AKILLI TASARIM HAREKETİ YENİ BİR ŞEY SUNUYOR MU?

Öz

Akıllı tasarım argümanı oldukça eski bir argüman. Ancak argümanın politik içerimleri de olan felsefi-teolojik bir harekete dönüşmesi son birkaç on yılda gerçekleşti. Evrenin ve canlı dünyanın karmaşıklığını gittikçe artan bir şekilde ortaya koyan doğal bilimlerdeki gelişmelere dayanan bazı eğitimli yazarlar klasik argümanın daha ikna edici bir şekilde ileri sürülebileceğine inanıyorlar. Ancak hareketin öncülerinin akıllı tasarım fikrini tesis etme girişiminde kullandıkları modern nosyonlar klasik argümanın istifade ettiği temel sezgiye yaslandıkları gerçeğini gizleyemiyor. Bu sezgi, tasarımlanmış görünen her cismin mutlaka bir tasarımcısının olması gerektiği yönündeki inancımızdır. Akıllı tasarım taraftarları tasarımcının rasyonel bir fail, bu failin de Tanrı olduğu görüşündedirler. Ne var ki, söz konusu sezgiyi reddetmek için gerekçelerimiz olduğu müddetçe onlar akıllı tasarım argümanının bir cehalete sığınma argümanı olduğu itirazından kurtulamaz görünmektedirler.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• akıllı tasarım
• indirgenemez karmaşıklık
• özelleşmiş karmaşıklık
• evrim
• biyolojik enformasyon

Does the Intelligent Design Movement Offer Anything New?

Öz

Intelligent design argument is quite an old one. But the transformation of the argument into a philosophical-theological movement with political implications has taken place in the last few decades. Building on advances in the natural sciences that increasingly reveal the complexity of the universe and the living world, some educated authors believe the classical argument can be asserted more convincingly. However, modern notions used by the pioneers of the movement in their attempt to establish the idea of intelligent design cannot hide the fact that they rely on the basic intuition that the classical argument draws on. This intuition is our belief that every seemingly designed object must have a designer. Proponents of intelligent design are of the opinion that the designer is a rational agent, and this agent is God. However as long as we have reasons to reject that intuition, they seem unable to escape the objection that the intelligent design argument is an argument from ignorance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• intelligent design
• irreducible complexity
• specified complexity
• evolution
• biological information

Kaynakça

1. Behe, M. J. (2001). “Reply to My Critics: A Response to Reviews of Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution.” Biology and Philosophy, 16: 685–709.
2. Behe, M. J. (2004). “Irreducible Complexity: Obstacle to Darwinian Evolution”. Debating Darwin: From Darwin to DNA içinde, William A. Dembski ve Michael Ruse (der.), New York: Cambridge University Press, s. 352-370.
3. Behe, M. J. (2006). Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution (10th Anniversary Edition). New York: Free Press.
4. Behe, M. J. (2019). Darwin Devolves: The New Science About DNA That Challenges Evolution. New York: HarperOne.
5. Bostrom, N. (2003). “Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?” Philosophical Quarterly, 53 (211): 243-255.
6. Caudill, E. (2013). Intelligently Designed: How Creationists Built the Campaign Against Evolution. Urbana, Chicago and Springfield: University of Illınois Press.
7. Coyne, J. A. (2009). Why Evolution Is True. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8. Darwin, C. (2008). The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin – Volume II, Francis Darwin (der.), Gloucester: Dodo Press.

