones.201
• Munoz-Rivas, M. J., Grana Gomez, J. L., O’Leary, K. D. ve Gonzalez Lozano, P. (2007). Aggression in adolescent dating relationships: Prevalence, justification, and health consequences. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 298-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.137
• Munsch, C. L. ve Willer, R. (2012). The role of gender identity threat in perceptions of date rape and sexual coercion. Violence Against Women, 18(10), 1125-1146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212465151
• Musharraf, S. ve Anis-ul-Haque, M. (2018). Impact of cyber aggression and cyber victimization on mental health and wellbeing of Pakistani young adults: The moderating role of gender. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 27(9), 942-958. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1422838
• Nadim, M. ve Fladmoe, A. (2021). Silencing women? Gender and online harassment. Social Science Computer Review, 39(2), 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319865518
• Nottbohm, A. (2018). Situational and dispositional predictors of online misogynistic behavior (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). California State University.
• O ́Keefe, M. (1997). Predictors of dating violence among high school students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 546-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626097012004005
• Önal, F. G. ve Marangoz, B. (2024). The Impact of Turkey's Withdrawal From the Istanbul Convention on Suspicious Female Deaths and Femicides. Omega, 302228241271702. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228241271702
• Poland, B. (2016). Haters harassment, abuse, and violence online. Potomac Books.
• Regehr, K. (2022). In(cel)doctrination: How technologically facilitated misogyny moves violence off screens and on to streets. New Media & Society 24(1), 138-155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820959019
• Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. (2002). Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 17(49), 47-58.
• Schmitz, R. M. ve Kazyak, E. (2016). Masculinities in cyberspace: An analysis of portrayals of manhood in Men’s Rights Activist websites. Social Sciences, 5(2), 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci5020018
• Schoenbaum, N. (2024). Misogyny and politics of womanhood. American Journal of Law and Equality, 4, 462-497. https://doi.org/10.1162/ajle_a_00066
• Sever, A. ve Yurdakul, G. (2001). Culture of honor, culture of change a feminist analysis of honor killings in rural Turkey. Violence Against Women 7(9), 964-998. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778010122182866
• Shaikh, F. B., Rehman, M. ve Amin, A. (2020). Cyberbullying: A systematic literature review to identify the factors impelling university students towards cyberbullying. Ieee Access, 8, 148031-148051. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3015669
• Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S. ve Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 49(4), 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x
• Smokowski, P. R. ve Kopasz, K. H. (2005). Bullying in school: An overview of types, effects, family characteristics, and intervention strategies. Children and Schools, 27(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/27.2.101
• Storm, P. S. ve Storm, R. D. (2005). Cyberbullying by adolescents: A preliminary assessment. The Educational Forum, 70, 21-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131720508984869
• Suchman, M. C. (1995). Managing legitimacy: Strategic and institutional approaches. Academy of Management Review 20(3), 571-610. https://doi.org/10.2307/258788
• Summers, A. (2012). The misogyny factor. Newsouth.
• Suk, J. C. (2023). After misogyny. How the law fails women and what to do about it. University of California Press.
• Tietjen, R. R. ve Tirkkonen, S. K. (2023). The rage of lonely men: Loneliness and misogyny in the online movement of "involuntary celibates" (incels). Topoi, 42(5), 1229-1241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-023-09921-6
• Topcu, C. ve Erdur Baker, Ö. (2018). RCBI-II: The second revision of the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 51(1), 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1395705
• Turan, S. G. ve Dilmen, N. E. (2016). Bilişim okuryazarlığı bağlamında siber şiddetin meşrulaştırılması. Yeni Symposium, 54(3), 25-29. https://doi.org/10.5455/NYS.2016006
• UN Women. (2025). FAQs: Digital abuse, trolling, stalking, and other forms of technology-facilitated violence against women. https://www.unwomen.org/en/articles/faqs/digital-abuse-trolling-stalking-and-other-forms-of-technology-facilitated-violence-against-women
• Vaillancourt, T., Faris, R. ve Mishna, F. (2017). Cyberbullying in children and youth: Implications for health and clinical practice. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 62(6), 368-373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716684791
• Vidgen, B., Margetts, H. ve Harris, A. (2019). How much online abuse is there. Alan Turing Institute. https://www.turing.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-11/online_ abuse_prevalence_full_24.11.2019_-_formatted_0.pdf
• Vismara, M., Girone, N., Conti, D., Nicolini, G. ve Dell'Osso, B. (2022). The current status of Cyberbullying research: A short review of the literature. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 46, 101152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101152
• Vogels, E. (2021). The state of online harassment. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/01/13/the-state-of-online-harassment/
• Wang, W., Xie, X., Wang, X., Lei, L., Hu, Q. ve Jiang, S. (2019). Cyberbullying and depression among Chinese college students: A moderated mediation model of social anxiety and neuroticism. Journal of affective disorders, 256, 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.061
• We Are Social. (2021). Digital 2021: Turkey. https://datareportal.com/reports/ digital-2021-turkey?rq=turkey
• Women’s Media Center. (2016). WMC Speech Project. Online abuse 101. https://womensmediacenter.com/speech-project/online-abuse-101
• Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS uygulamalı bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Detay Yayıncılık.
• Ybarra, M. L. ve Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: a comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(7), 1308-1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x
• Yoon, Y., Lee, J. O., Cho, J., Bello, M. S., Khoddam, R., Riggs, N. R. ve Leventhal, A. M. (2019). Association of cyberbullying involvement with subsequent substance use among adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 65(5), 613-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.05.006
• Zafar, S., Saleem, S. ve Farooq, N. (2021). Prevalence of cyberbullying victimization among Pakistani youth. Technology in Society, 65, 101577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101577