9. Darwin, C. (2015[1859]). Türlerin Kökeni. Bahar Kılıç (çev.). İstanbul: ALFA.
10. Dawkins, R. (2010). Yeryüzündeki En Büyük Gösteri. İstem Fer, Kahraman İpekdal, B. Duygu Polat ve Uygar Polat (çev.). İstanbul: Kuzey Yayınları.
11. Dawkins, R. (2018[1986]). Kör Saatçi. Melisa Miller, Barbaros E. Güner ve Tunç T. Bilgin (çev.). İstanbul: Kuzey Yayınları.
12. Deamer, D. (2019). Assembling Life: How Can Life Begin on Earth and Other Habitable Planets? New York: Oxford University Press.
13. Dembski, W. A. (1998). The Design Inference: Eliminating Chance Through Small Probabilities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. Dembski, W. A. (1999). Intelligent Design: The Bridge Between Science and Theology. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press.
15. Dembski, W. A. (2002). No Free Lunch: Why Specified Complexity Cannot Be Purchased without Intelligence. Plymouth: Rowman & Litlefield.
16. Dembski, W. A. (2004). The Design Revolution: Answering the Toughest Questions about Intelligent Design. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press.
17. Dembski, W. A. (2008). The Design of Life: Discovering Signs of Intelligence in Biological Systems. Dallas: The Foundation for Thought and Ethics.
18. Dennett, D. C. (1995). Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life. London: Penguin Group.
19. Dobzhansky, T. (1973). “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense except in the Light of Evolution”. The American Biology Teacher, 35(3): 125-9.
20. Forrest, B. (2001). “The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism Is Wedging Its Way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream”. Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics içinde, Robert T. Pennock (der.), Cambridge: The MIT Press, s. 5-53.
21. Futuyma, D. ve Kirkpatrick, M. (2017). Evolution (4th Edition). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
22. Gishlick, A. D. (2004). “Evolutionary Paths to Irreducible Systems: The Avian Flight Apparatus.” Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism içinde Matt Young ve Taner Edis (der.), New Brunswick: Rutger University Press, s. 58-71.
23. Gould, S. J. ve Elridge, N. (1977). “Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered.” Paleobiology, 3: 115-151.
24. Hafer, A. (2015). The No-So-Intelligent Designer: Why Evolution Explains the Human Body and Intelligent Design Does Not. Eugene: Cascade Books.
25. Hume, D. (2007[1779]). Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion and Other Writings. Dorothy Cleman (ed.), New York: Cambridge University.
26. Johnson, P. E. (1999). http://touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=12-04-018-f (Erişim tarihi: 16.02.2021).
27. Johnson, P. E. (2010). Darwin on Trial (20th Anniversary Edition). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press.
28. Kant, I. (1998[1781]). Critique of PureReason. Paul Guyer & Allen W. Wood (çev.). New York: Cambridge University.
29. Lents, N. H. (2018). Human Errors. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
30. Lipton, P. (2004). Inference to the Best Explanation (Second Edition). London & New York: Routledge.
31. Mclennan, D. A. (2008). “The Concept of Co-option: Why Evolution Often Looks Miraculous.” Evo Edu Outreach, 1: 247-258.
32. Meyer, S. C. (2009). Signature in the Cell: DNA and the Evidence for Intelligent Design. New York: HarperCollins.
33. Meyer, S. C. (2013). Darwin’s Doubt: The Explosive Origin of Animal Life and the Case for Intelligent Design. San Francisco: HarperOne.
34. Meyer, S. C. (2021). Return of the God Hypothesis: Three Scientific Discoveries That Reveal the Mind Behind the Universe. San Francisco: HarperOne.
35. Miller, K. R. (1999). Finding Darwin’s God: A Scientist’s Search for Common Ground Between God and Evolution. New York: Harper.Perennial.
36. Miller, K. R. (2004). “The Flagellum Unspun: The Collapse of Irreducible Complexity.” Debating Darwin: From Darwin to DNA içinde, William A. Dembski ve Michael Ruse (der.), New York: Cambridge University Press, s. 81-97.
37. Miller, K. R. (2008). Only a Theory: Evolution and the Battle for America’s Soul. New York: Viking.
38. Morris, H. M. (1974). Scientific Creationism. San Diego: Creation-Life Publishers.
39. Musgrave, I. (2004). “Evolution of the Bacterial Flagellum.” Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism içinde Matt Young ve Taner Edis (der.), New Brunswick: Rutger University Press, s. 72-84.
40. Numbers, R. L. (2006). The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design (Expanded Edition). Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press.
41. Paley, W. (2006[1802]). Natural Theology or Evidence of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity. New York: Oxford University Press.
42. Prothero, D. R. (2007). Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters. New York: Columbia University Press.
43. Prum, R. O. ve Brush, A. H. (2002). “The Evolutionary Origin and Diversification of Feathers.” The Quartetly Review of Biology, 77(3): 261-295.
44. Rosenhouse, J. (2001). “How Anti-Evolutionists Abuse Mathematics.” http://educ.jmu.edu/~rosenhjd/sewell.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 23.02.2021).
45. Ruse, M. (2003). Darwin and Design: Does Evolution Have a Purpose? New York: Harvard University Press.
46. Sarkar, S. (2007). Doubting Darwin? Creationists Design on Evolution. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
47. Shallit, J. ve Elsberry, W. (2004). “Playing Games with Probability: Dembski’s Complex Specified Information.” Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism içinde Matt Young ve Taner Edis (der.), New Brunswick: Rutger University Press, s. 121-38.
48. Shanks, N. (2004). God, the Devil and Darwin: A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Shanks, N. ve Karsai, I. (2004). “Self-Organization and the Origin of Complexity.” Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism içinde Matt Young ve Taner Edis (der.), New Brunswick: Rutger University Press, s. 85-106.
50. Shermer, M. (2006). Why Darwin Matters. New York: Times Books.
51. Shubin, N. (2008). Your Inner Fish. New York: Pantheon Books.
52. Tellgren, E. (2002). “On Dembski’s Law of Conservation of Information.” http://www.talkreason.org/articles/dembski_LCI.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 23.02.2021).
53. Thaxton, C., Bradley, W. L. ve Olsen, R. L. (1984). The Mystery of Life’s Origin. Dallas: Lewis and Stanley.
54. Young, M. (2004). “Grand Designs and Facile Analogies: Exposing Behe’s Mousetrap and Dembski’s Arrow.” Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism içinde Matt Young ve Taner Edis (der.), New Brunswick: Rutger University Press, 20-31.
55. Zimmer, C. ve Emlen, D. J. (2016). Evolution: Making Sense of Life (Second Edition). New York: W. H. Freeman.